外源生长素对箭叶秋葵种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶系统的影响

用不同类型及浓度的生长素对箭叶秋葵进行处理,研究外源生长素对其生长及幼苗抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明:在NAA浓度为0.01 g/L时,箭叶秋葵的3项发芽指标最高,且其根长或须根数也与其它处理有显著差异;在POD、SOD、CAT 3种抗氧化同工酶方面,0.10g/L的IBA处理会引起幼苗的酶带数减少,酶活性降低,说明外源生长素的类型和浓度对于同工酶的表达类型及活性都有较大的影响.     

模拟微重力环境因子对人参细胞生长和人参皂苷含量的影响

与在正常重力条件培养下的对照相比,经回转器水平回转处理的人参细胞鲜重和干重均增加,人参皂苷含量提高１０％左右。在去Ｃａ６２＋培养基上生长的人参愈伤组织细胞,经回转器水平回转３周后,人参皂苷含量约为正常重力条件下培养细胞的倍。另外,在试验范围内,如果培养基中直始钙离子浓度越高,则其培养的人参细胞中人参皂苷含量越低。     

人参皂苷Rb1对H9N2流感病毒诱导急性肺损伤小鼠抗氧化酶的影响

目的探讨人参皂苷Rb1(G-Rb1)对肺损伤小鼠抗氧化酶活力的影响。方法将195只6~8周龄BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、肺损伤模型组(ALI组)、人参皂苷Rb1组(G-Rb1组),每组65只。ALI与G-Rb1组采用100μL SI A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/猪流感病毒(H9N2 SIV)经鼻腔接种建立急性肺损伤模型,同时G-Rb1组腹腔注射人参皂苷Rb1液0.1 mL,剂量为10 mg/(kg·bw),连续7d;对照组鼻腔接种相同剂量生理盐水稀释的正常鸡胚尿囊液。观察临床症状、肺病理组织学变化,计算小鼠肺湿干重比、肺系数,检测小鼠肺组织T-SOD、MPO、CAT、GSH-PX活力。结果从第2天末开始ALI组大部分小鼠出现高度的精神沉郁,呼吸极度困难,采食量明显减少,体重下降。肺部明显水肿、淤血和出血,炎性细胞渗出,对照组小鼠各器官未见异常。肺系数及肺干湿重比逐渐升高,第8天开始下降,第14天趋于正常。G-Rb1组症状明显轻于攻毒组,症状出现较缓,症状较轻,死亡时间延迟,死亡率降低。在第4、6、8天,与对照组比G-Rb1组和ALI组T-SOD及CAT活力显著降低(P0.01),组间比,G-Rb1组明显高于ALI组(P0.05);在各时间点,与对照组比,ALI组GSH-PX活力显著降低(P0.01),而GRb1组则显著升高(P0.01),实验组组间差异显著(P0.01)。结论 G-Rb1在一定浓度范围内,具有提高小鼠抗氧化酶活力作用,一定程度上改善H9N2猪流感病毒对肺组织的氧化损伤。     

模拟微重力环境因子对人参细胞生长和人参皂苷含量的影响

与在正常重力条件培养下的对照相比,经回转器水平回转处理的人参细胞鲜重和干重均增加,人参皂苷含量提高10％左右。在去Ca2 培养基上生长的人参愈伤组织细胞,经回转器水平回转3周后,人参皂苷含量约为正常重力条件下培养细胞的2倍。另外,在试验范围内,如果培养基中起始钙离子浓度越高,则其培养的人参细胞中人参皂苷含量越低。     

镉胁迫对矮牵牛种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同浓度镉Cd（0、1、2和4 mmol·L^-1）处理对矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果发现：与对照相比,较低浓度（1 mmol·L^-1）Cd处理下矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长均显著被抑制,当Cd浓度增至4 mmol·L^-1时完全抑制了矮牵牛种子的萌发。Cd胁迫在低浓度时激活矮牵牛幼苗叶片过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,而高浓度产生抑制效应;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与对照相比均显著升高,丙二醛（MDA）含量无显著变化。不同浓度的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的加入使4 mmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片POD和APX活性增加,但不影响SOD和CAT活性;此外,6 mmol·L^-1 EDTA使Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片中MDA含量增加。结果表明,Cd胁迫抑制矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长,却使幼苗叶片POD、CAT和APX活性增加,EDTA的加入能够进一步提高Cd胁迫幼苗POD和APX活性。因此,矮牵牛幼苗在Cd胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化损伤的能力。     

