Erhardorina n. g., Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp., Eimeria golemanskii n. sp., Isospora tamariscini n. sp., Gregarina kazumii n. nom., New Combinations and Emendations in the Names of Apicomplexan Protozoa1

On the basis of a review of the approximately 4300 species of apicomplexan protozoa, the following new species, new names, new combinations, and emendations are given: NEW GENUS,Erhardovina; NEW SPECIES,Ascogregarina polynesiensis, Eimeria golemanskii, Isospora tamariscini; NEW NAME,Gregarina kazumii; NEW COMBINATIONS,Ascogregarina brachyceri (Purrini, 1980),Erhardovina euzeti (Lipa, 1981),E. scutovertexi (Erhardová, 1955),Haemorhormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983); EMENDATIONS,Selenidium francianum(Arvy, 1952) Tuzet & Ormières, 1965,Pyxinioides bolitoides D. P. Henry, 1938,P. japonicus H. Hoshide, 1951,P. kamenote H. Hoshide, 1951,P. kurofuji H. Hoshide, 1951,P. oshoroensis H. Hoshide, 1951,P. pugetensis D. P. Henry, 1938, Gregarina levinei Haldar & Sarkar, 1980,Retractocephalus halticae Haldar, Chakraborty & Kundu, 1982,Cnemidospora schizophylli Tuzet & Guerin, 1947,Grebneckiella indica (Merton, 1911) Watson, 1916,Quadruspinospora atractomorphae Haldar & Chakraborty, 1978,Haemogregarina acipenseri Nawrotzky, 1914,H. lobianci Yakimov & Kohl-Yakimov, 1912,H. yakimovikohlae Wladimiroff, 1910,Hepatozoon luehi (Sambon, 1909) Pessoa, Cavalheiro & de Souza, 1970,Eimeria beyerae Ovezmukhammedov, 1977, E. (?) gigantea (Labbé, 1896) Reichenow, 1921, E. (?) labbei Hardcastle, 1943, E. rufi Prasad, 1960, E. (?) scylii (Drago, 1902) Levine & Becker, 1933, Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952,I. melopsittaci Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973, I. seicerci Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952,I. stomatici Chakravarty & Kar, 1944,I. triffitae Nukerbaeva & Svanbaev, 1973,Wenyonella mackinnonae Misra, 1947,Octosporetla sanguinolentae Ovezmukhammedov, 1975,Lankesterella millani Alvarez Calvo, 1975,Sarcocystis woodhousei Dogel', 1916,Haemoproteus lari Yakunin, 1972, Babesia ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff & Shokhor, 1916),Theileria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimov, 1916) Krylov, 1974,Haemohormidium batrachi(Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983).     

Kinetics of the glycosidases activity in Schistocerca gregaria Forsk]

Extracts from the alimentary canal of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk allow hydrolysis of a remarkably wide range of oligosaccharides, heterosides and polysaccharides. Sucrose and starch are more rapidly and more intensely attacked, other osides much more slowly. The balance of released monosaccharides shows a clean predominance of glucose but some oses are released in appreciable amount only in case of delayed digestion.     

Erhardorina n. g., Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp., Eimeria golemanskii n. sp., Isospora tamariscini n. sp., Gregarina kazumii n. nom., new combinations and emendations in the names of apicomplexan protozoa

