中国的红树林

我国红树林主要分布在热带及亚热带沿海盐滩和河川出口的冲积盐性土上,包括24个科,47种,属于东方群系。从广西钦州湾开始经北海港,沿雷州半岛的海安分为两支,一支往南经海南岛的儋县新英港,向东经琼山县的东寨港和文昌县的清澜港,沿着东海岸至崖县的三亚港,又折向北到达东方县的八所港;另一支向东北经湛江的赤坎,阳江的海陵岛,台山的上下川岛,中山的三灶岛,新会的崖门,再沿海岸往北至福建的福鼎和台湾的新竹港。根据我国红树林的主要构成种类、外貌、生境,大致可分为3大群系和10个群落。(1) 矮灌木群系——这个群系多见于纬度稍高的海滩前缘,包括海榄雌群落和桐花树群落。这些群落在演替上处于前期阶段。(2) 高大稠密灌木群系——这个群系由于气温、年降雨量的差异和土壤性质的不同,组成这个群系的种类也有不同,不过都是以红树族的种类为建群种,它包括4个群落:红树群落、红海兰群落和角果木群落,这些群落在演替上属于中期阶段。(3) 乔木群系——这个群系主要分布在海南岛东北和东部海岸,所在地一般地势较高,前缘地带每日潮涨仍有海水浸淹。后缘地带只有每月大潮时才有海水到达,土壤比较固结,它包括木榄群落、海莲和尖瓣海莲群落、海桑群落及半红树林水椰群落。这些群落在演替上是处于后期阶段。组成我国红树林的种类大多数都具有较高的经济价值,如角果木是优质单宁的原料,有些种类经过发酵处理成为高营养的饲料和肥料。此外,沿海浮游生物的产量有红树林比无红树林的地带高达7倍,因此加强对红树林的经营和保护应采取积极态度和有效措施。     

中国红树林植物区系分析

红树林是热带海岸的植被类型,我国仅在海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、香港、澳门等沿海地区有自然分布．共有真红树１２科１５属２８种,半红树１１科１３属１４种,另约有２７种红树伴生植物．红树林区系性质属于热带亚热带过渡性质．化石证明红树林的起源不会晚于三叠纪．     

关于深圳建立中国红树林研究中心的可行性分析

红树林是海岸带重要的生态系统,具有明显的社会、生态及经济三大效益.由于各种原因,我国现存红树林日趋减少,为了进一步保护、发展和研究红树林,我国急需成立一个相对独立的科研机构,来统筹全国红树林的研究工作,根据深圳福田红树林国家级保护区的地理位置、工作基础、科研和生产设施及人员等有利条件,我们认为适宜在此设立中国红树林研究中心,现将关于建立红树林研究中心的条件论证如下.     

红树林下中国新记录的四种硅藻

报道了来自福建和深圳红树林下中国首次记录的4种硅藻,即瓜形桥弯藻Cymbella cucumisA．Schmidt、拟优美舟形藻Mzvicula elegantoides Hustedt、侧偏舟形藻N platyventris Meister和柔弱舟形藻N tenera Hustedt,同时描述了每个种类的细胞形态特征和生态分布特点。作者认为淡水硅藻瓜形桥弯藻C．cucumis在半咸水和海水的环境中也有分布（盐度〉15）,应属于淡水和半咸水种。     

中国红树林生态系统生态价值评估

使用市场价值法 ,影子工程法 ,机会成本法和替代花费法等对中国现存自然分布的136 4 6hm2 的红树林生态系统的功能价值进行经济评估 ,评估结果表明 ,中国红树林总的年生态功能价值为 2 36 531万元 ,其中生物量价值 816 3万元 ,抗风消浪护岸价值 992 0 6万元 ,保护土壤价值 1156 92万元 ,固碳以减弱温室效应和释放O2 的价值 6 70 6万元 ,生物多样性保护即动物栖地价值 5470万元 ,林分养分积累价值 10 12万元 ,污染物生物降解和病虫害 2 82万元。     

亟待保护的中国红树林

红树林是生长在热带、亚热带沿海潮间带,以红树植物为主体的湿地木本植物群落。红树植物分为两大区系,即东方区系和西方区系。东方区系指分布于印度－西太平洋地区的红树植物,而西方区系是指分布于大西洋－东太平洋地区的红树植物。其中,印度－西太平洋地区东南亚的红树资源最为丰富。     

中国红树林生态系统保护空缺分析

红树林作为海岸带重要的生态系统类型,具有维持海岸生物多样性、防风固岸、促淤造陆等重要的生态功能,在气候变化和快速城市化背景下认识红树林受保护状况具有重要意义。以基于遥感解译的红树林分类数据为基础,通过空缺分析,分析了我国红树林的就地保护状况,结果显示我国分布的红树林总面积为264 km~2(尚不含我国港、澳、台的统计数据),其中61.4%在自然保护区内受到保护。从红树林分布的主要省份来看,在海南省分布的红树林面积较少但保护比例高,广西和广东省分布的红树林面积大但受保护面积比例相对较低。在3种红树林类型中,红树-木果楝林和红海榄-木榄林分布面积较小,但受保护的面积都在90%以上,秋茄-桐花树-白骨壤林分布的面积最大,但受保护的面积为52.6%。研究提出自然保护区外红树林分布的关键区域,并建议通过划定生态保护红线等方式来进行保护。     

海南东寨港红树林自然保护区的红树林

海南东寨港红树林自然保护区的红树林符国瑷（海南省林业局,海口５７０００３）ＴＨＥＭＡＮＧＲＯＶＥＳＯＦＤＯＮＧＺＨＡＩＧＡＮＧＮＡＴＵＲＡＬＲＥＳＥＲＶＥ,ＨＡＩＮＡＮ￥ＦｕＧｕｏａｉ（ＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＨａｉｎａｎ,Ｈａｉｋｏｕ５７０...     