微波处理对人参皂苷生物转化影响的研究

利用微波技术分别对人参皂苷粗品及人参皂苷转化发酵液进行处理,探讨微波处理对人参皂苷生物转化效果的影响。实验结果通过高效液相色谱分析显示,经微波处理后,人参皂苷峰几乎消失,苷元峰突出,表明微波处理对人参皂苷的转化效果显著。并确定微波的最佳处理条件为微波功率30W,辐射60s。     

西洋参冠瘿组织培养及其人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rg1的产生

考察了培养基组成、培养时间、接种量、pH值、肌醇浓度等对冠瘿组织生长及其人参皂苷含量的影响 ;用HPLC检测了冠瘿组织中人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rg1 的含量。高压纸层析电泳证实 ,根癌农杆菌Ti质粒上的T DNA片段已整合进入植物细胞核基因组中。在考察的 6种培养基中 ,White培养基最适合人参皂苷Rg1 的累积(0 0 95 % ) ,MS培养基最适合人参皂苷Re的累积 (0 194 % )。以MS为基本培养基培养 36d、32d时人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rg1 累积含量最高 (分别为 0 14 7%和 0 0 6 1% ) ;接种量为 4g、2g (FW flask) ,有利于人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rg1的累积 ;培养基pH 5 8时人参皂苷Re含量最高 (0 184 % ) ,培养基pH 5 6时人参皂苷Rg1 累积量最高 (0 0 5 4 % ) ;肌醇浓度为 0 0 5g L时 ,能促进人参皂苷Re合成 (0 182 % ) ,浓度为 0 30g L时 ,有利于人参皂苷Rg1 累积 (0 0 5 5 % )。     

人参皂苷对 BALB/c 小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:随着人参药用和保健价值的不断发掘,人参皂苷引起人们越来越多的关注,但有关人参皂苷与肠道菌群之间相互作用的研究仍为空白领域,本实验旨在探明人参皂苷对小鼠肠道菌群的影响,以期为人参皂苷的推广应用提供理论基础和实验依据。方法:有机溶剂法提取人参皂苷,将正常BALB/c小鼠按2 mg/0.1 kg人参皂苷进行连续灌胃饲养,分别在灌胃第10 d和第13 d无菌收集小鼠粪便,提取肠道细菌基因组总DNA,应用PCR-DGGE技术获得肠道菌群分子指纹图谱,进行菌群结构相似性、多样性分析,并将感兴趣的优势条带进行切胶、测序分析,对获得的序列在Gene Bank数据库比对。结果:灌胃人参皂苷后小鼠肠道菌群结构发生改变,荧光假单胞菌和丁酸梭菌数量明显增加。结论:人参皂苷使小鼠肠道的菌群结构和数量发生明显改变,天然的人参皂苷口服很难被直接吸收利用,因此推测人参皂苷可能以肠道菌群作为发挥生物学作用的靶点,进而行使提高健康水平等保健功能。     

竹节人参总皂苷对脑缺血大鼠兴奋性氨基酸的影响

目的:探讨竹节人参总皂苷对大鼠脑缺血及其再灌注后脑组织兴奋性氨基酸(EAA)含量的影响,以确定竹节人参对抗缺血性脑损伤,防止缺血时EAA升高的主要活性部位。方法:将大鼠用竹节人参总皂苷处理后,建立大鼠脑缺血模型,观察竹节人参总皂苷对大鼠脑组织中的谷氨酸(Glu)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、甘氨酸(Gly)的影响。结果:竹节人参总皂苷对正常大鼠脑组织EAA含量无影响,可使脑缺血及其再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织Glu、Asp含量降低,对GABA、Gly无明显影响。结论:竹节人参总皂苷可对抗缺血性脑损伤,防止缺血时EAA的升高,从而发挥对脑损伤的保护作用,与竹节人参作用相似,竹节人参总皂苷是竹节人参具有本作用的主要活性部位。     

莲种子的耐热性及抗氧化酶活性

莲种子具有抗超高温的能力,在100℃保温24 h仍然保持100% 的发芽率,萌发后能长出外观正常的幼苗,但种子活力则较大幅度的下降.莲子在 110℃下保温24 h后还保持40%的发芽率,但萌发时由于子叶腐烂而不能成苗.莲种子发育过程中,胚轴超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性不断升高;胚轴过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在20 DAP达到最高,随后下降;胚轴中抗坏血酸从发育初期直至完全成熟期持续积累,直到完全成熟期.胚轴酶提取液经100℃煮5 min后,CAT和POD的活性全部丧失,而SOD活性仍很高,经100℃煮60 min后SOD原有活性只丧失1/3.     