On the basis of a review of the approximately 4300 species of apicomplexan protozoa, the following new species, new names, new combinations, and emendations are given: NEW GENUS, Erhardovina; NEW SPECIES, Ascogregarina polynesiensis, Eimeria golemanskii, Isospora tamariscini; NEW NAME, Gregarina kazumii; NEW COMBINATIONS, Ascogregarina brachyceri (Purrini, 1980), Erhardovina euzeti (Lipa, 1981), E. scutovertexi (Erhardová, 1955), Haemorhormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983); EMENDATIONS, Selenidium francianum (Arvy, 1952) Tuzet & Ormières, 1965, Pyxinioides bolitoides D. P. Henry, 1938, P. japonicus H. Hoshide, 1951, P. kamenote H. Hoshide, 1951, P. kurofuji H. Hoshide, 1951, P. oshoroensis H. Hoshide, 1951, P. pugetensis D. P. Henry, 1938, Gregarina levinei Haldar & Sarkar, 1980, Retractocephalus halticae Haldar, Chakraborty & Kundu, 1982, Cnemidospora schizophylli Tuzet & Guerin, 1947, Grebneckiella indica (Merton, 1911) Watson, 1916, Quadruspinospora atractomorphae Haldar & Chakraborty, 1978, Haemogregarina acipenseri Nawrotzky, 1914, H. lobianci Yakimov & Kohl-Yakimov, 1912, H. yakimovikohlae Wladimiroff, 1910, Hepatozoon luehi (Sambon, 1909) Pessoa, Cavalheiro & de Souza, 1970, Eimeria beyerae Ovezmukhammedov, 1977, E. (?) gigantea (Labbé, 1896) Reichenow, 1921, E. (?) labbei Hardcastle, 1943, E. rufi Prasad, 1960, E. (?) scylii (Drago, 1902) Levine & Becker, 1933, Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952, I. melopsittaci Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973, I. seicerci Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952, I. stomatici Chakravarty & Kar, 1944, I. triffitae Nukerbaeva & Svanbaev, 1973, Wenyonella mackinnonae Misra, 1947, Octosporella sanguinolentae Ovezmukhammedov, 1975, Lankesterella millani Alvarez Calvo, 1975, Sarcocystis woodhousei Dogel', 1916, Haemoproteus lari Yakunin, 1972, Babesia ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff & Shokhor, 1916), Theileria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimov, 1916) Krylov, 1974, Haemohormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983).     

Morphological analysis of the cellular interactions between the eugregarine Gregarina garnhami (Apicomplexa) and the epithelium of its host, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

Morphological features of the eugregarine Gregarina garnhami (Canning, 1956) parasitic in the caeca and mid-gut of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, have been studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, with particular attention to the epimerite and the relationship between the epimerite and the host epithelium. The cytoplasmic core of the globular epimerite is overlain by a distinct cortical zone, limited on its cytoplasmic face by a membrane-like structure, with an underlying layer of mitochondria. The periphery of the cortical zone is strengthened by a mass of fine filaments, especially at its base. Fine tubular structures, apparently arising from the membrane-like structure, pass through the cortical zone and attach to the epimerite-host cell interface. The base of the cortical zone is supported by a distinct osmiophilic ring. The epimerite is separated from the rest of the gregarine body by a discontinuous septum. Maturing and mature trophozoites possess conically arranged fibrils, which arise from the epimeritic septum and continue into the protomerite region. The epimerite and associated structures are here discussed with regard to the detachment of the trophozoite from the host epithelium. In individuals already detached from the host epithelium, a central depression remained at the top of their protomerite, in the area formerly bearing the epimerite.     

Hydrolysis of cyclic quanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in tissues of Schistocerca gregaria/Forsk./orthoptera.

The hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′- monophosphate /cGMP/ was investigated in the muscles, sexual organs and fat body of the imago of locust Schistocerca gregaria. The phosphodiesterase activity was observed in tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions, the highest values being associated with proteins of 100 000 g supernatant. High activity was exhibited by phosphodiesterase of testis, somewhat lower one by that of the fat body of females and males, and the lowest one by that of the muscles and ovaries.     

The effect of X-irradiation on male meiosis in Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)

The pattern of response of chiasma frequency to X-irradiation has been studied in germ line cells of male imagines of Schistocerca gregaria. A correlation has been established between the observed changes in chiasma frequency of the L and M type bivalents and the time in the meiotic cycle at which the treatment is given. Two radio-sensitive periods have been identified in meiosis itself. At one (meiotic DNA synthesis) X-irradiation produces a decrease in chiasma frequency while at the other (leptotene-early zygotene) the treatment leads to an increase in chiasma frequency. Small bivalents however do not respond to treatment and form a single chiasma under all conditions.     

Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. in the Skeletal Muscle of an Opossum, Didelphis marsupialis

SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. is described from an opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Its distinguishing characters are the spiny cyst wall, 6–8 μ thick, and the size of the spores, 5.3–6.9 μ in length and 1.3–1.9 μ in breadth. Sarcocystis darlingi , Brumpt 1913 is considered Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) n. comb.     

