SPORE MORPHOLOGY IN THE DICKSONIACEAE. I. THE GENERA CYSTODIUM,THYRSOPTERIS, AND CULCITA

The most mature spores available in herbarium specimens of the dicksoniaceous genera Cystodium, Thyrsopteris, and Culcita were studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and representative specimens were analyzed to determine the number of spores produced per sporangium. Thyrsopteris and Culcita feature 64-spored sporangia, but Cystodium is consistently 32-spored. Spores were analyzed both in their native state as found on the specimens and in a perine-free state achieved by treatment with sodium hydroxide or acetolysis mixture. The sodium hydroxide assay demonstrated the presence of a perine in Cystodium, Thyrsopteris, and Culcita subgenus Culcita, but no evidence of a perine so defined was found in Culcita subgenus Calochlaena. Spores of Cystodium feature a nearly psilate exine overlain by a striate inner perine and a granular outer perine and are in several respects similar to those of Metaxya in the cyatheoid-dicksonioid complex and to those of Saccoloma in the dennstaedtioids. The most mature Thyrsopteris spores available may not have been fully mature. They feature a sparsely distributed, granular perinous layer over a microverrucate sculptine. The latter topography is taken as largely perinous since treatment with sodium hydroxide left a nearly psilate exine. The spore morphologies of Cystodium and Thyrsopteris reinforce the taxonomic distinctness of these monotypic genera indicated by their other characters. The two subgenera of Culcita are very dissimilar in their spore morphologies. The exine in subgenus Culcita ranges from psilate to slightly microverrucate proximally and distally, with varying margo development. Spores of subgenus Calochlaena are strongly differentiated from those of subgenus Culcita by their exine of broad spinules which vary in their degree of lateral fusion to each other and in the granular appearance of their distal surfaces. Spore morphology in Culcita strongly supports the argument of those who would raise its subgenera to generic rank.     

Petrified plants from the cretaceous of the Kwanto mountains,central Japan. III. A polyxylic cycadean trunk,Sanchucycas gigantea gen. et sp. nov.

Sanchucycas gigantea gen. et sp. nov. is a fossil cycadophyte trunk from the Lower Cretaceous (Late Barremian—Early Aptian) Sebayashi Formation of the Sanchu area, Gunma Prefecture. It has polycyclic vascular bundles, pitted tracheids, uni- to hexaseriate rays, one or two large cross field pits, and mucilage sacs.Sanchucycas is most closely comparable withCycas andEncephalartos among living members of the Cycadales, but is distinct in its large number of xylem cylinders constituting a thick polyxylic wood, and in having mucilage sacs contrary to canals. This is the earliest record of polyxylic cycadean stems. Contributions from the Laboratory of Phylogenetic Botany, Chiba University no. 122.     

Biological studies onAmblyseius aleyrodis a predator of the cotton whitefly [Acarina,Phytoseiidae]

Résumé Amblyseius aleyrodis Elbadry, a été élevé au laboratoire à 22–24°C et 50–60% H.R. et alimenté soit avec des œufs agés de 1 ou de 2 jours ainsi que des larves de l'AleurodeBremisia tabaci (Genn.), soit avec les différents stades deTetranychus neocalidonicus André, soit avec des grains de pollen deGossypium sp. et d'Antirrhinum majus, soit enfin avec le jus de la planteDolichos lablab. Les jeunes femelles pondeuses deA. aleyrodis consomment en moyenne par jour 12,3 œufs d'Aleurode, 21 œufs deT. neocalidonicus, ou 16 larves ou imagos deT. neocalidonicus. Les stades immatures deA. aleyrodis sucent environ 31 œufs de tétranyques. Le pollen, les œufs deT. neocalidonicus et le jus de plante n'assurent qu'une reproduction limitée. Le taux journalier moyen de fécondité des jeunes femelles varie de 0,1 œufs (jus de plante) à près de 2 œufs (larves d'Aleurodes).      