Identification of ginsenosides in roots of Panax ginseng by HPLC-APCI/MS

A new HPLC-APCI/MS method for the identification of ginsenosides has been developed. The analyses were performed on a reversed-phase C18 column using a binary eluent (acetonitrile and water) under gradient conditions. Although APCI is a high-temperature evaporative process, HPLC-APCI/MS could effectively identify thermo-labile ginsenosides. The [M-H]- ions and the thermal degradation ions of ginsenosides could be clearly observed under negative and positive ion conditions, respectively, and these were used to identify the molecular masses, the aglycone structures and the sugar groups of ginsenosides. APCI/MS can provide more explicit information than ESI/MS for identifying and distinguishing ginsenosides. Using the HPLC-APCI/MS method, 35 ginsenosides were identified in Panax ginseng.     

Spatial variations of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their impact factors

Aims This study aimed to reveal how ginsenosides content in Panax ginseng varied spatially and the regulating roles of environmental factors.Methods Twenty eight P. ginseng samples were collected from Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces, and nine kinds of ginsenosides content in P. ginseng were measured. The one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate their spatial variations. The method of UPLC was employed to determine the content of nine kinds of ginsenosides in P. ginseng. The principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (CA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the relationship between ginsenosides content and ecological factors (including climate and soil factors).Important findings The results showed that the content of ginsenosides in P. ginseng from Jilin and Liaoning was similar, and higher than that in Heilongjiang. Precipitation was the most important climate factor affecting the contents of ginsenosides. High temperature and strong sunshine limited the content of ginsenosides. The analysis on ginsenosides and soil factors indicated that soil nitrogen content, Fe, K, organic matter, pH value, Mn, P, Zn all had significant influences on the content of ginsenosides.     

Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng with different growth ages using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The contents of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng not only vary in different parts of the root, but also exhibit yearly variation. In this study, an HPLC-MS method was established in order to simultaneously analyse ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2. The concentration of ginsenosides in the tap root and root fibre were compared and the yearly variations of nine ginsenosides elucidated. The results indicate that the total content of ginsenosides in the main root and the root fibre both attain a maximum level in the fourth year of growth, although the amount in the former is much higher than in the latter. The variation in the content of ginsenosides during a 2-6 year period suggests that cultivated P. Ginseng can be harvested after the fourth year. The current results will provide useful information for the quality control and good agricultural practice farming of ginseng.     

Generation of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from North American ginseng

Rg3 and Rh2 ginsenosides are primarily found in Korean red ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and valued for their bioactive properties. We quantified both Rh2 and Rg3 ginseng leaf and Rg3 from root extracts derived from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Quantification was obtained by application of HPLC with ion fragments detected using ESI-MS. Ginseng leaf contained 11.3+/-0.5 mg/g Rh2 and 7.5+/-0.9 mg/g Rg3 in concentrated extracts compared to 10.6+/-0.4 mg/g Rg3 in ginseng root. No detectable Rh2 was found in root extracts by HPLC, although it was detectable by ESI-MS analysis. Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 were detected following hot water reflux extraction, but not from tissues extracted with 80% aqueous ethanol at room temperature. Therefore ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 are not naturally present in North American ginseng, but are products of a thermal process. Using ESI-MS analysis, it was found that formation of Rg3 and Rh2, among other compounds, were a function of heating time and were breakdown products of the more abundant ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc. Our findings that heat processed North American ginseng leaf is an excellent source of Rh2 ginsenoside is an important discovery considering that ginseng leaf material is obtainable throughout the entire plant cycle for recovery of valuable ginsenosides for pharmaceutical use.     

Determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) using high-performance liquid chromatography

In order to determine the active ingredients in root extracts of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a gradient HPLC method involving UV photodiode array detection was applied to separate and quantify simultaneously the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1. All ginseng saponins were baseline-resolved under the selected conditions, and the detection limits were 1.0 microg/mL or less. The method has been applied to analyse ginsenosides extracted from American ginseng cultivated in both Wisconsin and Illinois. Ginsenosides Re and Rb1 were the two main ginseng saponins in the root. The amounts of Re in 5- and 7-year Illinois-cultivated samples were greater than those found in ginseng cultivated for 3 or 4 years in Wisconsin, whereas the levels of Rb1 were greater in the younger Wisconsin samples.     

硅对连作黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘津研四号’黄瓜品种为试材,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度硅(Si)(0、1、2、3、4、5 mmol·L^-1)对连作黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明: 在一定浓度(1～3 mmol·L^-1 Si)范围内,施Si可降低幼苗叶片电解质渗漏率(EL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;提高叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和总叶绿素含量,叶片净光合速率(P_n)升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均有所提高;黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积及干物质积累量增加.随施Si浓度的进一步增加(4～5 mmol·L^-1),叶片中EL和MDA含量升高,但仍低于对照;抗氧化酶活性和光合作用下降,幼苗生长受到显著抑制.说明外源Si可通过提高黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性来降低膜脂过氧化,通过增加光合作用来提高黄瓜幼苗长势,进而增强对连作障碍的抗性.以2 mmol·L^-1Si处理效果最好.     

