噬藻体PP对野生宿主——丝状蓝藻的吸附率、裂解周期及释放量的影响

研究在日光光照条件下,以自然水体中存在的丝状蓝藻作为噬藻体PP的野生宿主,用离心法测定了噬藻体PP对野生宿主藻的吸附率,用一步生长曲线法获得了噬藻体PP对野生宿主藻的裂解周期及释放量。结果表明:噬藻体PP对野生宿主藻在60min时能够达到的吸附率为1.79‰,吸附系数为8.09%,噬藻体PP感染野生宿主藻的潜伏期介于45～75min之间,平均释放量为34.32PFU·Cell-1。上述结果一方面说明,噬藻体PP感染野生宿主藻的吸附系数、潜伏期及释放量均远小于以实验室培养的鲍氏织线藻作为宿主所得到的数据;另一方面也说明,噬藻体PP具有较强的吸附和裂解野生宿主的能力,这将有助于解释噬藻体PP在淡水富营养化水体中具有广泛分布的现象。     

感染丝状蓝藻的噬藻体的裂解周期和释放量的测定

近年来,随着浮游病毒的认识的深入,人们认识到浮游病毒对水体中初级生产力的影响是巨大的[1],其主要证据就是发现噬藻体在海洋蓝藻的种群控制上发挥着重要作用[2]. 噬藻体的释放量和裂解周期是衡量噬藻体感染力的重要指标,很多重要的生态指标如病毒在生态系统中对宿主的致死率、病毒种群得以维持的阈浓度等都需要使用病毒的释放量和裂解周期来加以推算[3,4], 因此准确地测定这两个基本参数是十分重要的.在自然界,很多丝状蓝藻,如颤藻、鱼腥藻、螺旋藻、席藻等是能够形成水华的,其中有些还具有产毒的功能[5].丝状蓝藻的形态特征有别于单细胞蓝藻, 在被噬藻体感染时,丝状蓝藻的感染周期和光合生理也与单细胞蓝藻有较大的差异[6],因此研究裂解丝状蓝藻的噬藻体的方法可能不同于感染单细胞的噬藻体.本次试验以一种感染丝状宿主的噬藻体为材料,探讨了确定其裂解周期和释放量的研究方法.     

噬藻体PaV-LD主要衣壳蛋白、穿孔素和内肽酶基因的克隆及表达分析

最近阐明了水华蓝藻噬藻体PaV-LD (Planktothrix agardhii Virus isolated from Lake Donghu)的全基因组序列, 这是一个含有142个ORF的双链DNA噬藻体。在此, 我们对其主要衣壳蛋白基因073R, 内肽酶和穿孔素基因123L-124L(PaV-LD基因组中两个相邻的ORF)进行了基因克隆与表达分析。将073R克隆后构建原核表达质粒pET-32a-073R, 并用IPTG进行诱导表达, 073R融合蛋白经纯化后, 进行免疫小鼠制备抗体; 通过Western blot检测经噬藻体感染宿主细胞后073R的表达时序, 结果显示在宿主细胞裂解之初, 即PaV-LD感染48h以后073R开始表达, 表明073R是一个晚期基因; 同时073R推导的氨基酸序列与34株噬藻(菌)体及2株藻病毒(感染真核藻的病毒)的主要衣壳蛋白的氨基酸序列进行序列比对, 显示073R与无尾的藻病毒衣壳蛋白亲缘关系更近。PCR扩增内肽酶和穿孔素基因123L-124L, 并构建质粒pOP123L-124L, 将其转入模式藻集胞藻PCC6803细胞中, 质粒pOP123L-124L与藻集胞藻PCC6803基因组发生重组, 形成重组藻; 测定了重组藻与野生藻的生长速率, 并绘制生长曲线; 制备超薄切片, 进一步比较和观察重组藻与野生藻的超微结构的变化。结果显示重组藻与野生藻存在生长速率与超微形态的显著差异。       

