The reclassification of Lycopodiaceae (s. str.) in China

The fern-allied family Lycopodiaceae(s. str. ) in China is reclassified in the present paper. Six genera, fifteen species and three forms are recorded. The genus Pseudolycopodiella Holub (1983) is adopted, one new name, Lycopodium neopungens H. S. Kung et L. B. Zhang, is given to replace the invalid name L. pungens Desv., one new form is described: Palhinhaea hainanensis C. Y. Yang f. glabra H. S. Kung et L. B. Zhang, and nine names are treated for the first time as synonyms: L. annotinum L. var. brevifolium Christ( = L. zonatum Ching), L. annotinum L. var. aciculare Christ( = L. zonatum Ching), L. alticola Ching( = L. zonatum Ching), L. simulans Ching et H. S. Kung ex Ching( = L. japonicum Thunb. ex Murray), L. interjectum Ching et H. S. Kung ex Ching( = L. japonicum Thunb. ex Murray), L. taliense Ching(＝L. japonicum Thunb. ex Murray), L. pseudoclavatum Ching( = L. japonicm Thunb. ex Murray.), L. pseudoclavatum Ching var. yunnanense Ching( = L. japonicum Thunb. ex Murray), and L. centro-chinense Ching( = L. japonicum Thunb. ex Murray). The distribution of all the taxa is also given. Additionally, some taxonomic discussions are made and it is considered that there is no Diphasiastrum wightianum (Wall. ex Grev. et Hook. ) Holub( = Lycopodium wightianum Wall. ex Grev.et Hook. ) in the flora.     

阔鳞瘤蕨(水龙骨科)配子体形态发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察记录了阔鳞瘤蕨孢子萌发、配子体发育及幼孢子体形成的整个形态发育过程。结果表明:成熟孢子黄色,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观肾形,近极单裂缝,表面具大小不一的球形颗粒。接种后6~8 d孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,形成3~7个细胞的丝状体。原叶体发育为槲蕨型,接种后30 d左右进入片状体阶段,毛状体出现在片状体形成之后,幼原叶体短舌状,成熟原叶体心脏形。精子器在接种后60 d左右开始产生,颈卵器在精子器发生后10 d左右形成,每个原叶体上只能形成一个受精卵。培养基培养的片状体常在基部进行营养繁殖。     

中国的石松科植物

本文对国产石松科(狭义)进行了分类学研究,共记载本科植物6属15种3变型。文中引用新建 立的1属,即拟小石松属Pseudolycopodiella Holub,并包含1个新命名：Lycopodium neopungens H．S．Kung et L．B．Zhang,1个新变型：Palhinhaea hainanensis C．Y. Yang f．glabra H．S．Kung et L．B．Zhang和9个新 异名：Lycopodium annotinum L．var．brevifolium Christ(=L ．zonatum),L．annotinum L．var．aciculare Christ (=L．zonatum),L.alticola Ching(=L．zonatum),L．simulans Ching et H．S．Kung ex Ching(=L．japoni- cum),L．interjectum Ching et H．S．Kung ex Ching(=L．japonicum),L. taliense Ching(=L．japonicum),L．pseudoclavatum Ching(：=L．japonicm．),L． pseudoclavatum Ching var．yunnanense Ching(=L．japonicum),及L. centro-chinense Ching(=L. japonicum)．本文还记述了有关分类群的地理分布,并认为中国没有Dipha- siastrum wightianum(Wall．ex Grev．et Hook．)Holub的分布。     

小黑麦×小滨麦三属杂种F1小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞学特点研究

用压片法对八倍体小黑麦和八倍体小滨麦杂种F1的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了细胞学观察.结果表明小黑麦/小滨麦F1 PMC MI染色体平均构型为13.17Ⅰ+20.82Ⅱ+0.37Ⅲ+0.02Ⅳ,与其理论构型基本一致.在三属杂种F1减数分裂后期Ⅰ可观察到较高频率的落后染色体;四分体时期的子细胞普遍具有微核;所形成的小孢子有部分能进行正常的有丝分裂,产生成熟的花粉,其成熟花粉的可育率为44.1%.在三属杂种F1的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程中,还观察到了一些特殊的细胞学现象在同一个细胞中的染色质活动不同步,小孢子发生对称的有丝分裂,四分体不能正常形成,以及小孢子无丝分裂等现象.     