Localization of the rice stripe disease resistance gene, Stv-bi, by graphical genotyping and linkage analyses with molecular markers

 We used graphical genotyping and linkage analyses with molecular markers to determine the chromosomal location of the rice stripe disease resistance gene, Stv-b ⁱ . The stripe resistance gene from the indica rice (Oryza sativa) cv ‘Modan’ was introgressed into several Japanese rice varieties. We found 4 RFLP markers in ‘Modan’, five susceptible parental rice varieties (‘Norin No. 8’, ‘Sachihikari’, ‘Kanto No. 98’, ‘Hokuriku No.103’ and ‘Koganebare’) and four resistant progeny varieties (‘St. No. 1’, ‘Aichi No. 6’, ‘Aoisora’ and ‘Asanohikari’). Graphical genotyping of the resistant progeny revealed a chromosomal segment ascribable to ‘Modan’ and associated with stripe resistance. The chromosomal segment from ‘Modan’ was located at 35.85 cM on chromosome 11. Linkage analysis using 120 F₂ individuals from a cross between ‘Koshihikari’ (susceptible) and ‘Asanohikari’ (resistant) revealed another 8 RFLP markers in the same chromosome. We performed a bioassay for rice stripe resistance in F₃ lines of the F₂ individuals using infective small brown planthoppers and identified an 1.8-cM segment harboring the rice stripe disease resistance gene, Stv-b ⁱ , between XNpb220 and XNpb257/ XNpb254. Furthermore, Stv-b ⁱ was linked by 0.0 cM to a RFLP marker, ST10, which was developed on the basis of the results of RAPD analysis. These DNA markers near the Stv-b ⁱ locus may be useful in marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning of the Stv-b ⁱ gene. Received: 26 September 1997 / Accepted: 4 November 1997     

Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis Hargis, 1955 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from Aetobatus cf. narinari, with a comparison of specimens from Australia, French Polynesia and New Caledonia

Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis Hargis, 1955, has previously been described from Aetobatus narinari in the Atlantic and subsequently recorded from the Pacific. Aetobatus cf. narinari is now considered a species complex; as monocotylids are often strictly species specific, we test the hypothesis that detailed examination of specimens of monocotylids from rays from various localities could reveal morphological differences and eventually help our understanding of the systematics of the host. T. pseudodasybatis, previously known from seven specimens only, is redescribed from an additional 26 specimens from the South Pacific (off New Caledonia, Australia and Ranguiroa, French Polynesia), all from Aetobatus cf. narinari. The female reproductive organs are described in detail. The distal extremity of the male sclerotised copulatory organ, described in detail for the first time, shows a characteristic pattern of longitudinal striations on its edge that might be useful for future distinction from other species. The development of the male and female organs in juveniles is described, showing that growth of the male sclerotised copulatory organ begins with its basal part and precedes development of the ejaculatory bulb. Specimens from New Caledonia, Australia and French Polynesia had similar measurements and morphology, especially in the shape of the distal end of the male sclerotised copulatory organ; they were also similar to the holotype from the Atlantic. This suggests that all specimens from the Pacific and Atlantic belong to a single species; T. pseudodasybatis thus cannot be used to differentiate populations of Aetobatus cf. narinari, perhaps because this monocotylid is not strictly species-specific.

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Résumé Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis Hargis, 1955 a été décrit d’Aetobatus narinari dans l’Atlantique, et plus tard retrouvé dans le Pacifique. Aetobatus cf. narinari est maintenant considéré comme un complexe d’espèces. Parce que les Monocotylidae sont souvent strictement spécifiques de leur espèce-hôte, nous testons l’hypothèse qu’un examen détaillé des spécimens de Monocotylidae de raies de localités variées pourrait révéler des différences morphologiques et finalement aider à comprendre la systématique de l’hôte. T. pseudodasybatis, connu précédemment par seulement sept spécimens, est redécrit à partir de 26 spécimens supplémentaires de l’Océan Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Australie, et Ranguiroa, Polynésie Française), tous de Aetobatus cf. narinari. Les organes reproducteurs femelles sont décrits en détail. L’extrémité distale de l’appareil copulateur sclérifié mâle, décrite en détail pour la première fois, montre un patron caractéristique de striations longitudinales sur son bord, qui pourrait être utile à l’avenir pour différencier cette espèce. Le développement des organes mâles et femelles chez les juvéniles est décrit; cela montre que la croissance de l’appareil copulateur sclérifié mâle commence par son extrémité basale et précède le développement du bulbe éjaculateur. Les spécimens de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Australie et Polynésie Française ont une morphologie et des mensurations similaires, en particulier pour la forme de l’extrémité distale de l’appareil copulateur sclérifié mâle. Ils sont aussi similaires à l’holotype, qui vient de l’Atlantique. Ceci suggère que tous les spécimens du Pacifique et de l’Atlantique appartiennent à une même espèce. T. pseudodasybatis ne peut donc pas être utilisé pour différencier les populations d’Aetobatus cf. narinari, peut-être parce que ce Monocotylidae n’est pas strictement spécifique.

