PKC对原代培养神经元NF-кB表达的影响

用蛋白激酶C（PKC）刺激剂佛波醇酯（PMA）和PKC抑制剂Rottlerin处理培养神经元,RT—PCR法检测神经元NF—xBp65 mRNA的表达;用PMA和NF—κB抑制剂TPCK处理培养神经元,流式细胞术AnnexinV／PI法检测细胞早期凋亡率。观察PKC对原代培养神经元核转录因子kappaB（NF～KB）表达的影响,探讨PKC参与缺血性神经元损伤的可能机制。结果显示PKC可促进NF—κB的表达;NF—κB可诱导培养神经元的早期凋亡。由此可以得出PKC激活参与神经元的损伤可能是通过引起神经元内NF—κB的表达而实现的.     

川芎嗪对平滑肌细胞NF-κB激活、骨形成蛋白-2表达的影响

目的　观察川芎嗪对血管平滑肌细胞核转录因子 kappaB (NuclearFactor kappaB ,NF κB)的激活与骨形成蛋白 - 2 (bonemorphogenicprotein 2 ,BMP 2 )表达的影响。方法　贴块法培养血管平滑肌细胞 ,分为正常对照组 ,血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngiotensinⅡ ,AgⅡ )刺激组和川芎干预组。各取 15、 30、 6 0min测NF κB激活情况 ,6、 12、 2 4h测BMP 2表达变化。采用免疫组化及原位杂交法测蛋白表达和mRNA转录水平。结果　 (1)AgⅡ刺激 15min即有NF κBp6 5核转移 ,30min达高峰 (P <0 0 1) ,1h后减退。川芎干预组NF κB激活与正常组无差异。 (2 )AgⅡ刺激 6hBMP 2表达增强 (P <0 0 5 ) ,12h减弱 (P <0 0 1) ,2 4h更弱。川芎干预组 6hBMP 2表达亦增强 ,12h与 2 4h保持正常水平。结论　川芎嗪抑制AgⅡ诱导的NF κB激活与BMP 2表达降低 ,表明它在抗动脉粥样硬化方面意义重大。     

抑瘤基因NGX6对人结肠癌细胞凋亡的影响

NGX6基因是中南大学肿瘤研究所分子遗传室在对鼻咽癌研究中筛选克隆出的一个新基因．以稳定转染并表达NGX6基因的HT-29细胞为实验组,转染空白质粒的HT－29细胞以及HT－29细胞为对照组,利用PI／Annexin—V双染流式细胞仪检测结肠癌细胞的凋亡情况,通过EMSA分析体外培养的结肠癌细胞及种植瘤细胞内核转录因子－κB（NF－κB）的激活情况．研究结果表明：在裸鼠结肠癌种植瘤中,转染了NGX6基因的与未转染及空白载体组比较,结肠癌细胞凋亡率明显增高;EMSA（electrophoretic mobility shif tassay）分析体外培养的结肠癌细胞及种植瘤细胞内核转录因子－κB（NF—κB）的激活情况,发现转染了NGX6基因的细胞NF—κB的激活均明显受到抑制．此研究说明,NGX6基因只有诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡的能力,其可能的机制是抑制了结肠癌细胞NF—κB的激活．     

马桑内酯慢性致痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的激活

目的：研究慢性癫痛大鼠点时海马星形胶细胞的激活情况。方法：采用马桑内酯慢性癫痫大鼠模型,观察大鼠点燃后海马NF－kBp65和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP）免疫细胞化学反应（immunoreactivity,IR)的变化。结果：点燃后1h,海马CA1区GFAR－IR开始增强,4－8h可观察到GFAP－IR阳性细胞数量增多并明显浓染。这种强GFAP－IR持续至点燃点24h点燃后1h,NF－kBp65即可在海马CA1区神经元和胶质细胞内表达,主要位于胞核内,至8h阳性神经元细胞核基本消失而可见大量NF－kBp65－IR阳性的胶质细胞,双重免疫细胞化学方法显示GFAP／NF－kBp65－IR阳性细胞在点燃后1h即可观察到,4h表达最高峰,24h恢复对照组水平。结论：马桑内酯慢性致痫大鼠点燃时星形胶质细胞表现一种早期而持续的激活,提示反复激活的星形胶质细胞对癫痫的复发可能起重要的作用。     

PACAP受体激活对抗Aβ25-35致神经元凋亡作用的观察

目的和方法：本研究采用体外原代培养新生大鼠海马神经元的方法探讨了垂体腺苷环化酶激活多肽（PACAP）对抗淀粉样蛋白（Aβ25-35）致凋亡的作用机理。结果：25μmol/L的Aβ蛋白处理神经元5d即有明显的凋亡特征出现。PACAP27（P27）在正常情况下对海马神经元无明显营养作用,但当Aβ导致神经元凋亡时P27有显著的保护作用,可以提高神经元的活性,减少细胞凋亡数目,降低基因组小片段DNA含量。PACAP受体拮抗剂PACAP6－27（P6－27）可以逆转P27的保护作用。结论：研究结果说明PACAP通过受体激活参与对抗Aβ的神经毒性效应。     

