代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病研究中的应用

代谢组学是定量描述生物内源性代谢物质的整体及其对内因和外因变化应答规律的的一门新学科。近年来,代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病中的研究备受关注,特别是为感染性疾病发生机制及防控研究提供了一种新的手段。本文介绍了代谢组学技术及其在水产动物研究中的应用,包括代谢组学技术在水产动物感染性疾病、细菌耐药及环境应激等方面应用进行综述,分析了代谢组学在水产动物疾病研究中面临的问题与挑战,并对未来水产动物代谢组学研究趋势进行了展望,以期为代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病发病机制和药物研发方面更深入的运用提供参考。     

Kisspeptin调控动物机体代谢的研究进展

Kisspeptin是由KISS1基因编码的蛋白产物,是下丘脑GnRH上游的主要调控因子,其不仅在中枢系统调控动物的生殖,而且也可在外周局部影响动物配子发生。然而,最近诸多研究证实Kisspeptin除了在动物繁殖方面起到重要的作用外,还对动物能量平衡、摄食、肥胖以及代谢性疾病等方面起到重要的调节作用。本文就Kisspeptin在中枢神经系统和外周组织器官调控动物机体的代谢进行了详细论述,重点阐明Kisspeptin与外周代谢激素互作对动物机体代谢影响的最新进展,并总结分析了Kisspeptin在调控动物代谢方面所面临的诸多问题,以期充分理解Kisspeptin在调节动物代谢中发挥的作用,为防治动物及人类代谢紊乱性疾病提供新策略。     

蚯蚓中营养成分测定及其评价

蚯蚓中含有丰富的蛋白质和氨基酸,是动物蛋白质营养成分来源之一。除可作畜、禽及水产养殖业动物蛋白饵料外,有的国家还将蚯蚓作为食品原料。因此,明确蚯蚓的营养价值,对其合理应用具有十分重要的意义。目前国内     

海产养殖饵料微藻开发利用进展

饵料微藻是在海产养殖过程中应用最普遍的生物饵料。饵料微藻营养成分全面以及富含多种活性物质,是海产养殖动物最佳的开口饵料,其还可有效去除水体中的氮磷,改善调节养殖水质,具有益生作用。综述饵料微藻在海产养殖应用开发过程中的功能、养殖工艺和保种技术等新进展。     

血插管技术在动物机体营养代谢研究中的应用

动物机体的营养代谢是一个不断变化的动态过程.血插管技术在研究营养代谢的动态过程中具有独特优势.血插管技术可用于研究不同来源或不同水平的营养素、生物活性物质、营养调控剂或药物对门静脉氨基酸、葡萄糖流量以及对机体内分泌因子、血清生化指标的动态影响效应;研究不同生理或病理条件下动物机体自身营养调控过程的机制;研究某个器官或组织对养分的吸收和代谢特点,等等.本文简要介绍了血插管技术的类型和在动物营养研究中的应用,以期为充分利用此技术加深对动物营养代谢过程及其调控机理的研究提供参考.     

妊娠期母体营养调控子代骨骼发育与代谢的研究进展

骨骼组织作为动物机体重要的支撑器官和旁分泌器官,其发育过程正常与否影响机体整体的发育和健康。妊娠期是胎儿骨骼发育最为关键的时期,妊娠期营养状态的变化不仅可能影响胎儿骨骼发育和代谢过程,而且这些影响甚至可能出现在动物出生后甚至伴随其一生。本文概述了动物骨骼发育代谢过程及其作为旁分泌器官对其它组织器官的影响,并就通过母体妊娠期营养(如蛋白,能量,矿物质,维生素和采食量)调控影响胎儿骨骼发育代谢相关研究进行了综述,以加深对关于妊娠期母体营养调控胎儿骨骼发育的认识。同时,对畜牧生产上通过调控妊娠期母体营养改善动物骨骼发育代谢状态,为进一步实现健康养殖提供新的思路。     

