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Erik Trinkaus 《Journal of human evolution》1993,24(6)
The KNM-ER 999 hominid femur, in light of improved knowledge of later Pleistocene human postcranial morphology and ongoing reassessments of the emergence of modern humans in Africa, appears morphologically aligned with early modern humans rather than with late archaic humans. This is reflected especially in its having a clear pilaster, a proximally positioned minimum diaphyseal breadth (thereby lacking a proximo-medial diaphyseal buttress) and an exceptionally high neck-shaft angle. In these features, and especially the fast, it shows affinities to the Levantine Qafzeh-Skhul early modern human sample. However, the uncertainty regarding its stratigraphic provenience (early Late Pleistocene versus early Holocene) makes its relevance to the emergence of modern humans in Africa tenuous. 相似文献
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Methods of fractal geometry (Mandelbrot, 1983) are used here to analyse the relative complexity of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures visible in the skull fragment formed by parts of an occipital squame and parietals found in a sealed deposit at the early Lower Pleistocene site of Venta Micena (Orce, Granada, Spain), generally regarded as human bone but occasionally suggested as belonging to an equid. For comparison with the fossil, corresponding sutures of various primates (hominids, pongids and cercopithecids) and two other groups of mammals (equids and ruminants) were analysed using the computer program FRACTAL-D (Slice, 1989) in order to determine their fractal dimensions as a measure of differential sutural design complexity. The results show that the fractal dimension of the Venta Micena skull sutures lies within the range of variation for infant specimens of both modern and Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Sutural complexity in young pongids and cercopithecids overlaps the range of fractal dimensions found in hominids, whereas values obtained from equids and ruminants are significantly greater than those for all the primates analysed here. Therefore, in terms of fractal dimension measures of relative complexity, the sutures preserved in the Venta Micena fossil could not have belonged to an equid (pace Agusti & Moyà-Sola, 1987); rather, its fractal dimension is consistent with the attribution of the fossil to an infant of Homo sp. 相似文献
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The analysis of the faunal remains from Shanidar Cave has identified an incomplete immature human distal leg and foot from the deepest levels of the Middle Paleolithic of Shanidar Cave, Iraq. The distal tibia, fibula, first metatarsal, and two tarsals, designated Shanidar 10, derive from a 1-2-year-old infant. The tibia exhibits a transverse line from a stress episode during the last quarter of its first year postnatal. The cross-sectional geometry of the tibial midshaft reveals modest cortical thickening and a level of diaphyseal robusticity similar to those of recent human infants of a similar developmental age. 相似文献
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Early excavations at the Willendorf site complex in Austria yielded a femoral diaphysis collected between 1883 and 1887 and a mandibular symphysis discovered in 1908--1909. The femoral section, Willendorf 1, derives from the Willendorf I site and direct AMS (14)C dating (24,250+/-180 years B.P.) assigns it to layer 9. The Willendorf 2 mandibular piece was excavated from layer 9 of the Willendorf II site, which is AMS (14)C dated to 24,000--23,900 years B.P. The Willendorf 1 femoral piece is relatively small and exhibits a pronounced pilaster and linear aspera, moderately elevated relative cortical area, and a level of diaphyseal robusticity in the middle of the European earlier Upper Paleolithic human range of variation, assuming similar body proportions. The Willendorf 2 mandibular symphysis has an inferior lingual torus, a planum alveolare, and a mental trigone with indistinct lateral tubercles, a clear fossa mentalis and a midline basilar rounding. In these features it is close to the majority of European earlier Upper Paleolithic mandibles. 相似文献
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In 2012,a human occipital bone fossil was discovered by Zhou Yi,from the Museum of Dingcun,in a quarry (35°45.963′ N,111°25.310′ E) near Shigou village,Xiangfen County,Shanxi Province in North China. The quarry is located about 10 km southeast of Xiangfen County,on the west bank of the Fenhe River,at an altitude of about 412 m above sea level. It is located on the third terrace of the Fenhe River valley. According to Zhou Yi and Wang Chongfa,the quarry owner,the occipital bone was recovered from the gravel mound after the sandy gravel matrix was sifted by workers,so the fossil should be from the sand-gravel layer. Since the quarry was excavated,the stratigraphic section only retained part of the gravel layer and the underlying strata. A bunker located 104m south of the quarry that also occurred on the third terrace retained a complete section. The complete exposed strata of the quarry includes: Malan loess,reddish soil,gray silty layer,gravel layer,marly silt layer,sand-gravel layer,marly silt layer and fine sandy layer. The geological age of the sandgravel layer where the human fossil was located is late Middle Pleistocene. The fossil remains include part of the occipital squama specifically the right cerebral fossa,a portion of the left cerebral fossa,missing the basioccipital and exoccipital. A transverse suture is approximately 52.0mm at the superior border of the occipital squama and it indicates an Inca bone should exist between the parietal bones and the occipital