     

Glaciella,a new genus of freshwater Canthocamptidae (Copepoda,Harpacticoida) from a glacier in Nepal,Himalayas

A new genus and new species of Canthocamptidae: Glaciella yalensis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the surface of Yale Glacier, Nepal is described. This new species was collected from cryconite-pit on the surface of the glacier and is closely related to genus Maraenobiotus, but easily distinguishable from its species in the following: 1) segments and setae on endopodites of legs 2–4 in the male differing shape, 2) exopodites of male legs 3–4 with modified setae, 3) caudal seta in female absent. Body color of this copepod is red in live specimens.Contributions No. 86 Itako Hydrobiological Station, Ibaraki University.     

Variation in distribution and abundance of the endemic flora of Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Pteridophyta

The Juan Fernández Archipelago is located 667 km west of central Chile (33°S) in the Pacific Ocean. It is composed of three islands: Robinson Crusoe (ex-Masatierra), Santa Clara and Marinero Alejandro Selkirk (ex-Masafuera).The first botanical collections were made 250 years after its discovery and colonization. These studies showed the great importance of ferns in the vascular flora of the islands. Of the 53 species described up to the present, 23 are endemic (45%), with one endemic monotypic genus, Thyrsopteris, whose only species is T. elegans Kunze (Dicksoniaceae).During a period of 4 years, I have studied the flora of the islands. There has been surprisingly little change in the distribution of the ferns, considering the devastation of the angiosperm flora. Some species have even increased their abundance, especially the tree ferns. Nevertheless, the more delicate species and those with a more restricted habitat have been reduced in abundance.Ten of the endemic species (43%) are in danger of extinction, such as Asplenium macrosorum and Ophioglossum fernandezianum, four are vulnerable (17%), including Blechnum schottii and Polypodium intermedium, and nine (40%), including Pteris berteroana and Blechnum cycadifolium are not endangered.     

Coemansia furcata sp. nov. and its distribution in Japan and Taiwan

Coemansia furcata, isolated from forest soils of Japan and Taiwan, is described and illustrated. This species is characterised by its sporangiophore branching and relatively large sporocladia. Its distribution in soils of Japan and Taiwan is discussed. Contributions to Sugadaira Montane Research Center, No. 174.     

A new species of Henriettea (Melastomataceae) from the Sierra de Baoruco, the Dominican Republic

Henriettea uniflora, which is known only from a diverse moist montane forest in the vicinity of Loma Trocha de Pey (or “Monteada Nueva”), Loma Pie de Palo, and Loma Remigio, the easternmost peaks of the Sierra de Baoruco, is described and illustrated. It is compared to species of the Henriettea squamulosa complex, especially H. squamulosa and H. ciliata. The species of this complex are characterized by an indumentum of ferruginous, stellate-lepidote hairs.     

A redescription of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938), the type-species of Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and the description of P. satyui n. sp. from Epinephelus akaara off Japan

Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) has been recorded from a variety of hosts, mainly groupers. All type-specimens of Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938, Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 and Cycloplectanum hongkongensis Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981 are figured: it is concluded, as did Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986), that the three species are synonymous. In addition, numerous monogenean specimens from a deep-sea grouper, Epinephelus chlorostigma, collected off New Caledonia, South Pacific, were prepared using various methods and described. These specimens are also conspecific with P. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) and represent a new geographical record. This species has a sclerotised vagina with a very characteristic primary chamber. The simultaneous presence of P. lantauensis (Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) and P. epinepheli was noted in both type-slides of D. epinepheli from Japan (host: E. akaara) and C. hongkongensis from Hong Kong (host: E. bruneus). Several causes are suspected for the alleged ‘generalist’ character of P. epinepheli, including the misidentification of either fish or monogeneans and the accidental exchanges of monogeneans between fishes of different species kept alive in the same tank. Finally, the confirmed list of hosts of P. epinepheli includes E. akaara, E. awoara and E. chlorostigma; it is suggested that the latter, a widespread deep-sea fish, serves as a reservoir for the infection of the other species, which are associated with shallow waters. P. satyui n. sp. is described from two specimens found on slides from E. akaara (from the Inland Sea of Japan) deposited by Yamaguti; the new species has a sclerotised vagina with characteristic spherical chambers.