水蕨配子体发育的研究

研究了我国产水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)配子体发育的全过程,水蕨孢子为四面体型,三裂缝,孢子萌发为向心型,丝状体4～8个细胞长,无明显的顶端细胞,丝状体顶部细胞同时分裂形成片状体,分生组织位于片状体一侧,使原叶体成为不对称的心脏形,原叶体发育为水蕨型,无毛状体,精子器和颈卵器较大,该配子体表现为较原始的性状.     

濒危植物红花木莲大孢子发生和雌配子体发育的研究

研究了濒危植物红花木莲（Manglietia insignisBl)的大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育,红花木莲每朵花心皮数为48-73枚,每心皮内胚珠数4-8颗不等,多数是6颗或8颗,胚朱倒生,双珠被,厚珠心,大孢子四分体线形排列,功能大孢子位于合点端,胚囊发育为蓼型。胚珠具珠孔塞,成熟胚囊的卵细胞败育率高达79.1%。这是造成栽培红花木莲结籽率低的主要原因,较低的结籽率影响了红花木莲迁地保护的有效性。     

普通针毛蕨配子体发育的研究

采用混合土培养普通针毛蕨（Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching）孢子,显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明：孢子褐色,赤道面观为半圆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝。播种3 d左右孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,配子体发育为槲蕨型。播种7 d左右发育为片状体,丝状体与片状体两阶段的界限不明显。原叶体边缘及背腹面均可产生毛状体。播种21 d左右发育形成幼原叶体,成熟原叶体呈心脏形。播种35 d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞组成,成熟颈卵器颈部由4列细胞组成,4～5层细胞高。原叶体受精后1个月内即可观察到从原叶体上生成的幼胚。     

一品红雄配子体发育研究

一品红花药来源于雄蕊原基,花药由表皮(1层)、药室内壁(1层)、中层(1层)、绒毡层(1层)及造胞细胞组成,花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型。小孢子发生和雄配子体发育是经由小孢子母细胞减数分裂形成四分体,该四分体胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列为四面体型,小孢子再经有丝分裂形成2-核花粉。花药壁层的变化是表皮在花药成熟期消失,中层在四分体时消失,药室内壁在花药成熟期形成柱状纤维层。绒毡层在单核小孢子期径向伸长,有双核或多核,另外有的绒毡层细胞形成横隔或类胎座;进入2-核花粉期,绒毡层细胞分泌颗粒物进入药室,为非典型腺质绒毡层;进入成熟期绒毡层消失。同时观察到花药发育异常现象。     

中国鹅掌楸雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

中国鹅掌楸（ＬｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ（Ｈｅｓｍｌ．）Ｓａｒｇ．）雄配子体发育的超微结构观察结果表明,中国鹅掌楸雄配子体的发育符合大多数被子植物的发育特征,表现在：１．小孢子核在萌发孔的相对侧靠近小孢子壁处进行有丝分裂,分裂末期形成细胞板,而后进一步发育形成分隔营养细胞和生殖细胞的纤维素的壁。２．胞质分裂极不均等,营养细胞与生殖细胞大小悬殊,而且生殖细胞内不含质体。３．生殖细胞在发育过程中发生一系列位移和形态变化,生殖细胞向营养核移动,与营养核贴合时,细胞核内染色质高度凝缩;与营养核分离后,生殖细胞纤维素的壁才完全解体消失,同时质膜凹陷,细胞呈不规则形态。４．营养细胞内脂质小泡极性分布,形成生殖细胞的脂体冠。５,营养核在与生殖细胞贴合过程中形状由近圆球形变为近弯月形,但核仁、核膜界限清晰,染色质始终保持均一状态。对生殖细胞分裂前的位置变化及其与营养细胞间的关系进行了初步的探讨。     