CO_2浓度和温度升高对噬藻体PP增殖的联合作用

在4个条件下培养了鲍氏织线藻:(1)25℃+400μmol/mol(CK组),(2)29℃+400μmol/mol(温度升高组),(3)25℃+800μmol/mol(CO2升高组),(4)29℃+800μmol/mol(温室效应组),测定了藻的生物量及细胞大小,同时用离心法测定了噬藻体PP对相应条件下宿主藻的吸附率,用一步生长曲线法测定噬藻体PP的裂解周期和释放量。结果表明,不同培养条件对藻细胞的大小均没有影响;CO2升高提高了宿主藻的生物量;温度和CO2浓度的升高不仅使噬藻体PP的裂解周期提前,而且对吸附率和释放量存在交互作用,使其发生了明显改变:其中,温度和CO2升高对噬藻体PP吸附率的影响属于协同作用,而对其释放量的影响则能够互相抵消。上述结果说明温室效应将能够导致噬藻体PP增殖能力大幅度增加。     

感染丝状蓝藻的噬藻体的裂解周期和释放量的测定

近年来 ,随着浮游病毒的认识的深入 ,人们认识到浮游病毒对水体中初级生产力的影响是巨大的[1] ,其主要证据就是发现噬藻体在海洋蓝藻的种群控制上发挥着重要作用[2 ] 。噬藻体的释放量和裂解周期是衡量噬藻体感染力的重要指标 ,很多重要的生态指标如病毒在生态系统中对宿主的致死率、病毒种群得以维持的阈浓度等都需要使用病毒的释放量和裂解周期来加以推算[3,4 ] ,因此准确地测定这两个基本参数是十分重要的。在自然界 ,很多丝状蓝藻 ,如颤藻、鱼腥藻、螺旋藻、席藻等是能够形成水华的 ,其中有些还具有产毒的功能[5] 。丝状蓝藻的形态特征…     

营养条件对噬藻体PP感染席藻动力学的影响

本试验设计了从正常的AA培养基(CK组)到N和P含量只有正常AA培养基1/600的6种培养基.在25 ℃、2000 lx条件下将宿主席藻在6种培养基中培养8个月后,用显微直接计数法测定了席藻的生长曲线以及噬藻体PP感染宿主席藻的裂解周期与致死率,用离心法测定了噬藻体PP对宿主席藻的吸附率,用一步生长曲线法测定了噬藻体PP的释放量和裂解周期.结果表明: 提高N和P含量会促进宿主席藻的生长,统计分析也显示,在对数中期(第6天),高营养盐浓度中细胞密度显著高于低营养盐浓度中的密度;提高营养盐浓度噬藻体PP的吸附率会显著增高,主要表现为在AA中噬藻体PP的吸附率极显著高于其他组;同时6种培养基条件下噬藻体PP对席藻的致死率变化不大;随着营养水平的升高,噬藻体PP的潜伏期和裂解周期明显缩短,平均释放量显著增加,但裂解宿主的效率却没有显著变化.上述结果说明噬藻体PP对宿主藻的感染力会随着营养水平的提高而明显增强,并可能在水体富营养化进程中发挥着调控藻类种群更替的作用.     

蓝细菌病毒A-4L在鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)藻苔中形成同心圆噬斑的成因

【目的】分析蓝细菌病毒A-4L在鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)PCC 7120藻苔中形成同心圆噬斑的原因,阐明A-4L的一个重要生物学特征,为分离、鉴定和筛选新的水华蓝藻病毒提供借鉴。【方法】用初始滴度为2.8×1010PFU/mL的A-4L悬液感染鱼腥藻,在不同时间点收集裂解液绘制一步生长曲线,获得A-4L对鱼腥藻的潜伏期和释放量。将适量A-4L悬液感染不同培养时间的藻苔,逐日观察和记录藻苔病变情况。培养藻苔并接种适量A-4L悬液,分别置于完全持续光照(Light∶Dark=24 h∶0 h,L∶D=24 h∶0 h)条件;完全周期光照(L∶D=14 h∶10 h)条件;或前3 d周期光照转后3 d持续光照的条件下,比较不同光照条件对同心圆噬斑形成的影响。然后挑取单个噬斑进行扩大培养,纯化后,负染电镜观察A-4L的超微形态。【结果】A-4L的潜伏期为0.5-2 h,释放量约为247 IU/cell(Infectious Units)。在周期光照条件下,藻苔接种A-4L 3-4 d后,出现同心圆噬斑,且同心圆数量与攻毒后的天数(n)有相关性,为"n-1";同心圆间距约为3 mm。与周期光照条件相比,在持续光照条件下未形成同心圆噬斑。而在周期光照条件转持续光照条件下,由先周期光照时所形成的同心圆在转持续光照后逐渐消失,证实同心圆噬斑的形成依赖于周期光照。负染电镜观察显示A-4L具有一个近似球形的头部,直径约为50 nm以及长度约为10 nm的尾部,形态与短尾蓝细菌病毒相似。【结论】A-4L是一株能形成同心圆噬斑的蓝细菌病毒,并揭示其同心圆噬斑形成的关键条件是周期光照。     

