Ovosäure,ein neues tridepsid aus der flechte Parmelia substygia

The structure of ovoic acid, a new tridepside from the lichen Parmelia substygia Ras. has been elucidated as 2′-O-methylgyrophoric acid by ¹³C and ¹H NMR, by UV spectroscopy and by hydrolysis to orsellinic and isoeverninic acids.     

3-Chlordivaricatsäure,ein neues depsid aus Thelomma-arten

The structure of 3-chlorodivaricatic acid, a new depside from the lichen Thelomma mammosum was elucidated by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, mass and UV spectroscopy. The synthesis of 5-chlorodivaricatic acid is described.     

Struktur der microphyllinsäure aus dem harz von Convolvulus microphyllus

The structure of microphyllic acid, the main glycosidic acid from the ether soluble resin of Convolvulus microphyllus has been elucidated as the O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-[O-α-l-rhamopyranosyl -(1 → 4)]-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-α-l5-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-β-d-fucopyranoside of 11-hydroxypalmitic acid, using mainly GLC and mass spectrometry of the derivatized sugars.     

Bindung von Indolylessigsäure und Phenoxyessigsäure an Fraktionen aus Epikotylen und Wurzeln von Pisum sativum L.

Summary The binding behaviour of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) and of (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA), (2-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2-Cl-PA) and (4-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (4-Cl-PA) in subcellular fractions of Pisum epicotyls and roots, which are rich in plasma membranes, has been investigated. Binding parameters are determined by means of centrifugation experiments or equilibrium dialysis using ¹⁴C-labelled auxins. The experiments prove the existence of saturable (specific) binding sites and the reversibility of auxin binding. For the binding of IAA and MCPA to the particle fraction the binding constant K10⁶ M^-1 and the number of the binding sites n·R10^-13 M per mg pellet-protein have been estimated. In displacement experiments MCPA or 4-Cl-PA displace IAA, whereas IAA can not displace phenoxyacetic derivatives. These results indicate that with concentrations in the range of herbicide action phenoxyacetic acids bind to a site of the auxin receptor which is not identical with the binding site of IAA. In this way the binding affinity of receptor for IAA is decreased allosterically, which results in an apparent dispalcement of IAA.

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Abkürzungen IAA -Indolylessigsäure - MCPA (2-Methyl-4-chlorphenoxy)-essigsäure - 2-Cl-PA (2-Chlorphenoxy)-essigsäure - 4-Cl-PA (4-Chlorphenoxy)-essigsäure - Tris Trishydroxyaminomethan - HSA Humanserumalbumin Herrn Prof. Dr. K. Mothes anläßlich der 75. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages gewidmet     

Stromatoporen aus dem Schwelmer Kalk (Givet) des Sauerlandes (Stromatoporen aus dem deutschen Paläozoikum 1)

A stromatoporoid fauna is described from the uttermost eastern quarry south of the Lenne river in Letmathe (Sauerland). The fauna consists of 8 species which have been found during a biostatistical study on the upper surface of a single limestone bed of Givetian age. The fauna can be interpreted as genuine community. — Most stromatoporoid species described from the German Paleozoic have been found in deposits of Eifelian, Givetian, and Frasnian age. The latest stromatoporoids found in the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge occur in biostromes of lowermost Tournai age near Aachen.     

Synthese von 1,3,5-Triazinen aus Aminosäure-Derivaten (III)

An extracellular acidic polysaccharide produced by Serratia piscatorum IFO 12527 was found to exhibit a marked antiinflammatory activity. The polysaccharide was purified by fractional precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and then by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B to give two homogeneous fractions, PLS N–I and PLS N–II, the former exhibiting the antiinflammatory activity.

PLS N-I was a complex polysaccharide composed of l-rhamnose, d-galactose and d-galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 2: 1; 1, together with small portions of d-glucosamine, d-galactosamine, protein and fatty acids such as acetic, lauric, myristic, β-hydroxyrnyristic and palmitic acids. Physicochemical and biological properties of PLS N–I and PLS N–II were also described.     

Neue Multituberculaten-Zähne aus dem Barremium (Unter-Kreide) von Galve (Spanien)

Two new isolated upper anterior premolars (p^1–3) of multituberculates are described from the Barremian of Galve in Spain. One specimen is tricuspid and belongs toEobaatar hispanicus Hahn &Hahn, 1992. The other is the first tetracuspid p^1–3 known from Galve. It is very similar to respective teeth of the Paulchoffatiidae G.Hahn, 1969 from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Therefore, this very small tooth belongs very probably to the paulchoffatiid taxonGalveodon nannothus Hahn &Hahn, 1992 which is also characterized by tiny dimensions     

Allosterische Regulation der Aktivität der Glutamatdehydrogenase aus Erbsenkeimlingen durch das Substrat α-Ketoglutarsäure

Summary Several investigations on the properties of glutamate dehydrogenase from plant sources indicate that the enzymatic activity (reductive amination) follows a Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic when velocity is plotted versus rising concentrations of the substrate -ketoglutarate. In the course of our investigations on the effect of SO₂ on pea plant enzymes we found that SO ₄ ^2- , added as (NH₄)₂SO₄ to the assay system, causes this type of activity response because of its ability to function as an activator. When (NH₄)₂SO₄ is replaced by NH₄Cl in the in vitro system however, activity response is sigmoidal. Addition of competitive inhibitor to the latter system again gives rise to a sigmoidal kinetic with reduced initial velocities. Identical kinetic behaviour is observed when either 120 fold enriched enzyme from shoots or highly purified glutamate dehydrogenase from pea roots is used, a fact which justifies the assumption that the enzyme from pea plants belongs to the MIC-type of regulatory proteins (modulator independent cooperativity). The activity response caused by other effectors, especially purine nucleotides, is discussed with regard to the above findings.     