银杏雌配子体的发育和受精作用的研究现状

银杏的生殖过程,自发现银杏的游动精子以来,已有大量报道。但由于银杏雌配子体发育周期长（4月-9月）,受精过程又非常短暂,有关雌配子体发育及受精过程的研究报道较少。本文参考已有文献资料,并结合自己的研究,对银杏大孢子发生、雌配子体形成、颈卵器发育及受精作用的研究现状进行了综述,对尚存在的问题特别是精细胞中液泡状结构的特点及细胞核中DNA的存在状况、受精时精子如何进入雌配子体的颈卵器与卵核结合等进行了初步探讨,以期为今后此方面的研究提供参考。     

中华鳞毛蕨配子体发育过程的观察

Morphological variation during the gametophyte development process of Dryopteris chinensis ( Bak.) Koidz. was observed. The results show that the development process of D. chinensis can be divided into spore germination, filament formation, plate formation, prothallus formation, sexual organ formation and apogamety. The spores are bilaterally symmetric, monolete, surface with ridge fold ornamentation, elliptical in polar view, and approximately semicircle-shaped in equatorial view. The spore germination type is of Vittaria-type;the filaments with a length of 3-7 cells, not branched or occasionally branched, with single or double row cells; mature prothallus is symmetrically cordate, and the development type of prothallus is of Aspidium-type, with long unicellular clavate trichomes distributed on the surface and in the margin;with antheridium but archegonium is not observed, belongs to apogamety. One prothallium of D. chinensis produces one embryo, and young embryo can be generated within one month after the formation of antheridium; there are a lot of unicellular trichomes and some multicellular trichomes on the young embryo of sporophyte.     

黄瓜花粉母细胞减数分裂及其雄配子体发育的细胞学研究

以南方型和北方型两个生态型黄瓜为材料,用改良的染色和制片方法,较为系统的研究了黄瓜花粉母细胞(PMC)减数分裂及其雄配子体的发育过程。结果表明：①黄瓜减数分裂属于同时型胞质分裂,双线期染色体具有明显的交叉节并呈现出较易识别的棒状或环状形态,在末期Ⅰ和末期Ⅱ有多核仁和核仁融合现象;②在四分体时期的小孢子成十字交叉形(decussate type),而非四边形(isobilateral type);③雄配子体发育过程中观察到两核居中期的特殊现象,在核居中期小孢子只有一层壁,而在核靠边期小孢子出现了两层壁;④黄瓜的成熟花粉粒属于两核花粉粒。     

中国马尾杉属(石松科)的分类修订

马尾杉属植物因含治疗阿尔茨海默症的特效药成分石杉碱甲而具有重要的经济价值和保护价值，全属为国家重点保护植物。该文基于形态学、生态学和地理学等证据，对中国分布的马尾杉属植物进行了分类修订，承认我国有马尾杉属植物21种，将该属植物划分为4个单系的组，即金丝条马尾杉组(Sect.Fargesiani X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang, sect. nov.)、喜马拉雅马尾杉组(Sect.Hamiltoniani C. Y. Yang, emend. X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang)、马尾杉组(Sect.Phlegmariurus)和粗糙马尾杉组[Sect.Squarrosurus(Herter) X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang, comb.&stat. nov.],并将Huperzia medogensis、Phlegmariurus austrosinicus、P.changii、P.nylamensis、P.cancellatus var.minor、P.qiongzhongensis和P.shangsiens...     

南方山荷叶大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育

首次报道了南方山荷叶大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体形成。主要结果如下:花药4室,花药壁发育为基本型,由7层细胞组成,由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、3层中层和2层绒毡层;药室内壁有带状加厚现象,绒毡层细胞多具双核,为腺质型绒毡层;多孢原,发生于表皮下;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体多为四面体型,少数为十字交叉形、直线形、左右对称形或"T"形;成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型,偶见3-细胞型;成熟花粉粒呈圆形,具单萌发孔。雌蕊1枚,子房单心皮,纵切面呈瓶状;1室,边缘胎座,具4～5枚发育不同步的横生胚珠。胚珠具双珠被,厚珠心;珠孔由两层珠被共同形成,在一直线上或呈"之"字形。多孢原,位于珠心表皮下。直线形四分体,合点端的1个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,3个反足细胞大而明显,但宿存时间短,较早退化。     

