Karyotype structure, supernumerary chromosomes and heterochromatin distribution suggest a pathway of karyotype evolution in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)

The relationships between Dactylorhiza romana and D. saccifera from southern Italy were analysed. These two species, both with 2 n = 2 x = 40 chromosomes and belonging to different sections of the genus, were distinguishable on the basis of karyotype structure and heterochromatin amounts and distribution. Their C-banded karyotypes differed considerably. D. saccifera showed most chromosomes with banded regions in the short arms, whereas in D. romana the bands were located mostly at telomeric regions of longer arms. Several individuals of D. romana had one or two very large heterochromatic supernumerary chromosomes. Based on evidence resulting from karyotype structure and heterochromatin distribution in the two species and on the genetic distances derived from the comparison of ITS sequences, it is suggested that D. romana represents a primitive form with respect to D. saccifera and is a possible intermediate step in the evolution of the genus Dactylorhiza from the 42-chromosome Orchis group. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 138 , 85–91.     

Karyological and taxonomic notes on Ophrys (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula

Karyological information on Iberian Ophrys species is very limited. This paper provides the haploid and diploid chromosome numbers of 11 taxa of sect. Pseudophrys and sect. Ophrys , both of which are well represented in the Iberian Peninsula, and two taxa from Tunisia. The first data on chromosome numbers for O. vasconica (2 n  = 72, 74), O. ficalhoana (2 n  = 36), O. picta (2 n  = 36), O. sphegifera ( n  = 18, 2 n  = 36, 38) and O. passionis (2 n  = 36) are also presented, confirming the stability of the chromosome number in Ophrys . In addition, populations of the group O. omegaifera ( O. dyris and O. vasconica ), together with tetraploidy, pentaploidy and the existence of aneuploid phenomena, are reported for the first time in Iberia. The basic diploid number is always 2 n  = 36. The karyotypes of several species were analysed. Evolutionary trends in Ophrys chromosomes are discussed. Taxonomic and phytogeographical details are provided on several species or groups of species from Iberia.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003 , 142 , 395−406.     

Genetic patterns and pollination in Ophrys iricolor and O. mesaritica (Orchidaceae): sympatric evolution by pollinator shift

Ophrys iricolor and O. mesaritica are a pair of morphologically similar, closely related sexually deceptive orchids from the eastern Mediterranean. Ophrys iricolor is known to be pollinated by Andrena morio males and the specific pollinator of Ophrys mesaritica is determined as Andrena nigroaenea. Amplified fragment length polymorphism revealed O. iricolor and O. mesaritica to be genetically intermixed on the whole, although populations of O. iricolor and O. mesaritica in geographical proximity are strongly differentiated, suggesting that specific pollinators locally differentiate these taxa. Based on the available biological data and the system of pollinator attraction operative in Ophrys, we hypothesize that O. mesaritica may have arisen from O. iricolor by pollinator shift and that this is more probable than scenarios invoking hybridization as a result of mispollination by rare, non‐specific flower visitors or specifically attracted insects. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 583–598.     

Stomatal types of the genus Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae): an appraisal of diversity and taxonomic interest

The stomatal types of 102 species illustrating the different subdivisions of Bentham's classification of the genus Acacia were studied at two or three ontogenetic stages: first pinnate leaf to bipinnate leaves or to phyllode. Six stomatal types are recognized on the basis of Guyot's nomenclature (1966): 1, 2, 3, 4, 4', 6; a new type (3') is described. The specialization of the leaf up to the phyllode stage is followed by a decrease of diversity of the stomatal formula and an increasing frequency of the 'basic core' 3, 3', 4. The distinction between the two Australian groups of bipinnate species (series Pulchellae and Botrycephalae) is confirmed. Possible relationships between the cosmopolitan series Vulgares (the most primitive group) and some Australian taxa as well as between the Pulchellae and some phyllodic species from the Australian series Phyllodineae are commented on. The series Gummiferae looks quite distinct from other groups.     