bone. Considering the open occipital-mastoid suture and roughness of the outer surface,the occipital bone might belong to a young individual about 16~26 years of age. The wall of the cerebral fossa is about 6.5mm thick,within the range of variation in modern humans. The highest nuchal line is visible in the left part of the occipital squama,while the superior nuchal line,the highest nuchal line and the occipital torus are absent on the right side. In Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens fossils from China,the occipital torus is characteristic and strong developed,while the superior nuchal line and the highest nuchal line are absent. The occipital torus is absent or less developed in early modern humans,while the superior nuchal line and the highest nuchal line do exist. So the morphology of the Shigou occipital bone is more derived than Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens,and more similar to modern humans. It indicates that the Shigou human may belong to early modern humans. Inca bones are common in Pleistocene human fossils from China,such as Homo erectus pekinensis from Zhoukoudian and archaic Homo sapiens from Dali in Shaanxi,and from Xujiayao and Dingcun in Shanxi. This feature is also seen in early modern humans of Chuandong in Guizhou. The presence of an Inca bone at Shigou provide more evidence that the Inca bone is a regional characteristic of Pleistocene East Asians,which supports the hypothesis of continuity of human evolution in Pleistocene East Asia. 相似文献
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The Upper Pleistocene localities of Aduma and Bouri have yielded hominid fossils and extensive Middle Stone Age (MSA) archaeological assemblages. The vertebrate fossils recovered include parts of four hominid crania from Aduma and a complete right parietal from Bouri. Archaeological associations and radiometric techniques suggest an Upper Pleistocene age for these hominids. The more complete cranium from Aduma (ADU-VP-1/3) comprises most of the parietals, the occipital, and part of the frontal. This cranium is compared to late Middle and Upper Pleistocene hominid crania from Africa and the Middle East. The Aduma cranium shows a mosaic of cranial features shared with \"premodern\" and anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the posterior and lateral cranial dimensions, and most of its anatomy, are centered among modern humans and resemble specimens from Omo, Skhul, and Qafzeh. As a result, the Aduma and Bouri Upper Pleistocene hominids are assigned to anatomically modern Homo sapiens. 相似文献
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Wes A. Niewoehner Anne H. Weaver Erik Trinkaus 《American journal of physical anthropology》1997,103(2):219-233
Neandertal capitate-metacarpal 2 and 3 articulations have been observed to differ in orientation and shape from those of more recent humans. To evaluate this, we tested for differences in capitate-metacarpal 2 (MC2) and MC2-capitate facet orientations and MC2 and MC3 robusticity indices, and for multivariate shape equivalence of the capitate-MC2/MC3 facets and the MC3 diaphysis and styloid process between samples of Neandertals and recent humans. Canonical discriminant functions of log size-and-shape and log shape transformed measurements were run on variables of the capitate-MC2 and MC3 facets, and these plus MC3 diaphysis and styloid process variables. The null hypothesis of shape equivalence is rejected for both variable sets. Modern human capitate-MC morphology results from nonallometric increases in distal capitate breadth and the projection of the MC3 styloid process, and reductions in MC2 facet height and MC3 facet breadth. These shape changes are associated with a significantly less parasagittal orientation of the capitate-MC2 facets in recent humans, but are only trivially correlated with MC 2 and 3 robusticity indices. The recent human capitate-MC 2 and 3 morphology may reflect a shift in habitual joint reaction forces from more axial to more oblique forces while maintaining similar pronation/supination of the MC2. However, the full behavioral implications of these contrasts remain unclear. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:219–233, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene-Recent mammal clades 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
E. S. Vrba 《Evolutionary ecology》1987,1(4):283-300
Summary Some African mammal clades are used to analyse evolutionary processes. The clades chosen are especially suitable for this purpose because they include both extant species, for which there is an abundant literature, and fossil records from various Miocene-Recent strata mainly in Eastern and Southern Africa. The monophyletic groups in this sample differ considerably in speciation rates and in the magnitudes of long-term trends. I take a number of rival hypotheses as to why such disparate macroevolutionary patterns should have evolved (the Birth Rate, Gene Flow, Resource-Use, Extrinsic and Random Hypotheses) and test their predictions. The tests involve comparisons of phylogenetic patterns with biological variation (in life histories, population structure, mobility and habitat-specificity) among the extant species. The results accord best with the Resource-Use Hypothesis. 相似文献
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A. G. Morris 《Human Evolution》2002,17(3-4):231-240
The debate between the proponents of the Recent African Origin and the Multiregional Evolution models for the origin of anatomically
modern humans has not been of great importance to the interpretation of late Pleistocene human fossils in South Africa. The
main reason is that both models propose that evidence of anatomically moderns should happen in South Africa at an early date.
