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1.
The changes in the levels of intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplast adenine nucleotides during the time course of light-dependent CO2 fixation were determined with respect to the effect of antimycin A. This study demonstrated that antimycin A lowered the rate of ATP formation during the induction period of carboxylation. While the steady state levels of ATP and the energy-charge value also decreased in the presence of antimycin, the concomitant increase of the CO2 fixation activities insured higher ATP turnover rates. Changes in the labeling of CO2 fixation products during the lag phase suggested a stepwise activation of the Calvin cycle, with fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and ribulose 5-phosphate kinase being activated before ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase. The possible mechanisms of the enhancement of CO2 fixation activity by antimycin A in relation to its action on photophosphorylation during the lag phase are discussed.  相似文献   

2.
W. Kaiser  W. Urbach 《BBA》1976,423(1):91-102
1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate in concentrations ? 2.5 mM completely inhibits CO2-dependent O2 evolution in isolated intact spinach chloroplasts. This inhibition is reversed by the addition of equimolar concentrations of Pi, but not by addition of 3-phosphoglycerate. In the absence of Pi, 3-phosphoglycerate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, only about 20% of the 14C-labelled intermediates are found in the supernatant, whereas in the presence of each of these substances the percentage of labelled intermediates in the supernatant is increased up to 70–95%. Based on these results the mechanism of the inhibition of O2 evolution by dihydroxyacetone phosphate is discussed with respect to the function of the known phosphate translocator in the envelope of intact chloroplasts.2. Although O2 evolution is completely suppressed by dihydroxyacetone phosphate, CO2 fixation takes place in air with rates of up to 65μ mol · mg?1 chlorophyll · h?1. As non-cyclic electron transport apparently does not occur under these conditions, these rates must be due to endogenous pseudocyclic and/or cyclic photophosphorylation.3. Under anaerobic conditions, the rates of CO2 fixation in presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate are low (2.5–7 μmol · mg?1 chlorophyll · h?1), but they are strongly stimulated by addition of dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea (e.g. 2 · 10?7 M) reaching values of up to 60 μmol · mg?1 chlorophyll · h?1. As under these conditions the ATP necessary for CO2 fixation can be formed by an endogenous cyclic photophosphorylation, the capacity of this process seems to be relatively high, so it might contribute significantly to the energy supply of the chloroplast. As dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea stimulates CO2 fixation in presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions, it is concluded that only under anaerobic conditions an “overreduction” of the cyclic electron transport system takes place, which is removed by dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea in suitable concentrations. At concentrations above 5 · 10?7 M dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea inhibits dihydroxyacetone phosphate-dependent CO2 fixation under anaerobic as well as under aerobic conditions in a similar way as normal CO2 fixation. Therefore, we assume that a properly poised redox state of the electron transport chain is necessary for an optimal occurrence of endogenous cyclic photophosphorylation.4. The inhibition of dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea-stimulated CO2 fixation in presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by dibromothymoquinone under anaerobic conditions indicates that plastoquinone is an indispensible component of the endogenous cyclic electron pathway.  相似文献   

3.
Effect of antimycin a on photosynthesis of intact spinach chloroplasts   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
Low concentrations (0.5-10 μm) of antimycin A were shown to increase the rate of CO2 fixation, O2 evolution and inorganic phosphate esterification in intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. The increase was highest when the light intensity was saturating. Stimulation was independent of the bicarbonate concentration and was accompanied by an enhancement in the synthesis of glycerate 3-phosphate with a decrease in dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The antibiotic decreased the Michaelis constant of the chloroplast but not of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for bicarbonate. It was suggested that antimycin A is affecting that portion (outer envelope) of the intact chloroplast which contains the enzyme mechanism for controlling the pace of CO2 fixation.  相似文献   

4.
Bicarbonate uptake by isolated chloroplast envelope membranes and intact chloroplasts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. Viroflay) in darkness exhibited a similar dependency upon temperature, pH, time, and concentrations of isolated or attached envelope membranes. This similarity in uptake properties demonstrates the usefulness of the envelope membranes for the study of chloroplast permeability. Maximal rates for dark HCO3- uptake by isolated envelope membranes and intact chloroplasts were more than sufficient to account for the maximal rates of photosynthetic CO2 fixation observed with intact chloroplasts. The active species involved in the uptake process was found to be HCO3- and not CO2. The significance of HCO3- uptake and its relationship to carbonic anhydrase and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase is discussed. Conditions for maximal HCO3- uptake in darkness by intact chloroplasts were found to be similar to those required for maximal photosynthetic CO2 fixation, suggesting that HCO3- uptake by the envelope membrane may regulate photosynthetic CO2 fixation.  相似文献   

