甲状旁腺激素PTH1—34对成骨细胞的机械应答的影响

目的：探讨PTH对成骨细胞在机械载荷状态下的功能影响。方法：人成骨样细胞株MG63复苏培养,采用163mOsm低渗液作为刺激源,实验分为三组,A组为单纯用DMEM培养基培养;B组为低渗液对成骨细胞分别作用0．5h、2h、4h和6h;C组为低渗处理同期加入hPTH1-34（20ng／L）。检测细胞内钙离子浓度[Ca2＋]、细胞凋亡指数以及增殖活力的变化。所得结果采用单因素方差分析法。结果：随着培养时间延长,[Ca2＋]i升高,以B组升高最为明显,（与A组比较p〈0．05）,A组和C组比较p〉0．05;细胞凋亡指数在B组4h和6h为最高（29．38±0．336;54．87±0.781）,明显高于A组和C组,且与两组相比均p〈0．05,C组4h凋亡率低于A组（p〈0．05）,其它时间组统计学比较p〉0．05。细胞增殖活力随着培养时间增加逐渐增加,与A组和C组同期相比,B组较低,且p〈0.05。结论：过强的低渗牵张作用对细胞有损害作用,[Ca2＋]i降低,凋亡率增加且降低增殖活性;PTH通过维持[Ca2＋]i浓度,对细胞的功能具有保护作用。     

甲状旁腺素、胰岛素样生长因子-1可加速成骨样细胞ROS17/2.8增值周期的进程

甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)不仅在调节钙磷代谢中可促进骨发生破骨细胞性溶骨,也可促进骨的合成代谢作用。近年发现PTH还可促进成骨细胞的增殖分化。其细胞生物学和分子生物学机理尚待研究。本实验以成骨样细胞ROS17/2.8为研究材料,以胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)为细胞增殖的阳性对照,检测了PTH对DNA合成、细胞周期进程及cyclin E和cyclinA的表达,以求探讨PTH促成骨细胞增殖时对细胞周期的影响。结果表明,PTH可促进DNA合成,改变细胞周期各时相细胞比例及增加cyclin E和cyclin A的表达。该结果提示PTH可加速成骨细胞增殖周期的进程。     

利用酿酒酵母稳定完整表达融合蛋白hPTH(1-34)ab-HSA

为稳定完整表达人甲状旁腺激素(hPTH)(1-34)二联体与人血清白蛋白(HSA)融合蛋白,以酿酒酵母为宿主,利用重叠PCR技术,将α-factor基因拼接到hPTH(1-34)ab-HSA基因片段上,获得α-hPTH(1-34)ab-HSA,并插入穿梭表达质粒pYX212,构建了基因工程菌S.cerevisiae W303-1A/pYX-α-hPTH (1-34)ab-HSA.经Western blot分析及N端氨基酸测序表明,该工程菌表达分泌了具有HSA和hPTH抗原性的完整hPTH(1-34)ab-HSA融合蛋白,解决了毕赤酵母不能稳定完整表达融合蛋白hPTH(1-34) ab-HSA的问题.     

PTHrP1-34对荷瘤小鼠骨代谢与肿瘤生长情况的影响

目的研究甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白1-34（PTHrP1-34）对荷瘤小鼠骨代谢的影响,同时观察肿瘤生长情况。方法对照组、模型组、实验组4周龄健康雌性BALB/c小鼠各12只,模型组和实验组采用乳腺癌组织块悬浊液注射法制备小鼠乳腺癌模型,10d后模型组每日予以生理盐水腹腔注射,实验组每日予以PTHrP1-34400μg/（kg.bw）腹腔注射。用药35 d后测全身骨密度（BMD）、股骨灰干重比、骨代谢相关血清指标[钙（Ca）、磷（P）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙素（OC）、Ⅰ型胶原C-末端交联顶端肽β（β-CTX）、骨唾液酸蛋白（BSP）],剥离肿瘤比较体积与质量。结果各组Ca水平差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照组和模型组比较,实验组P、β-CTX、BSP等反映骨吸收的指标显著升高（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,总ALP、BGP等反映骨形成的指标显著降低（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;实验组BMD、股骨灰干重比均显著降低（P〈0.01）。与对照组相比,模型组各指标变化差异无显著性。实验组肿瘤体积和质量显著升高（P〈0.01）。结论在PTHrP1-34的作用下,荷瘤小鼠骨吸收大于骨形成,造成溶骨性骨破坏,骨密度降低,骨破坏释放的细胞因子可能促进肿瘤生长。     