Effect of carbon dioxide on antioxidant enzymes and ginsenoside production in root suspension cultures of Panax ginseng

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CO₂ at various concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5%) on antioxidant enzymes and ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng roots in 5 l airlift bioreactors (working volume 4 l). One and 2.5% CO₂ was beneficial for root biomass accumulation, but 5% CO₂ decreased the biomass. Ginsenoside concentration decreased with increasing concentration of CO₂. No significant difference was observed in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity between respective controls and CO₂ treated roots. Antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) including reduced ascorbate and total glutathione were induced in CO₂ exposed roots which emphasized the protective role of antioxidants against CO₂ induced stress. Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) which was induced after 15 days was significantly inhibited after 45 days. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities also increased when the roots were subjected to 1 and 2.5% CO₂ compared to the respective controls but not at 5%. A higher reduced ascorbate to oxidized (ASC/DHA) ratio in CO₂ treated root indicates the plant's ability to tolerate CO₂ stress. These observations suggest that an increase in antioxidant enzymes may affect a defense response to the cellular damage induced by CO₂. Probably, this increase could not stop the deleterious effects of CO₂ concentration on ginsenoside concentration, but reduced stress severity and thereby allowing root growth to occur.     

Effect of salinity and different nitrogen sources on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and indole alkaloid content in Catharanthus roseus seedlings

The activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. glutathione reductase, GR; superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT and glutathione-S-transferase, GST and alkaloid accumulation were investigated in leaf pairs (apical, middle, basal) and in roots of Catharanthus roseus seedlings under the conditions of different nitrogen sources (20 mM KNO(3) and 2 mM NH(4)Cl) and salinity, in the absence (non-saline control) and in the presence of 100 mM NaCl in the nutrient solution. Salinity caused a reduction in plant biomass. The biomass production of ammonium-fed plants was lower than that of nitrate-fed plants. The antioxidant enzymes exhibited higher activity in saline-treated plants. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activity caused by different nitrogen sources differed in all leaf pairs, as well as in roots of C. roseus. Ammonium-fed plants showed higher CAT, GR and GST activity in leaf pairs as well as in roots, while POD and SOD activity were higher in nitrate-fed plants. Higher peroxidase activity concomitant with the increased accumulation of alkaloid was found in all leaf pairs, as well as in roots of C. roseus of NO(3)(-) fed plants as compared to NH(4)(+) fed plants.     

Effects of Na(2)SO(3) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in geranium seedlings

This study investigated the effects of Na(2)SO(3), which releases SO(2) in apoplastic water, on the growth of geranium seedlings and on the activities of various antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase. Sodium sulfite (Na(2)SO(3)) addition both inhibited primary root growth and stimulated lateral root growth of the seedlings respectively. In addition, the contents of chlorophyll and Rubisco protein of the seedlings were greatly reduced with Na(2)SO(3) treatment. Total peroxidase activities of the seedlings also increased proportionally with the amount of Na(2)SO(3), this presumably correlating with oxidative stress levels. Notably, about an 8-fold enhancement of total peroxidase activity occurred in seedlings treated with 60 nM Na(2)SO(3) at pH 4.0. This enhancement of total peroxidase activity was mainly due to the increase of a strong cationic isoperoxidase, strong anionic isoperoxidase and neutral isoperoxidase activities. The strong cationic isoperoxidase from geranium seedlings was found to be the same enzyme as PC3 from geranium callus in terms of its physicochemical and catalytic properties. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase were greatly enhanced with Na(2)SO(3) treatments at pH 4.0 without significant alteration of catalase activity. These results suggest that Na(2)SO(3) exposure, activities the plants defense mechanism against the reactive oxygen species generated.     

镉对长江华溪蟹肝胰腺抗氧化酶活力的影响

重金属对环境的污染已成为全球面临的首要问题之一,其中镉(Cd2 )是一种广泛存在的毒性污染物,能通过消化道和呼吸道进入生物体,对机体造成损伤(Zyadah and Abdel-Baky,2000)。研究表明,Cd2 可以通过Ca2 通道穿过细胞膜进入机体(Roesijadi and Robinson,1994),诱导产生大量自由基和活性氧(ROS),从而形成氧胁迫(Toppi andGabbrielli,1994;Hegedus et al.,2001)。ROS可以与体内脂质、蛋白质和核酸反应,导致脂质过氧化、细胞膜损伤并且影响多种酶的活力,对生物体造成威胁。由于在水生生态系统中生物富集污染物的作用明显,故相对于陆地生…