3属4种罂粟科植物幼苗初生维管系统的结构

罂粟科属间演化关系一直存在争议。本文以罂粟科罂粟属的虞美人（Papaver rhoeas）和东方罂粟（Papaver orientale）、白屈菜属的白屈菜（Chelidonium majus）以及紫堇属的地丁草（Corydalis bungeana）为材料,应用整体透明和石蜡连续切片的方法,在明场显微镜和偏光显微镜下对其幼苗期的结构及发育进行了观察。结果表明,3属植物幼苗子叶节区下部存在的单中柱类型各异：罂粟属为外始式二原型圆形单中柱,白屈菜属为外始式二原型近圆形单中柱,紫堇属为外始式二原型“S”形单中柱。3属植物的子叶脉序也存在区别：虞美人和东方罂粟具单一叶脉,无叶隙;白屈菜为环结曲行羽状脉;地丁草为基出完全顶聚脉。根据上述幼苗初生维管系统的结构,认为3属中罂粟属较为原始,白屈菜属较为进化,紫堇属更为进化。     

蔷薇亚科4属4种植物幼苗形态结构及其系统演化分析

通过对蔷薇亚科蛇莓属的蛇莓[Duchesnea indica(Andrews)Focke]、委陵菜属的翻白草(Potentilla dis-colorBunge)、水杨梅属的水杨梅(Geum aleppicumJacq.)和地榆属的地榆(Sanguisorba officinalisL.)4种植物幼苗形态特征以及初生维管系统的结构研究表明:蛇莓、翻白草子叶脉序中主脉与两侧二级脉呈原始的二叉分支状,蛇莓脉序中无二级间脉,翻白草中为简单型的二级间脉;水杨梅、地榆的主脉与两侧二级脉呈进化的对生分支状,二者的二级间脉为复合型.蛇莓属幼苗子叶节区下部的中柱为原始的中始式二原型圆形单中柱,委陵菜属为较进化的外始式二原型圆形单中柱,水杨梅属为外始式二原型双钩型的单中柱,而地榆属的外始式二原型双扇型的单中柱则最为进化,并且地榆的后生木质部发达,也是进化的表现.综合叶脉数量和级数以及子叶节区下部的中柱类型分析,认为4属的演化趋势为:蛇莓属最原始,其次为委陵菜属和水杨梅属,地榆属最为进化.     

3属3种毛茛科植物幼苗形态结构及其系统演化分析

以毛茛科升麻属植物升麻(Cimicifuga foetida)、金莲花属植物短瓣金莲花(Trollius ledebouri)和飞燕草属植物飞燕草(Consolida ajacis)为材料,应用整体透明和石蜡连续切片方法,对3种植物幼苗形态特征及初生维管系统结构进行了观察。结果表明:升麻子叶脉序为较简单的离基不完全顶聚脉,短瓣金莲花为环结曲行羽状脉,飞燕草为较复杂的基出完全顶聚脉。升麻属幼苗子叶节区下部的维管柱为中始式二原型长方形单中柱,金莲花属为外始式二原型半弧形单中柱,飞燕草属为外始式二原型双扇形单中柱。分析上述子叶脉序特征和维管柱类型,认为3属中升麻属最原始,金莲花属次之,飞燕草属进化程度最高。     

基于线粒体COI基因探讨鹟亚科部分属和种的分类地位

采用PCR扩增、测序的方法,对鹟亚科（Muscicapinae）6属16种鸟类的线粒体COI基因序列1176 bp进行测定,并以荒漠伯劳和发冠卷尾作为外群构建Bayes、ML、MP 3棵系统发育树。结果支持：寿带属（Terpsiphone）、扇尾鹟属（Rhipidura）、方尾鹟属（Culicicapa）3属与鹟亚科其他鸟类亲缘关系较远,扇尾鹟属与方尾鹟属亲缘关系较近;鹟属（Muscicapa）为单系发生,本研究结果未能确定它与仙鹟属、姬鹟属的进化关系;铜蓝鹟（Muscicapa thalassina）从鹟属中移出,归入仙鹟属。上述结论解决了鹟亚科部分属间的进化关系,为鹟亚科分类系统的研究提供了分子水平证据。     