蓝细菌病毒A-4L在鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)藻苔中形成同心圆噬斑的成因

摘要:【目的】分析蓝细菌病毒A-4L在鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.) PCC 7120藻苔中形成同心圆噬斑的原因,阐明A-4L的一个重要生物学特征,为分离、鉴定和筛选新的水华蓝藻病毒提供借鉴。【方法】用初始滴度为2.8×1010PFU/mL的A-4L悬液感染鱼腥藻,在不同时间点收集裂解液绘制一步生长曲线,获得A-4L对鱼腥藻的潜伏期和释放量。将适量A-4L悬液感染不同培养时间的藻苔,逐日观察和记录藻苔病变情况。培养藻苔并接种适量A-4L悬液,分别置于完全持续光照(Light:Dark=24 h:0 h,L:D=24 h:0 h)条件;完全周期光照(L:D=14 h:10h)条件;或前3 d周期光照转后3 d持续光照的条件下,比较不同光照条件对同心圆噬斑形成的影响。然后挑取单个噬斑进行扩大培养,纯化后,负染电镜观察A-4L的超微形态。【结果】A-4L的潜伏期为0.5－2h,释放量约为247 IU/cell (Infectious Units)。在周期光照条件下,藻苔接种A-4L 3－4 d后,出现同心圆噬斑,且同心圆数量与攻毒后的天数(n)有相关性,为“n－1”;同心圆间距约为3 mm。与周期光照条件相比,在持续光照条件下未形成同心圆噬斑。而在周期光照条件转持续光照条件下,由先周期光照时所形成的同心圆在转持续光照后逐渐消失,证实同心圆噬斑的形成依赖于周期光照。负染电镜观察显示A-4L具有一个近似球形的头部,直径约为50 nm以及长度约为10 nm的尾部,形态与短尾蓝细菌病毒相似。【结论】A-4L是一株能形成同心圆噬斑的蓝细菌病毒,并揭示其同心圆噬斑形成的关键条件是周期光照。     

噬藻体生物多样性的研究动态

噬藻体(Cyanophage)是感染原核生物蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)的病毒,广泛分布于各种水生态系统中,对调控初级生产力、蓝藻种群密度及结构演替、微生物间基因转移以及全球生物地理化学循环等方面有重大影响。关注噬藻体的生物多样性,发现其感染相关基因,阐明噬藻体与宿主蓝藻的相互作用,将为藻华控制及认识病毒在复杂水环境中的功能提供重要信息。本文就噬藻体生物多样性,包括生态系统多样性、物种多样性及遗传多样性研究动态做一综述。     

也西湖噬藻体的分离与鉴定

【背景】噬藻体是一类特异性侵染蓝藻的病毒,广泛存在于淡水和海水水体中,参与调控宿主蓝藻的丰度和种群密度,被认为是潜在的蓝藻水华生物防控工具。但目前的研究多集中于海洋噬藻体,对淡水噬藻体的生物学特性和结构生物学等研究较少。【目的】分离更多种类的淡水噬藻体,为研究淡水噬藻体的三维结构、侵染机制、与宿主的共进化关系,及其在蓝藻水华防治中的应用提供理论基础。【方法】采集中国科学技术大学西校区内景观湖也西湖水华暴发水域的水样,利用液体培养基和双层固体平板法对17种宿主蓝藻进行筛选,通过NaCl-PEG沉淀法和氯化铯密度梯度离心分离和纯化噬藻体,并利用负染电镜观察噬藻体的形态,同时采用梯度稀释法测定裂解液的效价。【结果】发现也西湖的水样可特异性侵染本实验室分离自巢湖的一株拟鱼腥藻Pan。侵染后的裂解液中存在4株形态各异的噬藻体,包括1株短尾噬藻体和3株长尾噬藻体,其中包括首次发现的1株含有非典型长轴状头部结构的淡水噬藻体。【结论】也西湖作为巢湖流域的一个小型水体,具有与巢湖类似的水华蓝藻及其噬藻体分布谱,因此可以用于模拟大型湖泊进行相关分子生态学和生物防控的研究。     