minTBP-1/IGF-1融合蛋白钛涂层对高糖高脂环境下成骨细胞分化活性的影响

目的:评价自行设计的minTBP-1与IGF-1融合蛋白涂层修饰的纯钛表面对高糖高脂环境下成骨相关基因及蛋白表达的影响。方法:借助互联网Prot Param工具设计并筛选出亲水性较高的minTBP-1与IGF-1融合蛋白,用于修饰钛表面,分别将正常成骨细胞和高糖高脂环境下培养的成骨细胞接种于其表面,以钛表面无涂层的正常成骨细胞为对照组,通过碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、茜素红S染色及定量,比较成骨细胞的生物学特性;1周、2周时,Real-time PCR检测成骨细胞ALP、Ι型胶原、Runx2和OCN基因表达水平的变化;1周、2周和3周时,Western Blot分别检测成骨细胞ALP、OCN蛋白的表达量。结果:高糖高脂环境下培养的成骨细胞扁平、呈不规则多边形,其ALP的表达、钙化结节形成均低于正常成骨细胞(P0.05)。高糖高脂环境下,在目标融合蛋白修饰的钛表面接种成骨细胞1周时,ALP基因及蛋白均有明显表达,与正常成骨细胞相比无统计学差异(P0.05);2周时Ι型胶原、Runx2以及OCN的基因明显高表达,第3周时OCN蛋白显著表达,与正常成骨细胞相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:minTBP-1与IGF-1融合蛋白涂层修饰的纯钛表面有利于改善高糖高脂环境下成骨细胞的生物学活性、促进了成骨相关基因及蛋白的表达,有望为2型糖尿病条件下钛-骨结合的种植体表面改性提供新策略。     

人甲状旁腺激素(1-34)二联体与人血清白蛋白融合蛋白的构建及表达

构建人甲状旁腺激素(1-34)二联体与人血清白蛋白融合蛋白的表达载体,并表达得到该融合蛋白.通过设计强特异性的引物,利用重叠PCR技术,定向定量的拼接得到hPTH(1-34)二联体-HSA融合蛋白的基因;将构建好的融合基因插入表达载体pPIC9K,大量扩增重组质粒,并用Sal I线性化,电击转化毕赤酵母GS115,经组氨酸缺陷和G418抗性双重筛选得到阳性转化子;挑选阳性转化子进行甲醇诱导表达.测序结果表明得到的重组质粒pPIC9K-hPTH(1-34)二联体-HSA与目标设计完全一致;基因组PCR鉴定结果证明成功构建了hPTH(1-34)二联体-HSA融合基因的毕赤酵母(GS115)表达系统;SDS-PAGE电泳表明融合蛋白获得了表达,尿微量白蛋白试剂盒测定甲醇诱导表达3d后融合蛋白的产量为127 mg/L.     

甲状旁腺素对成骨样细胞增殖的调节作用

甲状旁腺素（ＰＴＨ）是调节钙磷代谢的经典激素,有报道ＰＴＨ对其靶细胞－成骨细胞有促增殖分化作用。经多层次、多水平的实验研究证实,ＰＴＨ对成骨样细胞ＲＯＳ１７／２．８确有促增殖作用。（１）细胞计数、ＭＴＴ［３－（４,５－ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｔｈｉａ－ｚｏｌ－ｚ－ｙｉ）２,５－ｄｉｐｈｅｎｙｌｔｅｔｒａｚｏｌｉｕｍｂｒｏｍｉｄｅ］测定及ＳＲＢ（ｓｏｄｉｕｍｒｈｏｄａｍｉｎｅＢ,ＳＲＢ）染色均显示经ＰＴＨ（１０－９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理的细胞,其数目明显增加;（２）３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入增加;（３）与增殖相关的原癌基因（ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｋｉ－ｒａｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ）的表达增强;（４）成骨细胞特征性蛋白－碱性磷酸酶活性降低．这些结果不仅表明该激素具有非经典样作用,同时意味着激素也参与其靶细胞增殖分化的调节作用     