5.
1. The pH in the stroma and in the thylakoid space has been measured in a number of chloroplast preparations in the dark and in the light at 20 °C. Illumination causes a decrease of the pH in the thylakoid space by 1.5 and an increase of the pH in the stroma by almost 1 pH unit.2. CO2 fixation is shown to be strongly dependent on the pH in the stroma. The pH optimum was 8.1, with almost zero activity below pH 7.3. Phosphoglycerate reduction, which is a partial reaction of CO2 fixation, shows very little pH dependency.3. Low concentrations of the uncoupler m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibit CO2 fixation without affecting phosophoglycerate reduction. This inhibition of CO2 fixation appears to be caused by reversal of light induced alkalisation in the stroma by CCCP.4. Methylamine has a very different effect compared to CCCP. Increasing concentrations of methylamine inhibit CO2 fixation and phosphoglycerate reduction to the same extent. The light induced alkalisation of the stroma appears not to be significantly inhibited by methylamine, but the protons in the thylakoid space are neutralized. The inhibition of CO2 fixation by higher concentrations of methylamine is explained by an inhibition of photophosphorylation. It appears that methylamine does not abolish proton transport.5. It is shown that intact chloroplasts are able to fix CO2 in the dark, yielding 3-phosphoglycerate. This requires the addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate as precursor of ribulosemonophosphate and also to supply ATP, and the addition of oxaloacetate for reoxidation of the NADPH in the stroma.6. Dark CO2 fixation in the presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and oxaloacetate has the same pH dependency as CO2 fixation in the light. This demonstrates that CO2 fixation in the dark is not possible, unless the pH in the medium is artificially raised to pH 8.8.7. It is shown that pH changes occurring in the stroma after illumination are sufficient to switch CO2 fixation from zero to maximal activity. This offers a mechanism for light control of CO2 fixation, avoiding wasteful CO2 fixation in the dark.  相似文献   

6.
This study examines the capacity of intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts to fix 14CO2 when supplied with Benson-Calvin cycle intermediates in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). Under these conditions, substantial 14CO2 fixation occurred in the light but not in the dark when either dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ribulose 5-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, or fructose bisphosphate was added. The highest rate of 14CO2 fixation (20-40 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour) was obtained with dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In contrast, no 14CO2 fixation occurred when 3-phosphoglycerate was used. 14CO2 fixation in the presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and DCMU was inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, dl-glyceraldehyde, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. Low concentrations of O2 (25-50 micromolar) stimulated 14CO2 fixation, but the activity decreased with increasing O2 concentrations. The fixation of 14CO2 in the presence of DCMU and dihydroxyacetone phosphate was also observed in maize bundle sheath cells. These results provide direct evidence for cyclic photophosphorylation in intact chloroplasts. The activity measured is adequate to support all the extra ATP requirements for maximum rates of photosynthesis in these intact chloroplasts.  相似文献   

7.
Avron M  Gibbs M 《Plant physiology》1974,53(2):140-143
Factors affecting CO2 fixation in the spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplast were investigated. Free magnesium ions are shown to be highly inhibitory for photosynthetic CO2 fixation in isolated intact spinach chloroplasts. The pH optimum for CO2 fixation is about 8.5 but is dependent upon the reaction medium. Conditions are defined under which chloroplasts illuminated in the absence of CO2 accumulate ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, and fix CO2 in a subsequent dark period when high magnesium ion concentrations are provided. The regulation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by these factors is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
The rates of carboxylation, photophosphorylation and acetate incorporation have been compared in the intact and broken chloroplasts of Hydrilla verticillata Royle leaves in the presence and absence of certain inhibitors and metabolites. The intact chloroplasts showed low rates of photophosphorylation, high rates of carboxylation, and exhibited normal capacity for fatty acid biosynthesis. In broken chloroplasts a drastic decrease was observed in the rates of carboxylation and acetate incorporation. However, the rate of photophosphorylation was considerably increased. In the presence of light, inhibitors such as iodoacetamide, arsenite and sodium azide decreased the photophosphorylation rate. F-1,6-di-P and PGA stimulated CO2 fixation rate. In the absence of artificial light, inhibitors such as sodium arsenite, gluconate-6-phosphate, sodium azide and iodoacetamide decreased the rate of CO2 fixation. CoA, ATP, G-6-P, F-1,6-di-P Stimulated the synthesis of fatty acids. Exogenous supply of ADP. NADH, NADP and NADPH did not stimulate fatty acid biosynthesis probably because these compounds could not gain entry into the chloroplasts. Light was necessary for the in vitro fatty acid biosynthesis.  相似文献   