大白菜幼苗初生维管系统的解剖学研究

大白菜是子叶出土幼苗,子叶节区下部具木质部中部凹缢的中始式二原型单中柱,特称芸苔型。作者在白菜幼苗子叶节区中部也发现了属于管状中柱范畴的疏隙中柱阶段,从而进一步证明管状中柱和疏隙中柱在种子植物体内并非毛莨科某些属所特有,至少在十字花科的芸苔属也存在。     

南极长城站地区土壤微生物生态作用的初步探讨

从南极长城站附近联合采样13个,并进行了土壤微生物的数量统计与种类鉴定。氨化细菌的菌量为10⁴～10⁶cells／g,共7个属：微球菌属（Micrococcus）,葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,产碱菌属（Alcaligenes）,黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）,节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）;固氮细菌菌量为10⁵～10⁷cells／g,仅一个固氮菌属（Azotobacter）;硝化细菌一般为10⁴cells／g,分属两个属：硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）,硝化球菌属（Nitrococcus）;真菌为10³cells／g,分属5个属：青霉菌属（Penicillium）,金孢霉菌属（Chrysosporium）,枝孢霉菌属（Cladosporium）,曲霉菌属（As-pergillus）,散囊菌属（Eurotium）,反硝化菌为 10²～10⁴cells／g,分属 3个属：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,微球菌属（Micrococcus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;放线菌分属3个属：链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,和诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）。联采样品12℃培养的出现率主要类群是：假单胞菌属（42％）,芽孢杆菌属（35％）,微球菌属（31％）,节杆菌属（27％）,青霉菌属（58％）,枝孢霉菌属（54％）,硝化杆菌属（81％）,固氮菌属（88％）,反硝化细菌中主要是假单胞菌属（58％）,芽孢杆菌属（38％）。文中还讨论了微生物菌量与土壤总碳、总氮的相关性及其在该地区氮循环中的生态学作用。     

蒙古栎和紫椴幼苗对光环境转变的光合作用响应

比较研究了从温室5%光强转到10%、30%和100%光强处理下,蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）和紫椴（Tilia amurensis）幼苗的光合能力和叶绿素荧光的响应,揭示了两个树种对光环境变化的不同适应情况及其光保护机制。结果表明,光强转换后两种幼苗都发生了严重光抑制,蒙古栎幼苗的最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）在光强转变后第3天降到最低（0.52）,紫椴幼苗在光强转变后第1天就降到了最低（0.67）,蒙古栎降低幅度明显高于紫椴。之后随着光适应时间的延长逐渐恢复到原有水平,说明短时期的光抑制没有对两种幼苗的光合机构造成光损伤;从不同光照条件来看,无论是最大净光合速率（P_max）,还是实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）,2种幼苗均为30%光强下的值高于10%和100%光强,说明过低或过高的光强都不利于幼苗的生长发育,只有适当的中光才利于幼苗的生长发育;与30%光强相比,蒙古栎幼苗100%光强下P_max、F_v/F_m、ФPSⅡ、NPQ的变化幅度远大于紫椴幼苗,表明高光强对蒙古栎幼苗的影响要大于紫椴;100%光强下,2种幼苗均通过大量增加非光化学淬灭（NPQ）、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素之比（Car/Chl）耗散过剩光能,降低单位鲜重叶绿素含量（Chl）以减少光能吸收,避免了光合机构光破坏。     