甲状腺素及维甲酸对成骨样细胞甲状旁腺素受体的调节作用

研究了甲状腺素及维甲酸夺大鼠成骨样细胞ＲＯＳ１７／２．８细胞株甲状旁腺素受体的调节作用实验结果表明：细胞经Ｔ３／Ｔ４处理后,可显增高ＰＴＨ受体结合率及碱性磷酸酶活性,以及ＰＴＨ受体ｍＲＮＡ的表达,细胞经ＲＡ处理后,则相反地降低了ＰＴＨ受体结合率及碱性磷到酶活性。     

肿瘤坏死因子α对大鼠成骨样细胞增殖与甲状旁腺素受体表达的影响

大鼠成骨样细胞ＲＯＳ１７／２．８经肿瘤坏死因子α处理后,发现其ｃ－ｍｙｃ,ｃ－ｆｏｓ,ｃ－ｊｕｎ等原癌基因ｍＲＮＡ的表达降低,细胞增殖明显受到抑制;同时,其ＰＴＨ受体的表达以及ＰＴＨ经受体刺激后引起的细胞内ｃＡＭＰ的增加也受到抑制。提示ＴＮＦα可抑制大鼠在骨要细胞ＲＥＯＳ１７／２．８的增殖和分化。     

Endogenous PTH deficiency impairs fracture healing and impedes the fracture-healing efficacy of exogenous PTH(1-34)

Background

Although the capacity of exogenous PTH1-34 to enhance the rate of bone repair is well established in animal models, our understanding of the mechanism(s) whereby PTH induces an anabolic response during skeletal repair remains limited. Furthermore it is unknown whether endogenous PTH is required for fracture healing and how the absence of endogenous PTH would influence the fracture-healing capacity of exogenous PTH.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth ^−/−) mice. Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1–4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture. Cartilaginous callus areas were reduced at 1 week post-fracture, but were increased at 2 weeks post-fracture in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth ^−/− mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice respectively. The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth ^−/− mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth ^−/− mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth ^−/− mice.

Conclusions/Significance

Absence of endogenous PTH1-84 impedes bone fracture healing. Exogenous PTH1-34 can act in the absence of endogenous PTH but callus formation, including accelerated endochondral bone formation and callus remodeling as well as mechanical strength of the bone are greater when endogenous PTH is present. Results of this study suggest a complementary role for endogenous PTH1-84 and exogenous PTH1-34 in accelerating fracture healing.     

Teriparatide (1-34 human PTH) regulation of osterix during fracture repair

Based on remarkable success of PTH as an anabolic drug for osteoporosis, case reports of off-label use of teriparatide (1-34 PTH) in patients with complicated fractures and non-unions are emerging. We investigated the mechanisms underlying PTH accelerated fracture repair. Bone marrow cells from 7 days 40 microg/kg of teriparatide treated or saline control mice were cultured and Osx and osteoblast phenotypic gene expression assessed by real-time RT-PCR in these cells. Fractured animals injected daily with either saline or 40 microg/kg of teriparatide for up to 21 days were X-rayed and histological assessment performed, as well as immunohistochemical analyses of the Osx expression in the fracture callus. Osx, Runx2 and osteoblast or chondrocyte phenotypic gene expression was also assessed in fracture calluses. Our data shows that Osx and Runx2 are up-regulated in marrow-derived MSCs isolated from mice systemically treated with teriparatide. Furthermore, these MSCs undergo accelerated osteoblast maturation compared to saline injected controls. Systemic teriparatide treatments also accelerated fracture healing in these mice concomitantly with increased Osx expression in the PTH treated fracture calluses compared to controls. Collectively, these data suggest a mechanism for teriparatide mediated fracture healing possibly via Osx induction in MSCs.     