9.
CO2 fixation by a suspension of isolated spinach chloroplasts was terminated by turning off the light, and changes of metabolite levels in the chloroplast stroma and the surrounding medium were assayed. Whereas CO2 fixation comes to a total stop within 15 seconds, a conversion of triose phosphates to heptose, hexose, and pentose monophosphates is found to occur for 1 to 2 minutes afterwards. It seems from these data that an inactivation of fructose and sedoheptulose bisphosphatases proceeds with a lag period. In contrast, the conversion of pentose monophosphates to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is inhibited immediately after the stop of illumination. As the stromal level of freely available ATP was not depleted under this condition, these data demonstrate that ribulose 5-phosphate kinase was very rapidly inactivated after darkening of the chloroplasts. Essentially, the same effect is also observed when CO2 fixation is partially inhibited by addition of moderate concentrations of m-chlorocarbonyl phenylhydrazone, partially uncoupling photophosphorylation. It appears from these results, that the activity of ribulose 5-phosphate kinase is not only regulated by light through the mediation of reduced carriers like thioredoxin but also by alternative parameters, e.g. stromal metabolite levels.  相似文献   

10.
Effects of glyoxylate on photosynthesis by intact chloroplasts   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
Because glyoxylate inhibits CO2 fixation by intact chloroplasts and purified ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, glyoxylate might be expected to exert some regulatory effect on photosynthesis. However, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity and activation in intact chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea L. leaves were not substantially inhibited by 10 millimolar glyoxylate. In the light, the ribulose bisphosphate pool decreased to half when 10 millimolar glyoxylate was present, whereas this pool doubled in the control. When 10 millimolar glyoxylate or formate was present during photosynthesis, the fructose bisphosphate pool in the chloroplasts doubled. Thus, glyoxylate appeared to inhibit the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate, but not its utilization.

The fixation of CO2 by intact chloroplasts was inhibited by salts of several weak acids, and the inhibition was more severe at pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0. At pH 6.0, glyoxylate inhibited CO2 fixation by 50% at 50 micromolar, and glycolate caused 50% inhibition at 150 micromolar. This inhibition of CO2 fixation seems to be a general effect of salts of weak acids.

Radioactive glyoxylate was reduced to glycolate by chloroplasts more rapidly in the light than in the dark. Glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) from intact chloroplast preparations had an apparent Km (glyoxylate) of 140 micromolar and a Vmax of 3 micromoles per minute per milligram chlorophyll.

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11.
Suspensions of mesophyll cells, prepared from tobacco leaves by treatment with pectinase, fixed CO2 by photosynthesis. The products of carbon assimilation were similar for both cells and intact tissue. The cells sustained a constant fixation rate for 20 to 25 hours. For optimal CO2 fixation, enzymatic maceration of the tissue was accomplished in 0.8 m sorbitol, but photosynthesis was optimal in 0.6 m sorbitol at pH 7 to 7.5. A hypertonic environment during maceration, which results in cell plasmolysis, is essential to maintain intact plasmalemmas and hence photosynthetically active cells. For sustained CO2 fixation, light intensities below 500 foot-candles were required. Higher light intensities (to 1000 foot-candles) gave high initial rates of CO2 fixation, but the cells bleached and were inactive on prolonged incubation. At pH 7.0 the bicarbonate concentration at maximal velocity of CO2 fixation was about 1.5 mm and the apparent Km for bicarbonate was 0.2 mm.  相似文献   

12.
The catalase activity of unwashed preparations containing intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts is inhibited both by cyanide and by azide at concentrations which also cause inhibition of photosynthetic CO2- dependent O2 evolution.

