重症监护病房常见非发酵菌分布及耐药性分析

分析医院重症监护病房非发酵菌感染的耐药情况,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。回顾性分析2009~2010年医院自重症监护病房分离的非发酵菌,对其检出率及药敏结果进行统计分析。共检出96株非发酵菌,检出率为19.79%,分离率居前4位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌（46.88%）、鲍氏不动杆菌（21.88%）、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌（15.63%）、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（10.42%）;4种常见的非发酵菌对常用的抗菌药物耐药性均较高,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等含酶抑制剂的复合型抗菌药物对非发酵菌有较高的敏感性。医院重症监护病房非发酵菌检出率高且耐药性强,应加强临床细菌学的检测,按照药敏试验结果合理用药。     

重症监护病房非发酵菌分布及耐药分析

目的分析医院重症监护病房非发酵菌感染的耐药情况,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析2008年至2009年医院自重症监护病房分离的非发酵菌,对其检出率及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果共检出4 273株非发酵菌,检出率为38%,分离率居前4位的依次是铜绿假单胞菌(44.09%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(27.64%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(10.58%)和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(5.99%);4种常见的非发酵菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性均较高,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等含酶抑制剂的复合型抗菌药物对非发酵菌有较高的敏感性。结论医院重症监护病房非发酵菌检出率高且耐药性强,应加强临床细菌学的检测,按照药敏试验结果合理用药。     

重症监护病房非发酵菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)非发酵菌感染的临床分布及耐药状况,总结非发酵菌的感染特点,探讨治疗对策。方法采用ATB Expression细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统,对ICU非发酵菌临床分离株进行菌种鉴定及耐药性测定。结果重症监护病房医院感染非发酵菌检出率为45.0%。其中铜绿假单胞菌为最常见(32.1%),其次为鲍氏不动杆菌(27.4%)和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(13.3%)。非发酵菌可感染不同部位,其中以呼吸道感染为最常见(75.5%),其次为创面分泌物(8.7%)和引流液(5.5%)。药敏结果显示非发酵菌对替卡西林、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类等多种抗菌药物高度耐药,且多重耐药现象较严重。结论重症监护病房医院感染中非发酵菌分离率高,分布范围广泛且耐药性强,多重耐药现象严重,应引起临床高度重视。     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布和耐药性变迁

目的调查温州医学院附属第一医院铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布和耐药性及其变迁情况,指导临床合理用药和控制耐药菌的产生。方法对该院2003年至2005年437株铜绿假单胞菌进行回顾性分析,用17种抗菌药物进行体外药敏试验。结果铜绿假单胞菌分布以呼吸道感染和创口分泌物感染为主。细菌对第3代头孢菌素耐药率高,对头孢他啶、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率均有逐年增加的趋势。耐药率增加与临床广谱抗菌药物用药量增加有关。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性十分突出,应在药敏指导下合理选用抗菌药物,应该适当控制碳青霉烯类和第3代头孢菌素的使用,减缓耐药菌株的产生。     

下呼吸道感染中4种非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染中4种非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药现状。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对2007年6月至2009年12月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院呼吸内科和ICU下呼吸道感染患者,调查其4种非发酵菌分离菌株,统计药敏试验结果及临床分布。结果共分离目标菌393株,包括鲍曼不动杆菌152株,铜绿假单胞菌127株,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌73株,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌41株;分离菌株数最多的原发病依次是慢性阻塞性肺部疾患(24.4%),原发性支气管肺癌(16.5%),支气管扩张(14.8%)和肺炎(12.2%);药敏试验结果,4种非发酵菌普遍呈多药耐药趋势,其中氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、哌拉西林耐药率均>50%,亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率>37.8%;耐药率最低的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,分别为14.2%~26.8%和25.2%~50.7%。结论下呼吸道标本中分离到非发酵菌的患者,主要集中在9类住院治疗的患者,分离的菌株数量以COPD、原发性支气管肺癌等原发病患者较多,这些患者是医院感染的易感人群,应予以严密监视。体外药敏试验表明,4种非发酵菌的耐药性非常严重,需要定期公布细菌检测和耐药率变迁信息,制订和完善预防措施,加强临床和实验室的协作和沟通,以降低医院感染发生率和细菌耐药率。     