A New Heterotrophic Cryptomonad: Hemiarma marina n. g., n. sp.

We report a new heterotrophic cryptomonad Hemiarma marina n. g., n. sp. that was collected from a seaweed sample from the Republic of Palau. In our molecular phylogenetic analyses using the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, H. marina formed a clade with two marine environmental sequences, and the clade was placed as a sister lineage of the freshwater cryptomonad environmental clade CRY1. Alternatively, in the concatenated large and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogeny, H. marina was placed as a sister lineage of Goniomonas. Light and electron microscopic observations showed that H. marina shares several ultrastructural features with cryptomonads, such as flattened mitochondrial cristae, a periplast cell covering, and ejectisomes that consist of two coiled ribbon structures. On the other hand, H. marina exhibited unique behaviors, such as attaching to substrates with its posterior flagellum and displaying a jumping motion. H. marina also had unique periplast arrangement and flagellar transitional region. On the basis of both molecular and morphological information, we concluded that H. marina should be treated as new genus and species of cryptomonads.     

Oenothorachona ectenolaemus n.g., n.sp. and Spirochona halophila n.sp., Two New Marine Chonotrichous Ciliates

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of chonotrichous ciliates, Oenophorachona ectenolaemus n.g., n.sp. and Spirochona halophila n.sp. were found on Anisogammarus sp. collected from the waters of Humboldt County, California and Argyle Bay, San Juan Island, Washington. This is the 1st reported occurrence of 2 genera of chonotrichous ciliates on a single host species as well as the 1st of the occurrence of Spirochona in marine and brackish water environments.     

Imaginal differentiation of the integument of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. IV. Steps in morphogenesis of the glandular units

In the gregarious males of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., imaginal moulting (mitosis, apolysis, new cuticle synthesis, ecdysis) is associated with the differentiation of numerous glandular units. These units, involved in a sexual, excitatory pheromone secretion are at that time composed only of a basal glandular cell and an apical duct cell. Each glandular unit originates from an isogenic group of cells of which the four elements (tetrade) are disposed on two levels. At each level a principal cell and an accessory one may be recognized. The lower accessory, or ciliary, cell shows, at the time of apolysis, both a strong cytoplasmic protrusion and a typical ciliary formation. This formation associated with a diplosome goes through the duct cell and ends up in the exuvial space. It makes a inner mould; arranged around it are epicuticular materials characteristic of the duct wall; then it disappears. The strong cytoplasmic protrusion also retracts thus allowing a glandular reservoir to form. A glandular cell may be recognized at an early stage owing to its R.E.R. development. The upper accessory cell strengthens the duct cell and secretes junctional cuticle between the duct and general cuticle. Accessory cells, after the imaginal moult do not degenerate but acquire epithelial cell characteristics. The duct has a dual origin : the receptive part is secreted by the ciliary cell and the vector part by the duct cell. The organization and stages of morphogenesis of the glandular unit are discussed and compared to those of other apterygote or pterygote insects.     

Rhizochrysidopsis vorax,n. gen., n. sp.

Zusammenfassung Die Art ist durch eine bedeutende Variation der Zellgröße, damit auch des Chromatophors und des Kerns ausgezeichnet. Mit steigender Zellgröße nimmt die Zahl der kontraktilen Vakuolen von zwei auf mindestens acht zu. — Unter Umständen erfolgt exzessive animalische Ernährung; es werden auch im Vergleich zum Zellkörper sehr große Algenzellen aufgenommen und verdaut.     

Bacteria-like structures in the endoplasm of Gregarina garnhami (Eugregarinida,Protozoa)

Summary An investigation of bacteria-like structures, which are found in large numbers in the endoplasm of the eugregarine, Gregarina garnhami, was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Gram staining indicates that these structures are gram negative; they show orange fluorescence when stained with acridine orange. Ultrastructural observations show that they resemble the endosymbiotic bacteria found in other protozoan species. Some of these structures appear to be dividing, and the possibility that these structures are in fact bacteria is discussed.