Aminotriazole can also be used to inhibit this contaminant catalase, and in this case inhibition of catalase can be achieved at aminotriazole concentrations which have little effect on the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation. Aminotriazole may be used as a specific inhibitor of catalase in order to demonstrate inhibition of photosynthesis by added H2O2.

It is therefore concluded that inhibition of photosynthesis by cyanide and azide does not necessarily result from inhibition of catalase in the chloroplast preparation, and that intact chloroplasts do not produce inhibitory concentrations of H2O2 under the best experimental conditions for CO2 fixation.

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13.
Mechanism of glycolate transport in spinach leaf chloroplasts   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
Takabe T  Akazawa T 《Plant physiology》1981,68(5):1093-1097
The incorporation of 14CO2 into glycolate by intact spinach leaf (Spinacia oleracea L. var. Kyoho) chloroplasts exposed to 14CO2 (NaH14CO3, 1 millimolar) in the light was determined as a function of O2 concentrations in the reaction media. A hyperbolic saturation curve was obtained, apparent Km (O2) of 0.28 millimolar, indicating that glycolate is produced predominantly by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. A concentration gradient of glycolate was invariably observed between chloroplast stroma and the outside media surrounding chloroplasts during photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation under an O2 atmosphere.  相似文献   

14.
Salicylaldoxime (2 × 10−3m and less) inhibits cyclic photophosphorylation in intact Chlorella cells severely whereas photosynthetic O2-evolution and 14CO2-fixation is hardly affected. Cyclic photophosphorylation in vivo was measured by following anaerobic light dependent glucose uptake. A similar difference in susceptibility has been observed with carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Various controls exclude the possibility that the difference in inhibition was caused by differing experimental conditions or, in the case of glucose assimilation, by an inhibition of a reaction other than photophosphorylation.  相似文献   

15.
The isolation of the photosynthetically competent chloroplast preparations was undertaken by means of the density gradient centrifugation on the modified silica sol “Percoll.” A clear separation of the intact chloroplast sustaining the high photosynthetic activities (light dependent CO2 fixation ca. 130μmol/mg Chl·hr) was established. The contamination of mitochondria and peroxisomes was estimated to be less than 3% by measuring the activities of their marker enzymes. The chloroplasts were proved to be free from endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. The photosynthetic CO2 fixation of the isolated chloroplast preparations was saturated by illumination of the light intensity of 20,000 Lux (12 mW/cm2, 400~750 nm).  相似文献   

16.
Previously, C Baysdorfer and JM Robinson (1985 Plant Physiol 77: 318-320) demonstrated that, in a reconstituted spinach chloroplast system, NADP photoreduction functioning at most maximal rate and reductant demand, was the successful competitor with NO2 photoreduction for reduced ferredoxin. This resulted in a repression of NO2 reduction until all NADP available had been almost totally reduced. Further experiments, employing isolated, intact spinach leaf plastids and soybean leaf mesophyll cells, were conducted to examine competition for reductant between CO2 and NO2 photoassimilation, in situ. In isolated, intact plastid preparations, regardless of whether the demand for reductant by CO2 photoassimilation was high (5 millimolar `CO2') with rates of CO2 fixation in the range 40 to 90 micromoles CO2 fixed per hour per milligram chlorophyll, low (0.5 millimolar `CO2') with rates in the range 5 to 8 micromoles CO2 per hour per milligram chlorophyll, or zero (no `CO2'), NO2 photoreduction displayed equal rates in the range of 8 to 22 micromoles per hour per milligram chlorophyll. In the absence of `CO2', but in the presence of saturating white light, 3-phosphoglycerate photoreduction at rates of 82 to 127 micromoles per hour per milligram chlorophyll did not repress, and occasionally stimulated concomitant rates of NO2 reduction which ranged from 23.4 to 38.5. Conversely, in plastid preparations, NO2 at levels of 50 to 100 micromolar, stimulated plastid CO2 fixation when `CO2' was saturating with respect to carboxylation. Further, levels of NO2 in the range 250 to 2500 micromolar, stimulated soybean leaf mesophyll cell net CO2 fixation as much as 1.5-fold if `CO2' was saturating with respect to CO2 fixation. It appeared likely that, in high light in vivo, CO2 and NO2 photoassimilatory processes are not forced to intercompete for reduced ferredoxin in the intact chloroplast.  相似文献   