Chromosomal evolution in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) with an emphasis on the genus Acianthera: chromosome numbers and heterochromatin

In this study, we analysed chromosome number variation and chromomycin A₃/4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (CMA/DAPI) banding patterns in 48 species belonging to 12 genera of subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) in order to understand the chromosome evolution based on recent phylogenetic hypotheses and taxonomic treatments. All species had small chromosomes, with numbers ranging from 2n = 20 in two Specklinia spp. to 2n = 80 in an unidentified Octomeria sp. In Acianthera, the most highly represented genus in this study, a great diversity of chromosome number and pattern of fluorescent bands was observed, showing heterochromatin accumulation in Acianthera section Sicariae subsection Pectinatae. Interspecific ascending and, mainly, descending dysploidy were the main mechanisms of chromosome number evolution in subtribe Pleurothallidinae. For Pleurothallidinae, x = 20 is suggested as the basic chromosome number, the same suggested for the related subtribe Laeliinae and for the whole tribe Epidendreae. The Brazilian species of the mega‐genus Stelis had chromosomes with small amounts of heterochromatin and chromosome numbers based on x₂ = 16. These are generally divergent from those reported for Andean and Meso‐American species, but in agreement with the monophyletic hypothesis proposed for Stelis spp. with a Brazilian Atlantic distribution. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 102–120.     

Life history evolution and genome size in subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae)

• Background and Aims Within Oncidiinae, there are severalgroups of species that are effectively annuals, and we wishedto see if these species had smaller genome sizes than averagefor the subtribe. • Methods Fifty-four genome size estimates (50 of whichare new) for species in subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) wereexamined for the first time in a phylogenetic context to evaluatehypotheses concerning genome sizes and life history traits. • Results and Conclusions Within the limits of still relativelysparse sampling, the species that are effectively annuals doappear to have smaller genome sizes than average. However, thegenome sizes of their immediate sister group are also small,indicating that changes in genome size preceded the change inlife history traits. Genome sizes and chromosome numbers alsodo not correlate; some slowly growing species have lower chromosomenumbers but large genomes and vice versa. Based on a surveyof the literature on orchids, it is also clear that epiphyticspecies have smaller genome sizes than do terrestrial species,which could be an effect of different water relations or thefact that most terrestrial orchids are geophytic or have distinctgrowth and dormancy phases.     

Seed micromorphology in the genus Neotinea Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae, Orchidinae)

The ultrastructure of testa seed in the genus Neotinea (Orchidaceae, Orchidinae) was examined for the first time. The morphology of the seed and of the anticlinal and periclinal walls was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative data concerning the length and width of the seed and embryo, seed and embryo volume, free air space, and number of cells along the longitudinal axis are presented. In all species, the seeds are fusiform in shape with transverse ridges on the inner periclinal walls. This ornamentation pattern is characteristic for the genus Neotinea . It is a good diagnostic value supporting the monophyly of this genus, which has recently been proposed by several authors.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 153 , 133–140.     

Genome evolution in the genus Sorghum (Poaceae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The roles of variation in DNA content in plant evolution and adaptation remain a major biological enigma. Chromosome number and 2C DNA content were determined for 21 of the 25 species of the genus Sorghum and analysed from a phylogenetic perspective. METHODS: DNA content was determined by flow cytometry. A Sorghum phylogeny was constructed based on combined nuclear ITS and chloroplast ndhF DNA sequences. KEY RESULTS: Chromosome counts (2n = 10, 20, 30, 40) were, with few exceptions, concordant with published numbers. New chromosome numbers were obtained for S. amplum (2n = 30) and S. leiocladum (2n = 10). 2C DNA content varies 8.1-fold (1.27-10.30 pg) among the 21 Sorghum species. 2C DNA content varies 3.6-fold from 1.27 pg to 4.60 pg among the 2n = 10 species and 5.8-fold (1.52-8.79 pg) among the 2n = 20 species. The x = 5 genome size varies over an 8.8-fold range from 0.26 pg to 2.30 pg. The mean 2C DNA content of perennial species (6.20 pg) is significantly greater than the mean (2.92 pg) of the annuals. Among the 21 species studied, the mean x = 5 genome size of annuals (1.15 pg) and of perennials (1.29 pg) is not significantly different. Statistical analysis of Australian species showed: (a) mean 2C DNA content of annual (2.89 pg) and perennial (7.73 pg) species is significantly different; (b) mean x = 5 genome size of perennials (1.66 pg) is significantly greater than that of the annuals (1.09 pg); (c) the mean maximum latitude at which perennial species grow (-25.4 degrees) is significantly greater than the mean maximum latitude (-17.6) at which annual species grow. CONCLUSIONS: The DNA sequence phylogeny splits Sorghum into two lineages, one comprising the 2n = 10 species with large genomes and their polyploid relatives, and the other with the 2n = 20, 40 species with relatively small genomes. An apparent phylogenetic reduction in genome size has occurred in the 2n = 10 lineage. Genome size evolution in the genus Sorghum apparently did not involve a 'one way ticket to genomic obesity' as has been proposed for the grasses.     