头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌临床分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、头孢菌素酶（AmpC）及碳青霉烯酶情况,并分析其对14种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 ESBLs、AmpC采用三维试验进行检测;碳青霉烯酶采用改良Hodge试验进行检测;药物敏感试验采用K-B法测定。结果 112株头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌ESBLs、AmpC检出率较高;未发现同产ESBLs、AmpC及碳青霉烯酶3种酶的菌株。产ESBLs、AmpC褪色沙雷菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率低于6.00%,与非产酶菌株相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢比肟的耐药率均明显高于非产酶菌株（P〈0.01）。另外,同产ESBLs＋AmpC头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌分离株与单产酶株相比,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢比肟、复方新诺等多种抗生素耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。碳青霉烯酶株对14种常见抗生素多重耐药或泛耐药。结论我院头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌分离株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性较高,耐药性的产生与细菌产多种β-内酰胺酶有关。     

连续5 a临床常见非发酵菌分离率变化及耐药性分析

对中国医科大学附属盛京医院2004～2008年5a间非发酵菌的分离情况及其耐药性进行比较和分析,旨在为临床制定合理有效的抗感染治疗方案提供依据。采用琼脂扩散法药敏试验,测定5a间临床常见非发酵菌菌株的药敏,数据统计分析用WHONET5．4软件进行。5a间分离的非发酵菌在革兰阴性杆菌中的比率呈上升趋势,到2008年占革兰阴性杆菌的46．49％。非发酵菌的耐药率逐年升高,其中耐药最严重的是鲍曼不动杆菌。非发酵菌为医院感染的主要致病菌,且对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,临床医生应注重本地区、本治疗区的细菌耐药监测情况,合理选择抗生素,减少耐药菌出现的机会,采取有效措施减少医院内感染的发生和耐药菌在医院内的传播。     

高龄患者血液感染常见革兰阴性杆菌及其耐药性分析

目的分析本院80~100岁高龄患者血液感染常见革兰阴性杆菌的种类及其耐药状况,为本院合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法采用BacT/Alert 3D血培养仪对血液标本进行阳性鉴定;VITEK-2Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪进行鉴定;K-B纸片扩散法对抗菌药物进行敏感性测定;使用WHONET 5.4分析软件分析数据。结果本院高龄患者血液培养阳性标本中共分离出革兰阴性杆菌108株,以肠杆菌科细菌为主,其次为非发酵菌,前者主要为大肠埃希菌52株(48.15%)和肺炎克雷伯菌37株(34.26%),后者主要包括铜绿假单胞菌10株(9.26%)和鲍曼不动杆菌8株(7.41%)。其中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为1.92%和13.51%,两者对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛的耐药率均高于50.00%;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为20.00%和25.00%,后者对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均高于前者。结论碳青酶烯类抗生素可作为本院高龄患者常见革兰阴性杆菌所致血液感染的首选药物;但在治疗中应考虑细菌的耐药特点及患者的代谢特点合理选择抗生素。     

非发酵菌致肺癌患者肺部感染的病原学构成与耐药性分析

目的了解肺癌患者肺部非发酵菌感染的病原学构成及耐药特征,为非发酵菌感染的预防和治疗提供有效依据。方法对本院2009年7月至2014年6月肺癌并发肺部非发酵菌感染的病例进行回顾分析,常规方法培养及鉴定细菌,K-B法检测非发酵菌的耐药率,按CLSI 2013年标准判定药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件分析数据,研究其病原菌构成及耐药特征。结果 2009年7月至2014年6月,从本院住院治疗的肺癌合并肺部感染患者中共检出非发酵菌211株,其中铜绿假单胞菌最为常见(42.2%),其次为鲍氏不动杆菌(28.9%)和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(20.4%);药敏试验表明4种非发酵菌对常用抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药甚至多重耐药。结论非发酵菌是导致肺癌合并肺部感染常见病原菌,其耐药率高,治疗困难,临床应高度重视,加强耐药性监测,为临床合理用药,防止继发感染提供依据。     

儿童医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌三年临床分布特征调查

目的调查三年来儿童医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床分布特点及耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法2010年1月-2012年12月住院患儿送检标本采用VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,药敏试验采用Kirby—Bauer法。结果三年分离到洋葱伯克霍尔德菌分别为28株、36株和51株,共¨5株,呈逐年上升趋势;其来源主要分布在儿童ICU和新生儿病房,以引起儿童呼吸道感染为主要症状;药敏结果显示替卡西林／克拉维酸、庆大霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦等耐药率均逐年升高;对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶和复方新诺明敏感性高。结论儿童医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌呈逐年上升趋势,因其是一种多重耐药菌,天然耐多种抗菌药物,临床监测其分布状况和耐药性具有重要意义。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细