水产动物重要经济性状相关功能基因的研究进展

随着基因组学技术的快速发展,已经在水产动物中鉴定出了大量的功能基因,并通过建立基因多态性与重要经济性状之间的关联,挖掘出了与经济性状连锁的优势等位基因和基因型。对基因资源的研究不仅有助于理解经济性状的分子调控机制,而且将为分子辅助育种提供理论指导和技术支持。综述了近年来水产动物重要经济性状相关基因的研究进展,以期为解析功能基因的分子调控机制和分子辅助育种提供基础理据和参考资料。     

猪肠道微生物与机体脂质代谢研究进展

肠道微生物在调控宿主脂质代谢中发挥重要作用.猪是一种易沉积脂肪的动物,但其很少发生代谢性疾病,其肠道核心菌群及代谢产物被认为是主导该生理现象的原因之一.本文系统综述了猪肠道微生物与脂质代谢的关系,分析了微生物代谢产物包括短链脂肪酸、胆碱代谢物和胆汁酸等对脂质代谢影响作用,以期洞悉肠道微生物调控宿主脂质代谢的潜在机制.旨在为猪生产中机体脂质沉积调控提供思路,为人类脂质代谢紊乱所引起的代谢性疾病研究提供可用模型和借鉴.     

阿维拉霉素生物合成与代谢调控研究进展

阿维拉霉素是发酵法来源的新型兽用的消化促进剂和代谢调节剂,具有较高的生物安全性,通过改善动物肠道内细菌群的生态结构促进动物生长。对阿维拉霉素的生物合成和代谢调控进行了综述,同时结合系统生物技术观点,为阿维拉霉素菌种基因工程改造提供参考。     

血管生成素样蛋白家族表达调控及其在动物分子育种领域的现状分析

血管生成素样蛋白(Angiopoietin-like proteins,Angptls)是与脂类、葡萄糖、能量代谢和血管生成密切相关的蛋白质家族,现已发现8个成员,因其在代谢调控和动物辅助选育方面发挥有重要作用而备受研究人员的关注。以下综述了该蛋白家族的结构、介导的信号通路、上游调控基因及代谢网络等方面,并结合课题组研究工作对其应用于动物育种领域的现状和问题进行了分析,对前景作了展望。     

Reviving a neglected celestial underwater polarization compass for aquatic animals

Substantial in situ measurements on clear days in a variety of marine environments at depths in the water down to 200 m have demonstrated the ubiquitous daytime presence of sun-related e-vector (=plane of polarization) patterns. In most lines of sight the e-vectors tilt from horizontal towards the sun at angles equal to the apparent underwater refracted zenith angle of the sun. A maximum tilt-angle of approximately 48.5 degrees , is reached in horizontal lines of sight at 90 degrees to the sun's bearing (the plane of incidence). This tilt limit is set by Snell's window, when the sun is on the horizon. The biological literature since the 1980s has been pervaded with assumptions that daytime aquatic e-vectors are mainly horizontal. This review attempts to set the record straight concerning the potential use of underwater e-vectors as a visual compass and to reopen the field to productive research on aquatic animals' orientation and navigation.     

Absence of pigmentation in corixid bugs (Hemiptera) after the use of the aquatic herbicide dichlobenil

SUMMARY. Unpigmented nymphs and adults of the corixid bugs Sigara dorsalis and Corixa punctata were found in ponds treated with the aquatic herbicide dichlobenil. Tissue residues accumulated rapidly in nymphs exposed to dichlobenil, and pigmentation was inhibited during ecdysis. However, dichlobenil residues were rapidly eliminated from the tissues of unpigmented nymphs placed into clean water, and pigmentation returned during the following ecdysis.     