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Résumé   Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) a été mentionné chez différents h?tes, surtout des mérous. Tous les spécimens-types de Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938, Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 et Cycloplectanum hongkongensis Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981 sont figurés, et on conclut, comme Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986), que les trois espèces sont synonymes. De plus, de nombreux spécimens de monogènes collectés chez un mérou de profondeur, Epinephelus chlorostigma, de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Pacifique Sud, ont été préparés avec des méthodes variées. Ces spécimens sont aussi conspécifiques de P. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) et la Nouvelle-Calédonie représente une nouvelle mention géographique. L’espèce a une vagin sclérifié avec une chambre primaire très caractéristique. La présence simultanée de P. lantauensis (Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) et P. epinepheli a été notée dans les lames-types de D. epinepheli du Japon (h?te, E. akaara) et de C. hongkongensis de Hong-Kong (h?te, E. bruneus). Plusieurs causes sont soup?onnées pour le caractère prétendument ‘généraliste’ de P. epinepheli, dont les mauvaises identifications de poissons, des monogènes, et l’échange accidentel de monogènes chez des poissons gardés vivants ensemble dans un même contenant. Finalement, la liste des h?tes confirmés de P. epinepheli comprend E. akaara, E. awoara et E. chlorostigma. On fait l’hypothèse que E. chlorostigma, espèce de profondeur, a servi de réservoir pour l’infestation des autres espèces, plus associées aux eaux peu profondes. P. satyui n. sp. est décrit de deux spécimens trouvés dans des lames de parasites de E. akaara (de la mer intérieure du Japon) déposées par Yamaguti. La nouvelle espèce a un vagin sclérifié avec des chambres sphériques caractéristiques.

     

Chondriome-type characterization of potato: mt α, β, γδɛ and novel plastid-mitochondrial configurations in somatic hybrids

 One hundred and eighty dihaploid clones used for protoplast fusions, and 144 tetraploid German potato cultivars were analysed for their cytoplasms using 11 homologous mt DNA-probes, and were classified as mitochondrial (mt) types α, β, γ, δ, and ɛ according to their RFLP patterns. From the 4x cultivars, 79 had the typical mt-type β of Solanum tuberosum being different from the 46 cvs which had the mt-α type and 19 others with mt-γ. A dendrogram shows their relationships to other Solanum species. The distantly related mt-ɛ was only found in di-haploids, and particularly in clones deriving from Solanum phureja and Solanum andigena. Accessory mt types will be actualized on website (http://www.edv.agrar.tu-muenchen.de/pbpz/ mm/mt/al1.htm). In order to evaluate the genetic potential of novel plastid-mitochondrial configurations we have analyzed four representative populations, which derive from different fusion-combination classes: [α (+) β], [α (+) γ], [α (+) δ] and [α (+) ɛ]. On the mitochondrial expression level, hybrids from an [α (+) ɛ] fusion could be distinguished by in-organello translation from [α (+) β] hybrids, and other di-haploids, by an additional translation product of 15 kDa. In fusion parents with mt-α and -γ an additional atp6 reading frame is detectable in sub-stoichiometric amounts by the use of specific PCR primers. The gene differs from the original 211 bp 3′ from the stop codon. Novel RFLP-patterns in 10% of the somatic hybrids were due to a high-rate replication of this pre-existing parental genome region. A second characteristic for somatic hybrids was the partial addition of parental mt sub-genomes. The major part of them revealed a new organization in their mt genomes at the mt-type characteristic loci rpl5, rps14, cob, rps10, coxI and rpl2, which contain recombination-specific repeats homologous to Petunia spp. and Nicotiana. A schematic model for the formation of novel mitochondrial genomes in potato somatic hybrids is provided. Received: 7 November 1998 / Accepted: 30 November 1998     

Tortula and some related genera (Pottiaceae, Musci): phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast rps4 sequences

 According to chloroplast rps4 sequence data the genus Syntrichia forms a monophyletic clade clearly separated from Tortula, while Pottia is shown to be polyphyletic and the Rhynchostegiae species (with rostrate lid) are very similar to Tortula. Crossidium is probably polyphyletic. The close affinity of Desmatodon, Stegonia, Pterygoneurum and some of the species of Phascum with Tortula is confirmed by the molecular data. Received May 23, 2002; accepted August 23, 2002 Published online: November 22, 2002 Address of the authors: O. Werner, R. M. Ros, M. J. Cano, J. Guerra (E-mail: werner@um.es) Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100-Murcia, Spain.     

