Distinct PRC2 subunits regulate maintenance and establishment of Polycomb repression during differentiation

1. Download : Download high-res image (154KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

The role and mechanisms of polycomb repressive complex 2 on the regulation of osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation of stem cells

The stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts or neurocytes is the key process for treatment of bone‐ or neural tissue‐related diseases which is caused by ageing, fracture, injury, inflammation, etc Polycomb group complexes (PcGs), especially the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), act as pivotal epigenetic regulators by modifying key developmental regulatory genes during stem cells differentiation. In this review, we summarize the core subunits, the variants and the potential functions of PRC2. We also highlight the underlying mechanisms of PRC2 associated with the osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation of stem cells, including its interaction with non‐coding RNAs, histone acetyltransferases, histone demethylase, DNA methyltransferase and polycomb repressive complex 1. This review provided a substantial information of epigenetic regulation mediated by PRC2 which leads to the osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation of stem cells.     

The FUS::DDIT3 fusion oncoprotein inhibits BAF complex targeting and activity in myxoid liposarcoma

1. Download : Download high-res image (115KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Mapping differentiation pathways from hematopoietic stem cells using Flk2/Flt3 lineage tracing

Genetic fate-mapping approaches provide a unique opportunity to assess differentiation pathways under physiological conditions. We have recently employed a lineage tracing approach to define hematopoietic differentiation pathways in relation to expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flk2.¹ Based on our examination of reporter activity across all stem, progenitor and mature populations in our Flk2-Cre lineage model, we concluded that all mature blood lineages are derived through a Flk2⁺ intermediate, both at steady-state and under stress conditions. Here, we re-examine in depth our initial conclusions and perform additional experiments to test alternative options of lineage specification. Our data unequivocally support the conclusion that onset of Flk2 expression results in loss of self-renewal but preservation of multilineage differentiation potential. We discuss the implications of these data for defining stem cell identity and lineage potential among hematopoietic populations.     

Mapping differentiation pathways from hematopoietic stem cells using Flk2/Flt3 lineage tracing

Genetic fate-mapping approaches provide a unique opportunity to assess differentiation pathways under physiological conditions. We have recently employed a lineage tracing approach to define hematopoietic differentiation pathways in relation to expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor Flk2.¹ Based on our examination of reporter activity across all stem, progenitor and mature populations in our Flk2-Cre lineage model, we concluded that all mature blood lineages are derived through a Flk2⁺ intermediate, both at steady-state and under stress conditions. Here, we re-examine in depth our initial conclusions and perform additional experiments to test alternative options of lineage specification. Our data unequivocally support the conclusion that onset of Flk2 expression results in loss of self-renewal but preservation of multilineage differentiation potential. We discuss the implications of these data for defining stem cell identity and lineage potential among hematopoietic populations.     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中的表达及HDAC11的作用

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylase, HDAC）通过参与调节组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控基因表达. 研究发现多种HDAC参与成脂分化,但其机制尚不清楚. 本研究旨在探讨间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）的表达变化及其对成脂分化的影响. 本研究首先建立了C3H10T1/2体外成脂分化的模型并以油红O染色鉴定成功诱导成脂分化. PCR检测C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中11种HDAC的变化趋势,发现成脂分化过程中,HDAC1、2、5、9和10的mRNA表达量下降而HDAC3、6、8和11的mRNA表达量明显上升,其中HDAC11上升最为显著. 进一步通过RNA干扰沉默HDAC11表达, PCR检测成脂分化的关键转录因子PPARγ2和成脂标志物Perilipin、Adipoq 的mRNA表达量下降,但Fabp4表达变化不明显. 油红O染色结果表明,诱导C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中,干扰HDAC11表达,胞浆内脂滴形成数量减少,成脂分化受到抑制. 总之,我们实验的结果提示C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化伴随着多种HDAC表达的变化,其中HDAC11的增加最显著,干扰HDAC11的表达可以抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化.     

Retinoid metabolism and its effects on the vasculature

Retinoids, the metabolically-active structural derivatives of vitamin A, are critical signaling molecules in many fundamental biological processes including cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Emerging evidence, both clinical and molecular, implicates retinoids in atherosclerosis and other vasculoproliferative disorders such as restenosis. Although the data from clinical trials examining effect of vitamin A and vitamin precursors on cardiac events have been contradictory, this data does suggest that retinoids do influence fundamental processes relevant to atherosclerosis. Preclinical animal model and cellular studies support these concepts. Retinoids exhibit complex effects on proliferation, growth, differentiation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), including responses to injury and atherosclerosis. Retinoids also appear to exert important inhibitory effects on thrombosis and inflammatory responses relevant to atherogenesis. Recent studies suggest retinoids may also be involved in vascular calcification and endothelial function, for example, by modulating nitric oxide pathways. In addition, established retinoid effects on lipid metabolism and adipogenesis may indirectly influence inflammation and atherosclerosis. Collectively, these observations underscore the scope and complexity of retinoid effects relevant to vascular disease. Additional studies are needed to elucidate how context and metabolite-specific retinoid effects affect atherosclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.