A novel cyanophage with a cyanobacterial nonbleaching protein A gene in the genome

A cyanophage, PaV-LD, has been isolated from harmful filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii in Lake Donghu, a shallow freshwater lake in China. Here, we present the cyanophage's genomic organization and major structural proteins. The genome is a 95,299-bp-long, linear double-stranded DNA and contains 142 potential genes. BLAST searches revealed 29 proteins of known function in cyanophages, cyanobacteria, or bacteria. Thirteen major structural proteins ranging in size from 27 kDa to 172 kDa were identified by SDS-PAGE and mass-spectrometric analysis. The genome lacks major genes that are necessary to the tail structure, and the tailless PaV-LD has been confirmed by an electron microscopy comparison with other tail cyanophages and phages. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid proteins also reveals an independent branch of PaV-LD that is quite different from other known tail cyanophages and phages. Moreover, the unique genome carries a nonbleaching protein A (NblA) gene (open reading frame [ORF] 022L), which is present in all phycobilisome-containing organisms and mediates phycobilisome degradation. Western blot detection confirmed that 022L was expressed after PaV-LD infection in the host filamentous cyanobacterium. In addition, its appearance was companied by a significant decline of phycocyanobilin content and a color change of the cyanobacterial cells from blue-green to yellow-green. The biological function of PaV-LD nblA was further confirmed by expression in a model cyanobacterium via an integration platform, by spectroscopic analysis and electron microscopy observation. The data indicate that PaV-LD is an exceptional cyanophage of filamentous cyanobacteria, and this novel cyanophage will also provide us with a new vision of the cyanophage-host interactions.     

THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE STATUS ON THE KINETICS OF CYANOPHAGE INFECTION IN THE OCEANIC CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCOCCUS SP. WH78031

Phycoerythrin-containing Synechococcus species are considered to be major primary producers in nutrient-limited gyres of subtropical and tropical oceanic provinces, and the cyanophages that infect them are thought to influence marine biogeochemical cycles. This study begins an examination of the effects of nutrient limitation on the dynamics of cyanophage/Synechococcus interactions in oligotrophic environments by analyzing the infection kinetics of cyanophage strain S-PM2 (Cyanomyoviridae isolated from coastal water off Plymouth, UK) propagated on Synechococcus sp. WH7803 grown in either phosphate-deplete or phosphate-replete conditions. When the growth of Synechococcus sp. WH7803 in phosphate-deplete medium was followed after infection with cyanophage, an 18-h delay in cell lysis was observed when compared to a phosphate-replete control. Synechococcus sp. WH7803 cultures grown at two different rates (in the same nutritional conditions) both lysed 24 h postinfection, ruling out growth rate itself as a factor in the delay of cell lysis. One-step growth kinetics of S-PM2 propagated on host Synechococcus sp. WH7803, grown in phosphate-deplete and-replete media, revealed an apparent 80% decrease in burst size in phosphate-deplete growth conditions, but phage adsorption kinetics ofS-PM2 under these conditions showed no differences. These results suggested that the cyanophages established lysogeny in response to phosphate-deplete growth of host cells. This suggestion was supported by comparison of the proportion of infected cells that lysed under phosphate-replete and-deplete conditions, which revealed that only 9.3% of phosphate-deplete infected cells lysed in contrast to 100% of infected phosphate-replete cells. Further studies with two independent cyanophage strains also revealed that only approximately 10% of infected phosphate-deplete host cells released progeny cyanophages. These data strongly support the concept that the phosphate status of the Synechococcus cell will have a profound effect on the eventual outcome of phage-host interactions and will therefore exert a similarly extensive effect on the dynamics of carbon flow in the marine environment.     