Shallow-water habitats as sources of fallback foods for hominins

Underground storage organs (USOs) have been proposed as critical fallback foods for early hominins in savanna, but there has been little discussion as to which habitats would have been important sources of USOs. USOs consumed by hominins could have included both underwater and underground storage organs, i.e., from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Shallow aquatic habitats tend to offer high plant growth rates, high USO densities, and relatively continuous USO availability throughout the year. Baboons in the Okavango delta use aquatic USOs as a fallback food, and aquatic or semiaquatic USOs support high-density human populations in various parts of the world. As expected given fossilization requisites, the African early- to mid-Pleistocene shows an association of Homo and Paranthropus fossils with shallow-water and flooded habitats where high densities of plant-bearing USOs are likely to have occurred. Given that early hominins in the tropics lived in relatively dry habitats, while others occupied temperate latitudes, ripe, fleshy fruits of the type preferred by African apes would not normally have been available year round. We therefore suggest that water-associated USOs were likely to have been key fallback foods, and that dry-season access to aquatic habitats would have been an important predictor of hominin home range quality. This study differs from traditional savanna chimpanzee models of hominin origins by proposing that access to aquatic habitats was a necessary condition for adaptation to savanna habitats. It also raises the possibility that harvesting efficiency in shallow water promoted adaptations for habitual bipedality in early hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:630–642, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Reversible hepatic black pigmentation and enzyme alteration induced by prolonged feeding of high dose of crocin dyes in rats

Crocin dyes, isolated from Gardenia jasminodes, did not affect hepatic function when they were orally administered to rats in a daily dose of 50 mg/kg for 8 days, but could induce acute hepatic discoloration. A high dosage of 100 mg/kg for 2 weeks could induce both hepatic damage and black pigmentation, but a lower dose of 100 mg/kg for 40 days did not. Rats fed on diet containing 1% of crocin dyes for four months were shown to have mild hepatic functional disorders and pigmentation. The black pigmentation of the liver and the acute hepatic damage associated with the discoloration were completely reversible. During the period of hepatic pigmentation caused by high dose of crocin dyes, the urine had abnormally increased porphyrin excretion and tended to display a blackish green color. The skin also appeared purplish black. The mechanism of black pigmentation seemed to correlate with the gradual accumulation of crocin dyes. In summary, the crocin dyes have a very low toxicity in rats even in high experimental dosage which would hardly happen in human practice. It is therefore suggested that the crocin dyes are safe for coloring foods.     

Induced pigmentation in zooplankton: a trade-off between threats from predation and ultraviolet radiation.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is harmful to all life, and the ongoing depletion of the ozone layer is likely to affect interactions among both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Some organisms have evolved adaptations to reduce radiation damage, such as the various types of protective pigmentation of freshwater zooplankton. However, strong pigmentation also increases vulnerability to visually hunting predators. Hence, where both UV radiation and predation are intense, zooplankton may be sandwiched between conflicting selective pressures: to be pigmented and to be transparent at the same time. Here, I show that the level of pigmentation in copepods is up to ten times higher in lakes without predatory fishes than where fishes are present. Moreover, animals from the same population exposed to either UV light or predator scent showed a 10% difference in pigmentation after only four days, suggesting that pigmentation is an inducible trait. Hence, individual copepods are not passive victims of selective predation or radiation damage, but adjust the level of pigmentation according to the prevailing threat. The ability to adjust pigmentation level rapidly may be especially useful in situations where risk assessment is difficult due to strong seasonal and spatial variation in risk variables, such as in Arctic regions. With progressive thinning of the ozone layer, the ability of some but not other organisms to adjust protection against UV radiation may lead to counter-intuitive, large-scale alterations in freshwater food webs.     