Pilot study with technosphere/PTH(1-34)--a new approach for effective pulmonary delivery of parathyroid hormone (1-34)

Sequential subcutaneous PTH injection therapy (repeated 14 days of PTH administration and a subsequent treatment pause for a few weeks) is known to increase bone mineral density in patients with osteopenic disorders. Alternative methods of drug delivery may be beneficial in increasing compliance. A pilot study was performed in 10 healthy volunteers (4 female/6-male, age: 25.6 +/- 3.5 years, BMI: 22.3 +/- 2.4 kg/m 2, mean +/- SD) to assess the pharmacokinetic profiles of 1600 IU of PTH(1 - 34) using the pulmonary Technosphere drug delivery system in comparison to a subcutaneous injection of 400 IU. The treatments were administered in the morning after an overnight fast and blood samples for measurement of PTH(1 - 34), PTH(1 - 84), and calcium and calcitonin were taken over a period of 6 hours. Both injection and pulmonary application of PTH(1 - 34) were well tolerated. After pulmonary administration of Technosphere/PTH(1 - 34), PTH(1 - 34) appeared in the serum with a faster concentration increase (T max: pulmonary 10 +/- 5 min vs. subcutaneous 28 +/- 8 min, p < 0.001) and with higher maximal concentrations (C max : pulmonary 309 +/- 215 pmol/l vs. subcutaneous 102 +/- 45 pmol/l, p < 0.05) as compared to the subcutaneous injection. The relative bioavailability of pulmonary Technosphere/PTH(1 - 34) was calculated to be 48 %. No differences were seen between pulmonary and subcutaneous application with regard to the PTH(1 - 84), calcitonin and calcium concentrations. In conclusion, pulmonary application of Technosphere/PTH(1 - 34) appears to be an effective and thus attractive candidate for PTH substitution therapy in osteoporosis and other conditions leading to a decrease in bone mineral density.     

毛喉萜对大鼠成骨样细胞内Ca~（2＋）释出的影响

毛喉萜是一种二萜类化合物,为细胞中腺苷酸环化酶的激活剂。用毛喉萜处理大鼠成骨样细胞,发现它可即时激发细胞内Ｃａ~（２＋）水平的增高。当细胞经毛喉萜长期处理（１－２天）后,其对ＰＴＨ激发细胞内Ｃａ~（２＋）释出的效应也呈增高反应。但毛喉萜的即刻反应与其长期效应的作用机理可能并不相同。鉴于毛喉萜具有抑制增殖的作用,其对细胞内Ｃａ~（２＋）水平的调节作用或与其对细胞的抑增殖促分化有关。     

Direct inhibitory effect of amino-terminal parathyroid hormone fragment [PTH(1-34)] on PTH secretion from bovine parathyroid primary cultured cells in vitro

We have examined the possibility of direct inhibitory effect of PTH(1-34) on PTH secretion in bovine parathyroid cells. As low as 10(-12) M PTH(1-34) completely inhibited low calcium (0.5 mM Ca2+)-stimulated PTH secretion by these cells. In the presence of 1.25 mM Ca2+, 10(-12) M PTH(1-34) inhibited PTH secretion by about 14.3% of the basal value, while 10(-11) M or higher concentration of PTH(1-34) showed potent inhibitory effects equivalent to the inhibitory action of high calcium concentration (2.5 mM Ca2+) on PTH secretion. At 2.5 mM Ca2+, as much as 10(-9) M PTH(1-34) failed to inhibit PTH secretion further. These results suggest that PTH(1-34) might directly, not via calcium concentration, inhibit PTH secretion by parathyroid cells and that a cooperative mechanism could exist between calcium and PTH(1-34) to inhibit PTH secretion.     