Systematics and evolution of the Dactylorhiza romana/sambucina polyploid complex (Orchidaceae)

The European–Mediterranean–Oriental Dactylorhiza romana/sambucina polyploid complex was studied with regard to genetic and morphological variation patterns. Allozyme and morphometric data were collected from 24 and 19 populations, respectively, initially identified as D. flavescens, D. insularis, D. markusii, D. romana, D. sambucina, and an indeterminate taxon. Genetic distances were calculated and illustrated by an unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram, and principal components analyses (PCAs) were used to summarize morphological variation patterns. Another PCA was performed on combined allozyme and morphometric data. On the basis of the dendrogram and the PCA plots, main groups of populations were delimited, and the probability that each morphological character would distinguish correctly between these groups was estimated. After combining morphometric interpretations with studies of herbarium material and information from the literature, the following taxa were confidently accepted: D. romana ssp. romana, D. romana ssp. guimaraesii (comb. et stat. nov.) , D. romana ssp. georgica, D. sambucina, D. cantabrica (sp. nov.) , and D. insularis. Levels of genetic diversity suggest that D. romana s.s. is the least derived member of the complex. The evolutionary divergence of the diploid species, D. romana and D. sambucina, was probably the outcome of vicariant speciation, whereas D. romana ssp. georgica and D. romana ssp. guimaraesii appear to have evolved from D. romana s.s. through incomplete vicariant and peripheral isolate speciation events, respectively. In some populations of the diploid taxa, a significant deficiency in heterozygotes was found at one to three loci. It is proposed that this pattern may indicate a Wahlund effect, hypothesizing that local populations are subdivided into demes determined by the commonly sympatric occurrence of two distinct colour morphs combined with partial morph constancy of individual pollinators (bumblebees). Several pathways are possible for the origin of the allotriploid D. insularis and the apparently allotetraploid D. cantabrica. A taxonomic revision is provided. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 152 , 405–434.     

Reproductive isolation in the Aegean Ophrys omegaifera complex (Orchidaceae)

The orchid genus Ophrys operates a system of sexual deception by which high specificity of pollination is attained. Reproductive isolation in Ophrys mainly rests upon prezygotic isolation mechanisms. The level of genetic separateness of Ophrys taxa with different pollinators is therefore likely determined by the fidelity of pollinators. The present study employs genetic fingerprinting to investigate this in the east Aegean Ophrys omegaifera s.l. complex, also including O. dryis, a west Mediterranean species of this complex. Ophrys fleischmannii, O. basilissa, and the west Mediterranean O. dyris, are found to be well-separated genetic entities whereas O. omegaifera s.str. and the putative hybrid taxon, O. sitiaca, are found to be genetically inseparable across their entire range of co-occurrence. This suggests that specific pollinators have high enough fidelity to act as effective isolating factors in east Aegean O. omegaifera s.l. as a whole, but that the situation in the species pair of O. sitiaca and O. omegaifera is likely to be more complex.     

Biosystematics of the genus Piperia Rydb. (Orchidaceae)

Piperia is a North American segregate of Habenaria consisting of 5 taxa (4 species and 1 subspecies). The genus is defined and differentiated from other North American genera of the Habenaria alliance by its morphology and pollination mechanism. All taxa have n = 21 chromosomes. Thin-layer chromatography of fresh leaf extracts and a morphological assessment revealed discrete, but variable, taxa. All species are partially interfertile; however, a high degree of sympatry suggests these species are reproductively isolated. One new combination is proposed: P. elongata subsp. michaelii.     

Giemsa C-banded karyotypes in Serupius L. (Orchidaceae)

Giemsa C-banding is utilized for the first time to characterize eight taxa of the genus Serapias . Heterochromatin distribution indicated that the Serapias species form a very homogeneous group. All the species possess chromosome pairs with similar heterochromatin patterns. C-banding showed conspicuous bands located around the centromeres, with some het-erochromatic short arms. There was more heterochromatin in S. apulica and S. nurrika than in the other taxa. Extensive centromeric heterochromatin may indicate recent structural rearrangements in the chromosome complement. Taken altogether, karyomorphology indicates a rather recent origin for the genus Serapias , which might also account for the small amount of interspecific variation observed.     