17.
Nomenclature for Isolated Chloroplasts   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
THE nomenclature used to describe the “intactness” or degree of breakage of isolated chloioplasts has been most confusing in the past few years. This resulted chiefly from reports that chloroplasts should be isolated carefully and rapidly to obtain high rates of CO2 fixation (50–250 µmol/mg chlorophyll/h). This type of chloroplast cannot translocate NADP, ferricyanide or ADP through its intact limiting membrane or envelope. “Class I” chloroplasts, as seen by phase contrast microscopy, had previously been considered to be similar to the in vivo situation. Unfortunately, in vitro they showed only low rates of CO2 a fixation and easily transported NADP, ferricyanide and ADP into the chloroplast.  相似文献   

18.
Leaves of C3 plants which exhibit a normal O2 inhibition of CO2 fixation at less than saturating light intensity were found to exhibit O2-insensitive photosynthesis at high light. This behavior was observed in Phaseolus vulgaris L., Xanthium strumarium L., and Scrophularia desertorum (Shaw.) Munz. O2-insensitive photosynthesis has been reported in nine other C3 species and usually occurred when the intercellular CO2 pressure was about double the normal pressure. A lack of O2 inhibition of photosynthesis was always accompanied by a failure of increased CO2 pressure to stimulate photosynthesis to the expected degree. O2-insensitive photosynthesis also occurred after plants had been water stressed. Under such conditions, however, photosynthesis became O2 and CO2 insensitive at physiological CO2 pressures. Postillumination CO2 exchange kinetics showed that O2 and CO2 insensitivity was not the result of elimination of photorespiration.

It is proposed that O2 and CO2 insensitivity occurs when the concentration of phosphate in the chloroplast stroma cannot be both high enough to allow photophosphorylation and low enough to allow starch and sucrose synthesis at the rates required by the rest of the photosynthetic component processes. Under these conditions, the energy diverted to photorespiration does not adversely affect the potential for CO2 assimilation.

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19.
Woo KC 《Plant physiology》1983,72(2):313-320
This study examines the effect of antimycin A and nitrite on 14CO2 fixation in intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Antimycin A (2 micromolar) strongly inhibited CO2 fixation but did not appear to inhibit or uncouple linear electron transport in intact chloroplasts. The addition of small quantities (40-100 micromolar) of nitrite or oxaloacetate, but not NH4Cl, in the presence of antimycin A restored photosynthesis. Antimycin A inhibition, and the subsequent restoration of photosynthetic activities by nitrite or oxaloacetate, was observed over a wide range of CO2 concentration, light intensity, and temperature. High O2 concentration (up to 240 micromolar) did not appear to influence the extent of the inhibition by antimycin A, nor the subsequent restoration of photosynthetic activity by nitrite or oxaloacetate. Studies of O2 exchanges during photosynthesis in cells and chloroplasts indicated that 2 micromolar antimycin A stimulated O2 uptake by about 25% while net O2 evolution was inhibited by 76%. O2 uptake in chloroplasts in the presence of 2 micromolar antimycin A was 67% of total O2 evolution. These results suggest that only a small proportion of the O2 uptake measured was directly linked to ATP generation. The above evidence indicates that cyclic photophosphorylation is the predominant energy-balancing reaction during photosynthesis in intact chloroplasts. On the other hand, pseudocyclic O2 uptake appears to play only a minimal role.  相似文献   

20.
Intact chloroplasts were isolated from sugarbeet leaves by the mechanical disruption technique normally used for spinach. The chloroplast pellet contained a ring of white irregularly shaped crystals which were identified as calcium oxalate. The chloroplasts were greater than 90% intact yet good rates of CO2 fixation were only obtained when inorganic pyrophosphate or 3-phosphoglycerate were added to the assay medium. Chloroplasts free of calcium oxalate were prepared by purification on a three step Percoll gradient. These purified chloroplasts were highly intact and showed high rates of CO2 fixation without adding inorganic pyrophosphate or 3-phosphoglycerate. With optimal assay conditions (0.2 mM orthophosphate and pH 8.0) rates of 110–130 μ mole per milligram chlorophyll per hour were routinely obtained. It is concluded that intact chloroplasts capable of high rates of CO2 fixation can be prepared from sugarbeet leaves using a simple three step Percoll gradient.  相似文献   

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