Structure-function studies of analogues of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-1-34 containing beta-amino acid residues in positions 11-13

The 1-34 N-terminal fragments of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) elicit the full spectrum of bone-relevant activities characteristic of the intact hormones. The structural elements believed to be required for receptor binding and biological activity are two helical segments, one N-terminal and one C-terminal, connected by hinges or flexible points located around positions 12 and 19. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized and characterized the following analogues of PTH-(1-34), each containing single or double substitutions with beta-amino acid residues around the putative hinge located at position 12: I. [Nle(8,18),beta-Ala(11,12),Nal(23),Tyr(34)]bPTH-(1-34)NH(2); II. [Nle(8,18),beta-Ala(12,13),Nal(23),Tyr(34)]bPTH-(1-34)NH(2); III. [Nle(8,18),beta-Ala(11),Nal(23),Tyr(34)]bPTH-(1-34)NH(2); IV. [Nle(8,18),beta-hLeu(11),Nal(23),Tyr(34)]bPTH-(1-34)NH(2); V. [Nle(8,18),beta-Ala(12), Nal(23),Tyr(34)]bPTH-(1-34)NH(2); VI. [Nle(8,18),beta-Ala(13), Nal(23),Tyr(34)]bPTH-(1-34)NH(2) (beta-hLeu = beta-homo-leucine; beta-Ala = beta-alanine; Nal = L-2-naphthyl-alanine; Nle = norleucine). Analogues I and III exhibit very low binding affinity and are devoid of adenylyl cyclase activity. Analogue II, despite its very low binding capacity is an agonist. Biological activity and binding capacity are partially restored in analogue IV, and completely restored in analogues V and VI. The conformational properties of the analogues were investigated in aqueous solution containing dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles as a membrane-mimetic environment using CD, 2D-NMR, and molecular dynamics calculations. All peptides fold partially into the alpha-helical conformation in the presence of DPC micelles, with a maximum helix content in the range of 30-35%. NMR analysis reveals the presence of two helical segments, one N-terminal and one C-terminal, as a common structural motif in all analogues. Incorporation of beta-Ala dyads at positions 11,12 and 12,13 in analogues I and II, respectively, enhances the conformational disorder in this portion of the sequence but also destabilizes the N-terminal helix. This could be one of the possible reasons for the lack of biological activity in these analogues. The partial recovery of binding affinity and biological activity in analogue IV, compared to the structurally similar analogue III, is clearly the consequence of the reintroduction of Leu side-chain of the native sequence. In the fully active analogues V and VI, the helix stability at the N-terminus is further increased. Taken together, these results stress the functional importance of the conformational stability of the helical activation domain in PTH-(1-34). Contrary to expectation, insertion of a single beta-amino acid residue in positions 11, 12, or 13 in analogues III-VI does not favor a disordered structure in this portion of the sequence.     

福莫特罗对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化基因表达的影响

目的:研究β2肾上腺素能激动剂福莫特罗(Formoterol)对大鼠的体外骨髓间充质干细胞(MMSC)向成骨细胞分化的影响,进而探讨其作用机制。方法:取SD大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞,用条件培养液诱导分化后分别加入不同浓度药物,在不同时间点采用RT-PCR法检测细胞分化中Runx2和Osterix的mRNA的表达,采用westernblot法检测细胞中MEK和ERK1/2的磷酸化。结果:在细胞分化早期,加入已知浓度10-7mol/L的Formoterol可抑制成骨样细胞细胞特异性转录因子Runx2mRNA表达;在细胞分化晚期,浓度10-7mol/L的Formoterol也可抑制成骨样细胞OsterixmRNA表达。在加入浓度10-7mol/的Formoterol作用30min后,MEK和ERK1/2的蛋白磷酸化表达均下降。结论:β2受体激动剂可抑制MMSC细胞体外向成骨样细胞的分化,并且可抑制MEK和ERK1/2磷酸化的表达。     

甲状腺素及维甲酸对成骨样细胞甲状旁腺素受体的调节作用

研究了甲状腺素（T3／T4）及维甲酸（RA）对大鼠成骨样细胞ROS17／2．8细胞林甲状旁腺素（PTH）受体的调节作用．实验结果表明：细胞经T3／T4处理后,可显著增高PTH受体结合率及碱性磷酸酶活性,以及PTH受体mRNA的表达．细胞经RA处理后,则相反地降低PTH受体结合率及碱性磷酸酶活性．