Taxonomic studies in the Miconieae (Melastomataceae). VII. Miconia howardiana,a new speices from Hispaniola

Miconia howardiana, which is known only from a diverse moist montane forest in the vicinity of Loma Trocha de Pey (or “Monteada Nueva”), the easternmost peak of the Sierra de Baoruco, is described and illustrated. It is compared to phenetically similar (and probably phylogenetically related) species of theMiconia favosa complex, i.e.,M. favosa, M. xenotricha, M. campanensis M. Sintenisii, M. foveolata, andM. pycnoneura. The species of this complex are characterized by bullate leaves with frequently cordate bases and often six secondary veins. Most species also have large berries and flowers, 5-locular ovaries, large inflorescence bracts and bracteoles, and more or less dendritic multicellular hairs.     

Natural enemies ofLymantria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae] eggs in Central Pennsylvania,U.S.A., and a review of the world literature on natural enemies ofL. dispar eggs

We present the results of a survey for natural enemies of eggs of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.)(Lep.: Lymantriidae), in central Pennsylvania, along with a review of the world literature on the natural enemies of gypsy moth eggs. In Pennsylvania, the parasites wereOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)(Hym.: Encyrtidae) (by far the most abundant),Dibrachys cavus (Walker)(Hym.: Pteromalidae), andPediobius sp.(Hym.: Eulophidae). The predators were primarily ants(Hym.: Formicidae), but other predators included beetle larvae(Col.: Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Trogositidae), lacewing larvae(Neur.: Chrysopidae), bugs(Hem.: Pentatomidae), and mites(Acari). The parasiteO. kuvanae was in turn preyed upon by spiders(Araneida) and aPhymata sp.(Hem.: Phymatidae). Total predation of gypsy moth eggs averaged 11%, occurring at a constant rate of ca 0.6% per week throughout the summer and autumn. The greatest predation occurred nearer the ground with no differences among either aspect on the tree or tree species on which the egg mass was located. A negative association was discovered betweenO. kuvanae andD. cavus, but not betweenO. kuvanae andPediobius sp. Throughout the world, gypsy moth egg parasites and hyperparasites have been recorded from 6 different hymenopterous families; egg predators have been found in 13 families representing 5 orders of arthropods. Vertebrate predators of gypsy moth eggs are in 6 families of birds and 3 families of mammals.

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Résumé Nous présentons ici les résultats d'une enquête sur les ennemis naturels des œufs deLymantria dispar (L.)(Lep. Lymantriidae) dans la Pennsylvanie centrale, ainsi qu'une revue de la littérature sur les ennemis naturels des œufs deL. dispar. L'ennemi naturel le plus abondant estOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)(Hym. Encyrtidae); parmi les autres parasites en Pennsylvanie, on compteDibrachys cavus (Walker)(Hym. Pteromalidae) et une espèce dePediobius (Hym. Eulophidae). Les prédateurs des œufs sont principalement des fourmis(Hym. Formicidae), des larves de coléoptères(Col.: Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Trogositidae), des larves d'hémérobe(Neu. Chrysopidae), des punaises(Hem. Pentatomidae) et des acariens(Acari). Des araignées(Araneida) et une espèce dePhymata (Hem. Phymatidae) sont également prédateurs deO. kuwanae. La perte totale des œufs du disparate est en moyenne de 11%, selon un taux constant d'environ 0,6% par semaine pendant l'été et l'automne, la prédation la plus importante a lieu près du sol, sans qu'il y ait de relation avec l'orientation des œufs sur l'arbre, ou l'espèce d'arbre sur lequel se trouvent les œufs. Une association négative a été découverte entreO. kuwanae etD. cavus, mais pas entreo. kuwanae etPediobius. Dans le monde les parasites d'œufs deL. dispar et les hyperparasites ont été signalés de 6 familles d'hyménoptères, les prédateurs d'œufs ont été trouvés dans 13 familles de 5 ordres d'arthropodes. Les vertébrés prédateurs des œufs appartiennent à 6 familles d'oiseaux et 3 familles de mammifères.