孟加拉国红树林

红树林是热带、亚热带海岸的一种特殊的森林群落,其大致分布于南、北回归线之间的范围内,以马来半岛及附近岛屿的生长最繁茂,种类最丰富.世界红树林可分为东、西两群系.东方群系见于印度洋和西太平洋海岸;西方群系分布于热带美洲、西印度群岛及西非海岸.而孟加拉湾(Bay of Bangle)分布的红树林,是印度洋海岸最集中、最典型的,也是世界面积最大的红树林分布区之一.其中孟加拉国占有60%,印度40%.盂加拉国红树林植物计有17科、18属、23种.主要树种是小叶银叶树、海漆、盂加拉角果木、无瓣海桑、药     

Allometry of aboveground biomasses in mangrove species in Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil

Allometric equations to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) and plant part biomasses (PPB) of three mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, and Laguncularia racemosa, were determined in Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil (7°48′44″S and 34°49′39″W). Twenty-three to thirty-six trees of each species, ranging in height (H) from 1.6 to 11.8 m and in diameter, at breast height or above prop roots (D), from 2 to 21 cm, were measured, cut, and separated into stems, branches, leaves, and prop roots. Biomass proportions in each tree part were similar among species, excluding prop roots: stems 37–47%, branches 41–46%, and leaves 11–17%. Prop roots represented 37% of AGB in R. mangle. Tree size had a significant but not large influence on biomass distribution among plant parts: as stem diameters increased the proportions allocated to leaves decreased and those to stems and branches increased. AGB and PPB were significantly related to D and D² × H and the best fittings were obtained with power equations. A few equations from literature fitted the data reasonably well for AGB of one or two of the species but resulted in large errors for the others. Applying the equations to previous measurements of tree diameters in a sample area, AGB for the mangrove site was estimated at 105 Mg ha⁻¹, with 78, 19, and 3% corresponding to biomasses of R. mangle, L. racemosa, and A. schaeuriana trees, respectively.     

Pantropical trends in mangrove above-ground biomass and annual litterfall

A major paradigm in biosphere ecology is that organic production, carbon turnover and, perhaps, species diversity are highest at tropical latitudes, and decrease toward higher latitudes. To examine these trends in the pantropical mangrove forest vegetation type, we collated and analysed data on above-ground biomass and annual litterfall for these communities. Regressions of biomass and litterfall data show significant relationships with height of the vegetation and latitude. It is suggested that height and latitude are causally related to biomass, while the relationship with litterfall reflects the specific growing conditions at the respective study sites. Comparison of mangrove and upland forest litterfall data shows similar trends with latitude but indicates that mangrove litterfall is higher than upland forest litterfall. The regression equations allow the litterfall/biomass ratio to be simulated, and this suggests that the patterns of organic matter partitioning differ according to latitude.     

Differences in regeneration between hurricane damaged and clear-cut mangrove stands 25 years after clearing

The effect of human disturbance on mangrove forest may be substantially different from the effects of natural disturbances. This paper describes differences in vegetation composition and structure of five vegetation types in two mangrove areas near Darwin, Australia, 25 years after disturbance. The vegetation in clear-felled forest showed more adult Avicennia marina than in the hurricane-affected forest, and a virtual absence of A. marina juveniles and saplings. This indicates that A. marina will be replaced by other species in the canopy, showing a multi-phase vegetation development in mangrove forest after human disturbance. The mechanism of disturbance and the conditions after clearing therefore affects the vegetation composition for at least 25 years after this disturbance took place.     

The bulk hydraulic conductivity of mangrove soil perforated with animal burrows

Flow of groundwater from mangrove swamp sediment to mangrove creeks is likely to be an important pathway in mangrove swamps, particularly for the removal of salt excluded at the mangrove root. The swamps are generally saturated with water, and are perforated with animal burrows, allowing significant groundwater flow to mangrove creeks to occur. The hydraulic conductivity of the sediment is thus an important physical parameter but is very difficult to measure in-situ. In this work, we describe a simple method for determining the hydraulic conductivity of mangrove sediment, including the effect of macropores such as crab burrows, which uses the existing animal burrows as piezometers. Experiments to measure the hydraulic conductivity of the sediment were carried out in a variety of mangrove forests. It was found that hydraulic conductivity varied from around 1 to 10 m per day, which is at least 10 times greater than would be expected if there were no burrows. In order to check the validity of the method, conventional piezometers were used to determine the free water table level in an area of mangroves fringing a creek. From these measurements, hydraulic conductivity was determined independently and found to be consistent with the new methodology.