A more important issue to the African context is whether or not those early transitions to modernity were accompanied by the
development of the distinctive local populations known today as the Khoisan. Serogenetic evidence suggests a relative antiquity
for the origins of living Khoisan peoples, but this may simply reflect the longer time that anatomically modern peoples have
lived in the sub-continent. A search for features of distinctive Khoisan morphology in the early remains may be of more value
as it might indicate the presence of a local adaptive pattern to the special environment conditions of the region. 相似文献
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Morphology of extant felids is regarded as highly conservative. Most previous studies have focussed on skull morphology, so a vacuum exists about morphofunctional variation in postcranium and its role in structuring ensembles of felids in different continents. The African felid ensemble is particularly rich in ecologically specialized felids. We studied the ecomorphology of this ensemble using 31 cranial and 93 postcranial morphometric variables measured in 49 specimens of all 10 African species. We took a multivariate approach controlling for phylogeny, with and without body size correction. Postcranial and skull + postcranial analyses (but not skull‐only analyses) allowed for a complete segregation of species in morphospace. Morphofunctional factors segregating species included body size, bite force, zeugopodial lengths and osteological features related to parasagittal leg movement. A general gradient of bodily proportions was recovered: lightly built, long‐legged felids with small heads and weak bite forces vs. the opposite. Three loose groups were recognized: small terrestrial felids, mid‐to‐large sized scansorial felids and specialized Acinonyx jubatus and Leptailurus serval. As predicted from a previous study, the assembling of the African felid ensemble during the Plio‐Pleistocene occurred by the arrival of distinct felid lineages that occupied then vacant areas of morphospace, later diversifying in the continent. 相似文献
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E Trinkaus 《American journal of physical anthropology》2012,149(2):312-317
The distal half of a right human humerus (E.898), recovered ex situ in 1925 by Hrdli?ka at the Broken Hill Mine, Kabwe, Zambia, has figured prominently in assessments of Middle Pleistocene Homo postcranial variation and of the phylogenetic polarity and functional anatomy of Pleistocene Homo upper limb morphology. Reassessment of distal humeral features that distinguish modern human and some archaic Homo humeri, especially relative olecranon breadth and medial and lateral pillar thicknesses, confirm previous studies placing it morphologically close to recent humans, as well as possibly to Early Pleistocene Homo. However, it completely lacks stratigraphic context, and there is faunal and archeological evidence for human activity at Broken Hill from the Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene. Given its uncertain geological age and modern human morphology, the Broken Hill E.898 humerus should not be used in analyses of Pleistocene humans until it is securely dated. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:312–317, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Taro Nojiri Laura A.B. Wilson Camilo López-Aguirre Vuong Tan Tu Shigeru Kuratani Kai Ito Hiroki Higashiyama Nguyen Truong Son Dai Fukui Alexa Sadier Karen E. Sears Hideki Endo Satoshi Kamihori Daisuke Koyabu 《Current biology : CB》2021,31(7):1353-1365.e3
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Red colobus monkeys are a group of African monkeys that include some of the most endangered primate populations. Despite urgently needing to understand the importance of particular populations for preserving the biodiversity of this lineage, their evolutionary relationships remain poorly understood, and their taxonomy is unstable, and often enigmatic. Data on behaviour, ecology, genetics, and morphology are thus strongly needed to address taxonomic issues that are not only relevant for primatologists, but also for conservation biologists. In this study, we investigated the morphological diversity and evolution of red colobus by examining the cranial variation of 369 individuals from most living populations. Crania were measured using a set of 64 anatomical landmarks, and were analysed using geometric morphometric methods for the study of three‐dimensional landmark coordinates. We found significant differences among most of the populations traditionally described on the basis of pelage colour and geographic distribution. However, differences tended to be smaller within biogeographic assemblages, which might be related to mountain refugia during periods of forest contraction in the Pleistocene.We also found a tendency towards large taxonomic distances, which suggested that populations might have originated earlier than has been traditionally thought, a result congruent with a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis. However, the distinctive forms of East African relict populations might be related to an acceleration of morphological evolution in small peripheral isolates, under strong selective pressures. This indicates that small and isolated populations, which are also the most endangered ones, might indeed be unique representatives of the red colobus radiation, and hence contribute to its biodiversity significantly. However, in‐ depth morphological studies of red colobus, particularly those in peripheral populations that tend to be rare in the wild, as well as in museum collections, is hampered by a paucity of data. In these cases, populations might be extinct before primatologists and conservationsts can even appreciate what was lost. 相似文献