模拟酸雨对濒危物种夏蜡梅幼苗生理生态特性的影响

以濒危物种夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)幼苗为对象,研究了不同强度酸雨（pH2.5、pH3.5、pH4.5和pH5.6（CK））对其生理生态特性的影响。结果表明：7月,不同强度酸雨处理下,净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线;随着酸雨pH值的降低,日均P_n值下降,各处理组之间均差异极显著。随着酸雨pH值的降低,夏蜡梅幼苗最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、光饱和点（LSP）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）逐渐下降。而光补偿点（LCP）、暗呼吸速率（R_d）随着酸雨pH值的降低而升高。pH3.5、pH2.5处理夏蜡梅幼苗表观量子效率（AQE）比对照低,而pH4.5处理比对照高。F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o随着酸雨pH值的降低而减小。酸雨胁迫增强了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增加了丙二醛（MDA）的含量、提高了质膜的透性。总之,酸雨胁迫降低了夏蜡梅的光合能力,对其它生理指标产生不利的影响。     

基于nrDNA GapC基因内含子序列的资源冷杉遗传多样性研究

通过nrDNA GapC基因内含子序列的测序和分析,揭示资源冷杉遗传多样性水平和种群分化的强弱并推断其进化历史。资源冷杉3个种群的34个个体共获得70条GapC基因内含子序列,有8个核苷酸变异位点,鉴别出12种单倍型。银竹老山、大院和舜黄山种群分别有10种、6种和7种单倍型;有7个个体得到了2种以上的单倍型。资源冷杉物种水平的单倍型多样性（h）为0.817 0,种群的在0.683 3～0.883 1之间;物种水平的核苷酸多样性（π）为0.003 90,种群的在0.002 63～0.003 82之间。种群遗传分化研究结果（G_st=0.103,p<0.05）说明种群间存在显著的遗传分化,分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果也证明虽然大多数的核苷酸多态性（88.64％,p<0.001）来源于种群内个体间的变异,但是仍有显著性比例存在种群间（11.36%,p<0.05）。Tajima’s D、Fu &; Li’s D、Fu &; Li’s Fs中性检验结果都表明资源冷杉在物种和种群水平上都不拒绝中性进化。资源冷杉单倍型的谱系没有出现地区特异性谱系分支,核苷酸不配对分析（mismatch analysis）结果表明没有发生近期的群体扩张,资源冷杉的N_st（0.131）与G_st（0.103）没有显著性差异（p>0.05）,表明种群没有明显的地理结构。推测现存资源冷杉是相对较近的时间内片断化的产物。     

广东蕨类植物新资料

报道了2个新异名,1个新等级和35种蕨类植物在广东的分布新记录。正安肋毛蕨（Ctenitis changanensis Ching）和信宜铁角蕨（Asplenium xinyiense Ching et S.H.Wu）分别作直鳞肋毛蕨（Ctenitis eatoni (Bak.) Ching）和厚叶铁角蕨（Asplenium griffithianum Hook）的异名处理;齿翅井栏凤尾蕨（Pteris serralata（Miau）Y. H. Yan）被提升到种的等级;假芒萁属（Sticherus Presl）、柄盖蕨属（Peranema D. Don）、蛾眉蕨属（Lunathyrium Koidz.）和革舌蕨属（Scleroglossum Alderw）等4个属为广东分布新记录,小笠原卷柏（Selaginella boninensis Baker）为中国大陆分布新记录。广东现有蕨类已达到56科144属502种。     

大花翠雀幼苗初生维管系统的解剖学研究

大花翠雀（Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｉｕｍｇｒａｎｄｉｆｌｏｒｕｍ）幼苗初生维管系统的解剖学研究表明,子叶节区是客观存在的,并以子叶节区为中心存在两个过渡区,即向上的子叶节─茎过渡区和向下的子叶节一根过渡区。在子叶节区下部存在原始的外始式二原型十字形单中柱。本研究为进一步揭示毛茛科植物的起源和演化积累一份新资料。     

Mitodepressive effects ofChelidonium alkaloids on root tip cells ofAllium cepa L

A comparison of the effects of a water extract of the fresh vegetation apex ofChelidonium majus L. var.majus, with those of berberine sulphate and of chelidonine hydrochloride is reported. The water extract of fresh stems and leaves ofChelidonium majus and the berberine sulphate solution had marked mitodepressive effects on onion root tip cells. Chelidonine hydrochloride had similar but less marked effects. On the basis of the results obtained it can be assumed that the most active group of substances with cytostatic effects, hindering the cells from entering mitosis, are protoberberine bases contained in the latex ofChelidonium majus. Within the range of the investigated concentrations the extract of fresh stems and leaves was less toxic for the cells than berberine sulphate. The data ascertained provide evidence that the mechanism of the cytostatic action of chelidonine, of berberine, as well as of the extract of fresh stems and leaves ofChelidonium, majus differs from the mechanism of the action of colchicine. Of the testedChelidonium alkaloids only chelidonine produced a partial inactivation of the mitotic spindle.     