Synthese von O-(3-desoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosylonsäure)-(2→4)-O-(3-desoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosylonsäure)- (2→6)-O-(2-amino-2-desoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2-amino-2-desoxy-d-glucopyranose

Benzyl-3-O-benzyl-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-6-O-[2-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino-2-deoxy-3,4-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)- β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside was coupled with methyl (4,5,7,8-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosyl bromide)onate (13) to yield the α-glycosidically linked trisaccharide. After deacetylation and selective introduction of a second 7′,8′-O-tetraisopropyldisiloxane group, a further glycosidation reaction with 13 led regioselectively to the tetrasaccharide benzyl O-[methyl (4,5,7,8-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosyl)onate]-(2→4)-O-{methyl [3-deoxy-7,8-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosyl]-onate}-(2→6)-O- [2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-deoxy-3,4-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]- (1→6)-3-O-benzyl-2-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside. A series of deblocking steps gave O-(3-deoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosylonic acid)-(2→4)-O-(3-deoxy-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosylonic acid)- (2→6)-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose which was identical with a tetrasaccharide that had been isolated by hydrazinolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota R 595. Hence, synthetic proof is provided for the linkages in this part of the inner core region of lipopolysaccharides.     

Zur Gegenseitigen Umwandlung Von Calciumgebundener Phosphorsäure Und Aluminium- Und Eisen (3)-Gebundener Phosphorsäure Im Boden

Zusammenfassung Es wurde experimentell gefunden, dass die synthetischen Phosphatmineralien des Bodens (Hydroxylfluorapatit, Aluminium- und Eisen(3)-Hydroxydphosphat) miteinander in einem Gleichgewicht stehen, welches von beiden Seiten der Gleichung eingestellt wurde: Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass bei alkalischer Reaktion das Gleichgewicht nach links, bei saurer Reaktion nach rechts verschoben wird. Calciumgebundene Phosphorsäure wird also in aluminium- und eisen(3)-gebundene Phosphorsäure übergeführt und umgekehrt.     

Eine Chironomiden-Larve (Insecta: Diptera) aus der Fur-Formation (Paleozän, ? Unter-Eozän; NW-Dänemark)

From the Upper Paleocene/Lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Moler) of NW Jutland, Denmark, a dipteran larva (fourth instar) is described. On grounds of its morphology and dimensions the specimen can be assigned to the family Chironomidae (non-biting midges). Owing to the mode of development of this family in aquatic habitats, a transport of the larva by wind or active flight to its place of burial can be excluded. Instead, the larva could have been a leftover of a fish meal or transported by currents. The specimen is the first representative of chironomids in the Fur Formation and, additionally, the first wingless stage described from these deposits.     

Plattenanomalien beiEchinocorys sulcata (Goldfuss 1826) aus dem Dan (Alttertiär) von Dalbyover,Dänemark

In a collection of 2000 specimens of the echinoidEchinocorys sulcata from the Danian of Dalbyover, northern Jutland, Denmark, two percent of the coronae investigated show characteristic coronal plate anomalies which are largely missing in other echinoid species. These anomalies are formed by split coronal plates or mosaic-like plate arrangements instead of regularly grown plates. Plate anomalies occurring in ambulacral and interambulacral zones, classified into 14 different types, have been used for a statistical analysis. Data on the relative age of the echinoid animals with anormal coronal plates, and on the most abundant types of plate anomalies are given. Two specimens ofEchinocorys sulcata from the same locality show deviations from the regular pentameric pattern and comparable finds from other localities and of otherEchinocorys species were incorporated in the analysis. The anomalies described here are named forma aegrainconstans n.f. Literature data on echinoid coronal plate anomalies, which have been related to coronal deformations caused by evironmental parameters, are discussed.     

Fluoritisierte Radiolarien aus Kieselkalk-Bänken des Mittel-Viseums (Unterkarbon) des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges (Deutschland)

From siliceous shales (Lower Carboniferous, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge), in direct neighborhood to a bed of allodapic limestone, the following fluontized radiolarian fauna has been extracted by chemical transformation of originally calcified skeletons:Albaillella cartalla, Latentifistula turgida, Eostylodktya cf. eccentrica, Tetragregnon sycamorensis sycamorensis, Belowea variabilis, Callela? hexactinia, Entactinia tortispina and Entactinia variospina. The limestone bed has been dated by calcareous foraminifera as being mid Visean in age (V 2b-3a, Cf 5-foraminiferal zone). The diagenetic calcification took place after the selective dissolution of the skeletons and was in itself not selective.     

Bildung von Zitronensäure und Oxalsäure durch Aspergillus niger

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Zur Frage der Elimination von Ribosenucleinsäure und Protein aus dem Zellkern vonAcetabularia mediterranea

Zusammenfassung An lebenden Kernenin situ, an lebenden isolierten sowie an isolierten oder in der Zelle befindlichen fixierten Kernen vonAcetabularia mediterranea wurde mit auf direkte Beobachtung abzielenden Methoden untersucht, ob ein Transfer nucleärer Ribonucleinsäure (RNS) und Proteine in das Cytoplasma als normalphysiologischer Vorgang erfolgt.Die Befunde machen wahrscheinlich, daß eine Übertragung von RNS in Form von Nucleoproteiden (NP) erfolgt. Ein auf unmittelbarer Beobachtung beruhender Beweis für die Übertragung nucleärer NP in das Cytoplasma konnte wegen derin situ herrschenden Verhältnisse nicht erbracht werden. Auch bei an anderen Objekten mit anderen Methoden ausgeführten Versuchen fehlt ein sicherer Nachweis.Mit 11 TextabbildungenMit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Herrn Professor Dr.E. G. Pringsheim zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.