红核在肌梭传入抑制伤害性反应中的作用

本实验用玻璃微电极细胞外记录方法, 观察了刺激红核对皮肤强电刺激诱发的大鼠脊髓背角广动力范围（ｗｉｄｅ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｒａｎｇｅ, ＷＤＲ） 神经元长潜伏期反应（Ｃ反应） 的作用, 及红核对琥珀胆碱（ｓｕｃｃｉｎｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅ,ＳＣＨ） 诱发的肌梭传入抑制ＷＤＲ神经元Ｃ反应效应的影响。结果表明： 电刺激红核对ＷＤＲ 神经元Ｃ反应具有抑制作用, 此作用可被静注噻庚啶明显减弱。静脉注射ＳＣＨ 对ＷＤＲ神经元Ｃ反应有明显抑制作用, 损毁单侧红核后,ＳＣＨ 对ＷＤＲ神经元Ｃ反应的抑制效应明显减弱。结果提示,５ＨＴ参与红核的痛下行抑制作用, 在肌梭传入镇痛中红核起着一定的作用     

过氧化氢诱发的小脑皮质凋亡神经元膜K+通道电流的变化

用新生ＳＤ大鼠小脑皮质细胞进行培养,用Ａｒａ－Ｃ抑制非神经元生长,以Ｈ２Ｏ２诱发神经元凋亡。用膜片细胞贴附式观察了凋亡神经元膜钾离子通道电流的变化,结果表明,凋亡小脑皮质神经元膜Ｋ通道在不同箍位电压下,通道电流（ＩＫ）幅度小于正常神经元的,单位电导小于正常神经元的,通道的平均开放时间,开放概率、短开放及长开放时间常数亦均小于正常神经元的。说明小脑皮质凋亡神经元Ｋ通道活动减弱     

大鼠上丘到外膝体P—物质投射的机能

已知大鼠外膝体内有中脑上丘来的含Ｐ－物质的神经末梢,其机能不明,在离体的大鼠外膝体脑片上用单电极电压箝位的方法研究了Ｐ－物质对外膝体神经元电压依赖性离子通道的作用。结果表明,Ｐ－物质可以使静息膜去极化,并降低膜电导。这提示Ｐ－物质抑制了线性钾漏电流。此外,Ｐ－物质还抑制去极化激活的慢失活的钾电流。低阈值钙电流和超极化激活的内向整流（Ｈ或Ｑ）电流。Ｐ－物质还可能抑制早钾（Ａ）电流。因此,Ｐ－物质在外     

外源NF—IL6高表达增强巨噬细胞的细胞毒效应

白介素6核转录因子（NF－IL6）的功能非常广泛,它不仅参与炎症反应和急性期蛋白质基因、细胞因子基因的表达调控,还参与肿瘤的凋亡、抑制和维持巨噬细胞的免疫功能。为探讨NF－IL6基因的表达与巨噬细胞肿瘤杀伤活性的关系,我们用含重组NF－IL6基因编码区的表达质粒pCN,转染小鼠腹腔留居巨噬细胞,并用蛋白质印迹法证实了外源NF－IL6基因在巨噬细胞中的高表达;随后用碱性磷酸酯酶法检测高表达NF－IL6基因的巨噬细胞对肝癌细胞SMMC7721的细胞毒性。结果显示,外源NF－IL6基因的过量表达明显增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对该肝癌细胞的细胞毒活性。这表明人工加强NF－IL6的表达能增强巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用。     

旋覆花内酯抑制血管平滑肌细胞炎性应答与阻断NF-kB活化有关

应用免疫细胞化学染色及Western印迹检测血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMC）环加氧酶-2（cyclo—oxygenase-2,COX-2）表达、NF-kB抑制蛋白α（IkB-α）水平和NF—kB p65核转位的变化：电泳迁移率改变分析（electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA）确定旋覆花内酯（1—o-acetylbritannilactone,ABL）对核内NF-kB p65与DNA调控元件的结合活性的影响。结果表明,脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）处理的VSMC,p65核转位加快,细胞核内的NF-kB p65水平快速升高,同时伴有IkB3—α的减少;用ABL预处理VSMC后,LPS诱导的p65核转位增加及IkB3—α减少受到明显抑制,抑制作用呈剂量依赖性。EMSA结果显示,LPS处理VSMC,其核蛋白与含有NF—kB结合位点的探针的结合活性升高;而用ABL预处理的VSMC,LPS诱导的核蛋白与探针结合活性的升高受到明显抑制。进而,ABL对NF—kB活化启动的下游炎性基因COX-2表达也具有较强的抑制效果。因此,ABL是一种抗炎物质,通过抑制NF—kB活化和炎性基因COX-2的表达而减弱或消除LPS诱导的VSMC炎症应答反应。     

Activation of NF-kappa B in vivo is regulated by multiple phosphorylations.