Adlumidiceine and adlumiceine: New alkaloids of narceine type

The structures of new alkaloids of narceine type, adlumidiceine (II), adlumiceine (III), and enol lactone of adlumidiceine (IV), isolated from Papaver rhoeas L. and Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Papaveraceae), were determined by PMR, MS and IR spectra.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Coreanomecon (Papaveraceae: Chelidonioideae) inferred from seed morphology and nrITS sequence data

The phylogenetic position of the Coreanomecon, a monotypic genus endemic to Korea, has been controversial for a long time. Coreanomecon has variously been placed in its own genus or combined with Hylomecon or Chelidonium. The main purpose of this study was to examine the phylogenetic position of Coreanomecon in relation to genera of the subfamily Chelidonioideae using seed morphology and molecular data. The seed morphology of 10 genera of Chelidonioideae was examined using microtome sections and scanning electron microscopy. The shape and size of exotestal cells varied between genera. The exotestal cells were tangentially elongated in Chelidonium majus, Stylophorum diphyllum and Hylomecon vernalis, whereas the cells were sub‐orbicular and broad in Coreanomecon hylomeconoides. The endotesta was represented by thick palisade‐like cells that contain small rectangular crystals near their outer walls. The mesotesta was totally collapsed in Co. hylomeconoides but wholly or partly persistent in Ch. majus and H. vernalis. The seed surface of Co. hylomeconoides was well ornamented with a unique echinate seed surface, whereas other genera showed plain and reticulate seed surfaces. A phylogenetic analysis of the genera including Coreanomecon was conducted with nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences using genetic distance, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results confirm that Co. hylomeconoides is separated from both Hylomecon species and is a sister group to Chelidonium majus and Stylophorum diphyllum with robust bootstrap support. In addition to differences in the absence of cauline leaves and rhizomes, the presence of a hairy stem and leaves, and 12‐pericolpate pollen, seed characters and molecular data strongly support the recognition of Coreanomecon as an independent genus, distinct from Hylomecon and Chelidonium.     

Evolutionary genetics of an S-like polymorphism in Papaveraceae with putative function in self-incompatibility

Background

Papaver rhoeas possesses a gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system not homologous to any other SI mechanism characterized at the molecular level. Four previously published full length stigmatic S-alleles from the genus Papaver exhibited remarkable sequence divergence, but these studies failed to amplify additional S-alleles despite crossing evidence for more than 60 S-alleles in Papaver rhoeas alone.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using RT-PCR we identified 87 unique putative stigmatic S-allele sequences from the Papaveraceae Argemone munita, Papaver mcconnellii, P. nudicuale, Platystemon californicus and Romneya coulteri. Hand pollinations among two full-sib families of both A. munita and P. californicus indicate a strong correlation between the putative S-genotype and observed incompatibility phenotype. However, we also found more than two S-like sequences in some individuals of A. munita and P. californicus, with two products co-segregating in both full-sib families of P. californicus. Pairwise sequence divergence estimates within and among taxa show Papaver stigmatic S-alleles to be the most variable with lower divergence among putative S-alleles from other Papaveraceae. Genealogical analysis indicates little shared ancestral polymorphism among S-like sequences from different genera. Lack of shared ancestral polymorphism could be due to long divergence times among genera studied, reduced levels of balancing selection if some or all S-like sequences do not function in incompatibility, population bottlenecks, or different levels of recombination among taxa. Preliminary estimates of positive selection find many sites under selective constraint with a few undergoing positive selection, suggesting that self-recognition may depend on amino acid substitutions at only a few sites.