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This work was supported under Regional Project NE-84 (revised), “Behavior and Interrelationships of the Gypsy Moth, its Natural'Enemies and Insecticides”, and conducted under Experiment Station Project No. 2044. Authorized for publication as paper no. 6306 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.     

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MORPHOLOGY OF LEPTOCHILUS AND PARALEPTOCHILUS

Nayar , B. K. (Natl. Bat. Gard., Lucknow, India.) Contributions to the morphology of Leptochilus and Paraleptochilus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(4): 301–308. lllus. 1963.—Morphology of L. axillaris and P. decurrens is described; L. axillaris is epiphytic, possessing a wide creeping, soft, parenchymatous rhizome, covered sparsely by peltate paleae, while P. decurrens is rupicaulous, with a short, brittle rhizome having slender sclerenchyma strands and densely covered by basally attached paleae. The vascular cylinder of the rhizome is dictyostelic and composed of a large number of closely placed, thick, vascular bundles with characteristic, thickened, endodermal cells in L. axillaris; it is dictyostelic and composed of a few, slender, distantly placed vascular strands in P. decurrens. Leaf traces are multiple strands which in P. decurrens originate in alternate succession from either side of the dorsal median vascular bundle of the rhizome, but in L. axillaris, from the lateral vascular bundles of the rhizome. The branch traces are paired strands which are lateral in the former and medianly placed in the latter. Scattered sclerenchyma strands occur in the stipe of P. decurrens. Paraphyses are absent in P. decurrens, but filamentous paraphyses occur in L. axillaris. The spores are bilateral and smooth-walled in both, and the prothalli are of the branched, ribbonlike type developing as in Colysis. Prothalli are naked in L. axillaris, but bear sparse mammillate marginal hairs in P. decurrens.     

Some remarks on the mathematical bio-sociology of the relativity of injustice

The author's theory of the adoption of certain types of behavior patterns (Rashevsky, N., 1957, “Contributions to the Theory Initiative Behavior”.Bull. Maths. Biophysics,19, 91–119; 1968,Looking at History through Mathematics, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press) consisting of elementary behaviors for each of which there is an opposite one and the two are mutually exclusive, is applied to describe the changes in the general type of behavior of a society. The elementary acts of which the whole problem consists may be either overt activities or beliefs or opinions. The general behavior patternsadopted by the society are considered as the “proper” or “just” ones. Any deviation from it in either one or more of the component elementary behaviors is considered as “unjust” and is subject to some punitive action. The total number of possible mutually exclusive behavior patterns is very large but finite. Within this very large range of possible patterns, we find that this notion of justice is relative, because changes from any behavior pattern to any other may occur. It is further shown that the amount of punishment for the deviation from the accepted pattern in order to be effective as well as efficient must be applied in different ways to different individuals even for the same transgression.     

A new species of freshwater threadfin, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polynemus aquilonaris</Emphasis>, from Indochina,and redescription of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polynemus dubius</Emphasis> Bleeker, 1853 (Perciformes: Polynemidae)

 The taxonomic status of two nominal species of Polynemus, viz. P. dubius Bleeker, 1853 and P. longipectoralis Weber and de Beaufort, 1922, is revised. Although regarded as separate taxa up to the present time, examination of the holotype of P. longipectoralis revealed its close similarity to the type series of P. dubius, in the synonymy of which the former is now included. Polynemus dubius is redescribed as a valid species and a lectotype of the species is designated. In addition, a new species, P. aquilonaris, previously identified as P. dubius or P. longipectoralis, is described from Indochina on the basis of 28 specimens. Polynemus aquilonaris differs from P. dubius in having higher counts of pored lateral-line scales [80–86 (mode 81) vs. 69–79 (78) in the latter] and scale rows below the lateral line [14–17 (mode 14, rarely 13 or 17) vs. 13 (rarely 12)], and lower counts of gill rakers [25–29 (mode 27) vs. 29–33 (30), respectively]. The former is known from Indochina (Chao Phraya and Mekong River systems including Lake Tonle Sap), whereas the latter is currently known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Received: March 29, 2002 / Revised: February 2, 2003 / Accepted: February 10, 2003     

Pseudorhabdosynochus venus n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus howlandi (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia

Pseudorhabdosynochus venus n. sp. is described from specimens collected from the gills of Epinephelus howlandi off Nouméa, New Caledonia, South Pacific. The male sclerotised quadriloculate organ of P. venus, 61–101 μm in internal length, has an anterior chamber with a thin anterior wall, a very short cone and a short posterior tube. The sclerotised vagina, 50–67 μm in total length, is composed of an anterior open trumpet, an S-shaped canal, a tear-shaped principal chamber and a spherical accessory chamber; all parts are heavily sclerotised. The two squamodiscs have 10–11 rows of separate rodlets and no central closed row of rodlets. P. venus is differentiated from all other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus by the spectacular morphology of its sclerotised vagina. It is the first diplectanid described from E. howlandi.

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Résumé Pseudorhabdosynochus venus n. sp. est décrit à partir de spécimens collectés sur les branchies de Epinephelus howlandi, pêché au large de Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Pacifique Sud. L’organe tétraloculé sclérifié mâle de P. venus (longueur interne 61–101 μm), possède une chambre antérieure avec une fine paroi antérieure, un cône très court, et un tube postérieur court. Le vagin sclérifié, long de 50–67 μm, est composé d’une trompette antérieure ouverte, d’un canal en S, d’une chambre principale en larme, et d’une chambre accessoire sphérique; toutes les parties sont fortement sclérifiées. Les deux squamodisques ont 10–11 rangées d’osselets séparés, sans rangée centrale fermée. P. venus se différencie de toutes les autres espèces de Pseudorhabdosynochus par la morphologie spectaculaire de son vagin sclérifié. Il s’agit du premier Diplectanidae décrit chez E. howlandi.

     

A foliar morphometric approach to the study of salicaceae

An assemblage of leaves of four species of willows (Salix viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, andS. caprea), two of their hybrids (S. alba ×fragilis andS. caprea ×viminalis), two species of poplars (Populus alba andP. tremula), and two “external” species (Elaeagnus angustifolia andPyrus salicifolia) was analyzed. The study was designed to determine whether leaves that are very close in shape but belong to different species, particularly the elongated leaves ofS. viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, E. angustifolia, andP. salicifolia, could be discriminated by continuous foliar characters (that is, vegetative characters), despite both the great foliar polymorphism met in Salicaceae (especially in the genusPopulus) and hybridization problems. Our results show that multivariate analyses (principal component analysis [PCA] and cluster analysis) of an appropriate character set enable leaves to be classified in their own species at more than 98 %, even in these difficult conditions. It can be seen from this work that PCA is a good tool when it keeps a maximum of total variability; that is, when there are few taxa; on the other hand, cluster analysis is more appropriate with many taxa. One can then envisage the application of this morphometric approach to fossil-imprint determination, in which even fragmentary paleobotanical remains could be included. This would give access to real biodiversity of tertiary flora and to intraspecific variability.

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Résumé  Un assemblage de feuilles de quatre espèces de saules (Salix viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, etS. caprea), deux de leurs hybrides (S. alba ×fragilis etS. caprea ×viminalis), ainsi que deux espèces de peupliers (Populus alba etP. tremula), et deux espèces “externes” (Elaeagnus angustifolia etPyrus salicifolia) a été étudié. Le but était de savoir si des feuilles de forme très proche mais d’espèces différentes (en particulier les feuilles allongées deS. viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, E. angustifolia, etP. salicifolia) pouvaient être discriminées par des caractères foliaires (donc végétatifs) continus, et ce malgré le très grand polymorphisme foliaire existant chez les Salicacées (surtout chez le genrePopulus), et les problèmes d’hybridation. Il en a résulté que les analyses multivariées (ACP et analyse agrégative) associées à un jeu de caractères approprié, permettent à plus de 98% le classement des feuilles dans leur propre espèce, même dans ces conditions difficiles. Il ressort de ce travail que l’ACP n’est un bon outil que lorsqu’ elle conserve un maximum de la variabilité totale, c’est-à-dire ici, quand les taxa sont peu nombreux; en revanche, l’analyse agrégative exprime le maximum de ses capacités en présence d’un grand nombre de taxa. On peut alors envisager l’application de cette approche morphométrique à la détermination d’empreintes fossiles, dans le but d’inclure même les restes fragmentaires dans les études paléobotaniques, ce qui donnerait accès à la réelle biodiversité des flores tertiaires et à la variabilité existant au sein des espèces.