The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) in intact cells is mechanistically not well understood. Therefore we investigated the modifications imposed on NF-kappa B/I kappa B components following stimulation and show that the final step of NF-kappa B induction in vivo involves phosphorylation of several members of the NF-kappa B/I kappa B protein families. In HeLa cells as well as in B cells, TNF-alpha rapidly induced nuclear translocation primarily of p50-p65, but not of c-rel. Both NF-kappa B precursors and I kappa B alpha became strongly phosphorylated with the same kinetics. In addition to the inducible phosphorylation after stimulation, B lymphocytes containing constitutive nuclear NF-kappa B revealed constitutively phosphorylated p65 and I kappa B alpha. Phosphorylation was accompanied by induced processing of the precursors p100 and p105 and by degradation of I kappa B alpha. As an in vitro model we show that phosphorylation of p105 impedes its ability to interact with NF-kappa B, as has been shown before for I kappa B alpha. Surprisingly, even p65, but not c-rel, was phosphorylated after induction in vivo, suggesting that TNF-alpha selectively activates only specific NF-kappa B heteromers and that modifications regulate not only I kappa B molecules but also NF-kappa B molecules. In fact, cellular NF-kappa B activity was phosphorylation-dependent and the DNA binding activity of p65-containing NF-kappa B was enhanced by phosphorylation in vitro. Furthermore, we found that the induction by hydrogen peroxide of NF-kappa B translocation to the nucleus, which is assumed to be triggered by reactive oxygen intermediates, also coincided with incorporation of phosphate into the same subunits that were modified after stimulation by TNF-alpha. Thus, phosphorylation appears to be a general mechanism for activation of NF-kappa B in vivo.     

PDGF-induced Akt phosphorylation does not activate NF-kappa B in human vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts

A recent report suggested that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) by phosphorylation of the protein kinase Akt [Romashkova and Makarov, Nature 401 (1999) 86-90]. The present study investigates the role of Akt in the activation of NF-kappa B by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha, 10 ng/ml) and PDGF-BB (20 ng/ml) in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), skin and foreskin fibroblasts. TNF alpha stimulated serine phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitory protein I kappa B alpha and strongly induced nuclear NF-kappa B translocation and binding activity. PDGF did not induce serine phosphorylation or degradation of I kappa B alpha and did not enhance binding activity of NF-kappa B. In contrast, stimulation with PDGF resulted in a marked phosphorylation of Akt, but no Akt phosphorylation occurred after stimulation with TNF alpha. These data suggest that Akt phosphorylation is not involved in NF-kappa B activation in human SMC and fibroblasts.     

Heat shock inhibits IL-12 p40 expression through NF-kappa B signalling pathway in murine macrophages.

We report the effect of heat shock on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The augmentation of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 mRNA and p70 protein was significantly suppressed in both peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells after heat shock at 43 degrees C. The binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) was reduced by prior heat shock. LPS did not induce degradation of the inhibitory protein I-kappa B alpha in the shocked cells, which might be a potential mechanism to block NF-kappa B activation. Furthermore, transient transfection assay in RAW264.7 cells demonstrated that LPS-induced activation of DM703 and DM138 (contains NF-kappa B motif) was highly sensitive to heat shock. These data suggest that heat shock influences expression of IL-12 through the I-kappa B/NF-kappa B pathway.     

Induction of NF-kappa B-like activity by platelet-derived growth factor in mouse fibroblasts.

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) modulates the expression of numerous genes via interaction with a specific DNA sequence termed the kappa B site. Its activity is modulated by a cytosolic inhibitor protein termed I kappa B, and its activation occurs in response to a variety of agents in a variety of cell types, most notably B and T lymphocytes. Data presented here show that an activity (designated complex I) that binds specifically to the kappa B site is induced in density-arrested Balb/c-3T3 mouse fibroblasts by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen for these cells. Increased levels of complex I, as evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts, were observed in cells treated for 1-4 h (but not 15 min) with the BB isoform of PDGF. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and the AA isoform of PDGF also stimulated this response and both isoforms, but not TPA, were effective in cells depleted of protein kinase C. Complex I most likely is authentic NF-kappa B, a p50-p65 heterodimer, or a closely related factor because it exhibited properties characteristic of those previously described for NF-kappa B including inducibility by deoxycholate and cycloheximide and sensitivity to I kappa B. A second kappa B binding activity (complex II), which apparently contained p50 homodimers, displayed limited induction by PDGF, whereas a third complex (complex III) migrated faster than but behaved similarly to complex I. These studies suggest that NF-kappa B or an NF-kappa B-like factor may participate in the expression of PDGF-inducible genes.