Effect of some environmental factors on cyanophage AS-1 development in Anacystis nidulans

The development cycle of the cyanophage AS-1 was studied in the host blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans, under conditions that impair photosynthesis and under various light/dark regimes. Under standard conditions of incubation the 16-h development cycle consisted of a 5-h eclipse period and an 8-h latent period. Burst size was decreased by dark incubation to 2% of that observed in the light. An inhibitor of photosystem II, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), reduced the burst size to 27% of that of the uninhibited control, whereas cyanophage production was completely abolished by carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport. Dark incubation of infected cells decreased the latent period by 1–2 h and the eclipse period by 1 h, once the cultures were illuminated. This suggests that adsorption took place in the dark. Intracellular growth curves indicated that light is necessary for viral development. Infected cells must be illuminated at least 13 h to produce a complete burst at the same rate as the continuously illuminated control. Low light intensities retarded the development cycle, and at lowest light intensities no phage yield was obtained. AS-1 is highly dependent on host cell photophosphorylation for its development.List of Abbreviations CCCP Carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea - m.o.i. multiplicity of infection - O.D. optical density - PFU plaque-forming unit Dedicated to Prof. Roger Y. Stanier on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

一株太湖水域蓝藻噬藻体的分离与鉴定

研究首次报道在太湖筛选到的一株感染铜绿微囊藻的噬藻体。在太湖蓝藻水华暴发区域采集水样, 经0.22 μm 微孔滤膜过滤、超滤浓缩后感染对数期的不同株微囊藻, 对感染效果明显的进行进一步研究。研究发现M. aernginosa 905 有明显感染, 用CsCl 不连续密度梯度离心的方法对噬藻体进行纯化并研究噬藻体的一步生长曲线。研究发现: 在MOI=10-5 的感染条件下, 该噬藻体感染M. aernginosa 的潜伏期为2h, 裂解期为4—6h, 稳定期为6—12h, 裂解量为4 pfu/cell。透射电镜观察此噬藻体头部为二十面体, 直径约50 nm, 具一很短尾部。此外在不加任何保护剂的情况下, 此噬藻体在-20℃和-80℃下保存感染力丧失, 但在4℃条件下保存, 其感染活性可维持50d 以上。研究为探讨用噬藻体控制蓝藻水华提供了重要基础       

Identification of cyanophage Ma-LBP and infection of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from an Australian subtropical lake by the virus

Viruses can control the structure of bacterial communities in aquatic environments. The aim of this project was to determine if cyanophages (viruses specific to cyanobacteria) could exert a controlling influence on the abundance of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (host). M. aeruginosa was isolated, cultured, and characterized from a subtropical monomictic lake-Lake Baroon, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. The viral communities in the lake were separated from cyanobacterial grazers by filtration and chloroform washing. The natural lake viral cocktail was incubated with the M. aeruginosa host growing under optimal light and nutrient conditions. The specific growth rate of the host was 0.023 h(-1); generation time, 30.2 h. Within 6 days, the host abundance decreased by 95%. The density of the cyanophage was positively correlated with the rate of M. aeruginosa cell lysis (r(2) = 0.95). The cyanophage replication time was 11.2 h, with an average burst size of 28 viral particles per host cell. However, in 3 weeks, the cultured host community recovered, possibly because the host developed resistance (immunity) to the cyanophage. The multiplicity of infection was determined to be 2,890 virus-like particles/cultured host cell, using an undiluted lake viral population. Transmission electron microscopy showed that two types of virus were likely controlling the host cyanobacterial abundance. Both viruses displayed T7-like morphology and belonged to the Podoviridiae group (short tails) of viruses that we called cyanophage Ma-LBP. In Lake Baroon, the number of the cyanophage Ma-LBP was 5.6 x 10(4) cyanophage x ml(-1), representing 0.23% of the natural viral population of 2.46 x 10(7) x ml(-1). Our results showed that this cyanophage could be a major natural control mechanism of M. aeruginosa abundance in aquatic ecosystems like Lake Baroon. Future studies of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms need to consider factors that influence cyanophage attachment, infectivity, and lysis of their host alongside the physical and chemical parameters that drive cyanobacterial growth and production.     

Relationship of Bdellovibrio elongation and fission to host cell size.

The extent of Bdellovibrio growth, and hence progeny produced in infected cells, appears to depend upon host cell size as determined from the ratio of ultimitate length of Bdellovibrio to host cell area calculated from light microscopy.