Pachyosteosclerosis suggests archaic Homo frequently collected sessile littoral foods

Fossil skeletons of Homo erectus and related specimens typically had heavy cranial and postcranial bones, and it has been hypothesised that these represent adaptations, or are responses, to various physical activities such as endurance running, heavy exertion, and/or aggressive behavior. According to the comparative biological data, however, skeletons that show a combination of disproportionally large diameters, extremely compact bone cortex, and very narrow medullary canals are associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic tetrapods that wade, and/or dive for sessile foods such as hard-shelled invertebrates in shallow waters. These so-called pachyosteosclerotic bones are less supple and more brittle than non-pachyosteosclerotic bones, and marine biologists agree that they function as hydrostatic ballast for buoyancy control. This paper discusses the possibility that heavy skeletons in archaic Homo might be associated with part-time collection of sessile foods in shallow waters.     

Anophthalmia and elongation of body appendages in cave scale worms (Annelida: Aphroditiformia)

This study addresses whether cave dwelling annelids exhibited similar reductive and constructive traits equally as strong as those of arthropods and vertebrates inhabiting caves. Known as troglomorphism, these adaptations bring about striking morphologies across invertebrates and vertebrates from both aquatic and terrestrial cave habitats, and include varying degrees of eye and pigmentation loss, as well as hypertrophy of body appendages and sensorial structures. Employing phylogenetic comparative methods and ancestral character reconstructions on a worldwide data set of a group of annelids, the scale worms (Aphroditiformia), we investigate the behavioural and morphological traits of species living in marine caves in comparison with those species living outside caves. Our work demonstrated that cave scale worms respond similar to arthropods in cave environments, showing a significant elongation of sensory parapodial cirri, while lacking eyes and pigmentation. However, whereas elongation of sensory appendages likely occurred in correlation to cave colonization, eyes were plausibly lost in correlation with specialization and colonization of deep‐sea habitats.     

Wing pigmentation in territorial male damselflies, Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis: a possible relation to sexual selection

One striking characteristic in adult males of some odonate species is the presence of wing pigmentation. In Calopteryx species, males show a series of pre- and postcopulatory behavioural displays during which they face females while showing their pigmented wings. One hypothesis to explain the precopulatory flying displays and the associated wing pigmentation is that they may serve a sexual selection function. I investigated this in the territorial damselfly Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis. Males of this species defend aquatic substrates that females use for oviposition. Observational evidence indicated that males with a higher proportion of wing pigmentation were more likely to defend a territory, obtained more matings, had fewer gut parasites, survived in the study site and stayed in territories for longer. Experimental evidence suggested that the relationship mating success and wing pigmentation still held when controlling for the size of the substrate defended by territorial males. Similar to other studies in the Calopterygidae, these results suggest that wing pigmentation may be favoured by sexual selection. I discuss, however, whether an alternative function for male copulatory courtship displays and wing pigmentation, as sexual and/or species recognition, may also explain the evolution of these traits. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Geometry and self-righting of turtles

Terrestrial animals with rigid shells face imminent danger when turned upside down. A rich variety of righting strategies of beetle and turtle species have been described, but the exact role of the shell's geometry in righting is so far unknown. These strategies are often based on active mechanisms, e.g. most beetles self-right via motion of their legs or wings; flat, aquatic turtles use their muscular neck to flip back. On the other hand, highly domed, terrestrial turtles with short limbs and necks have virtually no active control: here shape itself may serve as a fundamental tool. Based on field data gathered on a broad spectrum of aquatic and terrestrial turtle species we develop a geometric model of the shell. Inspired by recent mathematical results, we demonstrate that a simple mechanical classification of the model is closely linked to the animals' righting strategy. Specifically, we show that the exact geometry of highly domed terrestrial species is close to optimal for self-righting, and the shell's shape is the predominant factor of their ability to flip back. Our study illustrates how evolution solved a far-from-trivial geometrical problem and equipped some turtles with monostatic shells: beautiful forms, which rarely appear in nature otherwise.     

瘦蛋白对繁殖性能的影响

肥胖基因的产物－瘦蛋白可通过下丘脑或直接作用于卵巢,对动物的青春期发育、生殖器的发育以及性激素的分泌都有重要的调节作用。本拟对瘦蛋白的作用机制及其对繁殖功能的影响作一综述。