依兰(番荔枝科)雌配子体发育研究

荔枝科是被子植物的基部类群之一,依兰属是番荔枝科较为原始的类群,其有性生殖过程,特别是胚胎发生与发育的研究结果,可以补充被子植物胚胎学原始特征的相关基础资料。该研究利用常规石蜡切片技术,对依兰胚珠、大孢子和雌配子体的发生发育过程进行了观察。结果表明:依兰的胚珠为倒生胚珠、厚珠心、三层珠被,第三层珠被(中间珠被)发生在大孢子母细胞时期,于外珠被与内珠被之间、胚珠合点端两侧发生并隆起;雌配子体为蓼型。此外,依兰的个别胚珠中存在双雌配子体现象,且两个雌配子体均由大孢子母细胞发育而来,大小、形状相近,呈线形排列。该研究结果对于揭示原始被子植物胚胎发育特征具有重要意义。     

Ecology and morphological characterization of gametophyte and 'Chantransia' stages of Sirodotia huillensis (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) from a stream in central Mexico

The morphology and phenology of Sirodotia huillensis was evaluated seasonally in a central Mexican first‐order calcareous stream. Water temperature was constant (24–25°C) and pH circumneutral to alkaline (6.7–7.9), and calcium and sulfates were the dominant ions. The gametophyte stages were characterized by the presence of a distinctive mucilaginous layer, a marked difference in phycocyanin to phycoerythrin ratio between female and male plants, and the presence of a carpogonia with a large trichogyne (>60 µm). Occasionally three capogonia were observed on a single basal cell. The ‘Chantransia’ stages were morphologically similar to those described for the other members of Batrachospermales. A remarkable observation was the formation of dome‐shaped structures, consisting of prostrate filaments that are related with the development of new gametophytes. Chromosome numbers were n = 4 for fascicle cells, cortical filament cells and dome‐shaped cells, and 2n = 8 for gonimoblast filament cells and ‘Chantransia’ stage filaments. Gametophytes and ‘Chantransia’ stages occurred in fast current velocities (60–170 cm/s) and shaded (33.1–121 µmol photons/m²/s) stream segments. The population fluctuated throughout the study period in terms of percentage cover and frequency: the ‘Chantransia’ stages were most abundant in the rainy season, whereas gametophytic plants had the highest frequency values during the dry season. These results were most likely a result of fluctuations in rainfall and related changes in current velocity. Some characteristics of this population can be viewed as probable adaptations to high current velocities: the mucilaginous layer around plants that reduces drag; potential increase in fertilization by the elongate and plentiful trichogynes and abundant dome‐shaped structures producing several gametophytes.     

Occurrence and evolutionary origins of polyploids in the clubmoss genus Diphasiastrum (Lycopodiaceae)

Two polyploid taxa are commonly recognized in the genus Diphasiastrum, D. wightianum from Asia and D. zanclophyllum from South Africa and Madagascar. Here we present results from Feulgen DNA image densitometry analyses providing the first evidence for the polyploid origin of D. zanclophyllum. Also reported for the first time are data confirming that D. multispicatum and D. veitchii, representing the putative parent lineages of D. wightianum, are diploids. Phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear regions RPB2, LEAFY and LAMB4 reveal that putative tetraploid accessions are of allopolyploid origin. Diphasiastrum zanclophyllum shows close relationship to the North American taxon D. digitatum on the maternal side, but the paternal relationship is less clear. Two accessions from Asia, both inferred to be polyploid, have D. veitchii as the maternal parent, whereas the paternal paralogs show relationships to D. multispicatum and D. tristachyum, respectively. None of these parental combinations have previously been hypothesized.     

芍药雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

用透射电镜对芍药（Paeonia lactiflora Pall)雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明,芍药的小孢子母细胞在减数分裂末期Ⅰ时不形成细胞板,在减数分裂前期Ⅱ形成细胞器带,胞质分裂为同时型,生殖细胞刚形成时有呈PAS正反应的拱形壁,当生殖细胞还未完全脱离花粉内壁时,质膜间的壁物质消失,营养细胞中的脂体沿双质膜规律分布形成一单行的脂体带,在二胞花粉晚期,脂体带包围生殖细胞,形成脂体冠,花粉成熟时,包围生殖细胞的脂体消失,生殖细胞与营养核贴近,构成雄性生殖单位,成熟花粉为二细胞型。