Conclusions/Significance

Because of the strong correlation between genotype and SI phenotype, sequences reported here represent either functional stylar S-alleles, tightly linked paralogs of the S-locus or a combination of both. The considerable complexity revealed in this study shows we have much to learn about the evolutionary dynamics of self-incompatibility systems.     

The Identification of the Seeds of the British Papaveraceae

The morphology of seeds of British wild, introduced, and commonlycultivated members of the Papaveraceae has been examined, anda key to the identification of the seeds is presented. Quantitative data on size and weight as well as informationabout shape, colour and surface features of the seeds are givenfor Papaver rhoeas L., P. dubium L., P. lecoqii lamotte, P.hybridum L., P. argemone L., P. somniferum L., P. lateritiumC. Koch, P. atlanticum (Ball) Coss., P. orientale L., P. nudicauleL., Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig., M. betonicifolia French,Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC., Glaucium flavum Crantz., G. corniculatum(L.) Rudolph, Chelidonium majus L., Eschscholzia californicaCham., E. erecta cv. compacta and E. erecta cv. miniature. Arepresentative sample of each seed is illustrated.     

夏侧金盏花幼苗初生维管系统的解剖学研究

夏侧金盏花(Adonis estivalis L.)为毛莨科(Ranuncula-ceae)侧金盏花属(Adonis)植物。其幼苗可明显地分为上胚轴苗区、子叶节区和下胚轴根区。幼苗以子叶节区为中心,往上其子叶节区中部和上部为子叶节—茎过渡区;向下其下胚轴为子叶节—根过渡区。目前对毛莨科某些属幼苗初生维管系统的个体发育研究已有一些报道。但夏侧金盏花幼苗的子叶节—茎过渡区的转变与已报道的其他属均不同。主要表现为其子叶节区下部的中始式二原型双肩状单中柱,到达子叶节区中部,其后生木质部弦向发育成二唇形外韧维管束雏型,在中柱中央出现薄壁组织,进一步发育则形成髓;再往上,即子叶节区上部,便一分为多个内始式的外韧维管束雏型,直接形成上胚轴(茎)的真中柱。此研究为再一次验证子叶节区理论的正确性与进一步揭示被子植物初生维管系统的演化规律积累一份新资料。     

Genetic diversity and host range of powdery mildews on Papaveraceae

Because of the strong morphological similarity of the powdery mildew fungi that infect papaveraceous hosts, a total of 39 samples were studied to reveal the phylogeny and host range of these fungi. ITS and 28S sequence analyses revealed that the isolates identified earlier as Erysiphe cruciferarum on papaveraceous hosts represent distinct lineages and differ from that of E. cruciferarum sensu stricto on brassicaceous hosts. The taxonomic status of the anamorph infecting Eschscholzia californica was revised, and therefore, a new species name, Erysiphe eschscholziae, is proposed. The taxonomic position of the Pseudoidium anamorphs infecting Glaucium flavum, Meconopsis cambrica, Papaver dubium, and Stylophorum diphyllum remain unclear. This study revealed that Erysiphe macleayae exhibits a specific host range different from that of E. cruciferarum, the common pathogen of papaveraceous hosts. Although E. macleayae occurred naturally on Macleaya cordata, Macleaya microcarpa, M. cambrica, and Chelidonium majus only, our inoculation tests revealed that the fungus was capable of infecting Argemone grandiflora, Glaucium corniculatum, Papaver rhoeas, and Papaver somniferum, indicating that these plant species may also be taken into account as potential hosts. Erysiphe cruciferarum originating from P. somniferum was not able to infect A. grandiflora, C. majus, E. californica, M. cordata, and P. rhoeas. The emergence of E. macleayae on M. microcarpa is reported here for the first time from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The appearance of chasmothecia of E. macleayae on C. majus in Slovakia was reported, as well. Erysiphe cruciferarum was identified on G. corniculatum and reported here for the first time from Slovakia.