Cytological studies on some representative species of the tribe Orchideae (Orchidaceae) from China

Cytological studies were carried out on 14 taxa belonging to Amitostigma , Chusua , Galearis , Habenaria , Hemipilia , Hemipiliopsis , Herminium , Peristylus and Ponerochis , collected mostly from the south-eastern part of the Hengduan Mountain Region, south-west China. Cytological data on 11 of the taxa are reported for the first time. The interphase nuclei were either of the simple chromocentre type or intermediate between simple and complex chromocentre types. The nuclear morphology of Hemipiliopsis at interphase supports the conclusion that it is related more closely to Chusua and Ponerochis than to Habenaria . At the whole tribe level, however, the results did not indicate a clear correlation between morphological features of the interphase nuclei and phylogeny. The somatic chromosome numbers were 2 n  = 42 in ten species and 2 n  = 32, 38, 40, 64 and 72 in four species. The chromosome counts of 2 n  = 32 and 64 in Habenaria aitchsonii are rare in the genus. It is proposed that the repeated change of chromosome number from x  = 7 to x  = 8 has played an important role in the evolution of the tribe Orchideae. This change has occurred mainly in the European subtribe Orchidinae, but also in the Asian subtribe Habenariinae.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 145 , 231–238.     

Morphological systematics of Serapias L. (Orchidaceae) in Southwest Europe

We measured morphological characters and relative DNA contents to assess variation and phylogenetic relationships among Serapias species in three populations of each of the 10 putative taxa that occur in Southwest Europe. DNA contents indicated diploidy for most species, except for tetraploid S. lingua and hexaploid S. olbia. Multivariate (discriminant) analyses yielded two main groups: a small-flowered S. parviflora group and a large-flowered S. vomeracea group. Within the S. parviflora group, S. elsae should be considered a large-flowered variation of S. strictiflora. The geographically disjunct S. gregaria and S. strictiflora are probably different taxa. In the S. vomeracea group, analyses suggest that S. neglecta and S. cordigera are closely related. Serapias cordigera from the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula is probably a subspecies, S. perez-chiscanoi was separated from all other species and S. occidentalis was morphologically intermediate between S. cordigera and S. vomeracea, suggesting a hybrid origin, with the latter two taxa as parents.     

The genus Mesadenella (Orchidaceae) in Colombia with description of two new species

Two new species of Mesadenella, M. longipetiolata and M. bicordata, are described, illustrated and placed within the key to identification of Colombian Mesadenella species. The information about distribution and ecology of the new species as well as brief taxonomic notes are provided.     

Cytological studies on the genus Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae)

The karyotypes of ten species of Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae), a highly endangered and diversified genus from China, were investigated to study the infrageneric relationships, biogeography, and speciation patterns in the Hengduan Mountains. The karyotype formulae of the studied species are as follows: 2 n  = 38 = 20m + 18sm in H. subulifolium , 2 n  = 38 = 22m + 16sm in H. amesianum , 2 n  = 38 = 26m + 12sm (6 SAT) in H. lingulatum , 2 n  = 38 = 26m + 12sm in H. wangii , 2 n  = 38 = 10m + 28sm in H. kimballianum , 2 n  = 38 = 14m + 22sm + 2st in H. flavescens , 2 n  = 38 = 24m + 12sm + 2st in H. rupestre , 2 n  = 38 = 14m + 20sm + 4st in H. sinicum , 2 n  = 38 = 16m + 14sm + 8st in H. weixiense , and 2 n  = 76 in H. tsii . The karyotypes of two tropical species, H. amesianum and H. subulifolium , are the most primitive in the genus, whereas those of four temperate alpine species, H. sinicum , H. rupestre , H. weixiense , and H. flavescens , are more advanced. H. tsii is a tetraploid and H. rupestr e may be one of its ancestors. The low frequency of polyploidy in Holcoglossum in the Hengduan Mountains region supports the conclusion that chromosome stasis during rapid speciation is common there.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 154 , 283–288.     

Systematics and evolution of the Disa draconis complex (Orchidaceae)

The systematic status of Disa draconis (L.f.) Sw. is revised following extensive field studies of population variation in the Western Cape, South Africa. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed clear distinctions between populations from sandplain, semi-arid and montane environments. Diagnostic characters were found in each of the population clusters indicating the existence of a species complex, rather than a single taxon as in the current taxonomy. We propose, therefore, that the name D. draconis (L.f.) Sw. be restricted to the individuals of the sandplain populations from which the type was collected. We reinstate an earlier name, Disa harveiana Lindl., to describe the montane populations which possess several autapomorphic characters. We also show that the geographical variation in spur length and flowering time within this species can be partitioned into two geographically distinct subspecies: D. harveiana subsp. harveiana and D. harveiana subsp. longicalcarata Johnson & Linder. The populations from the semi-arid Karoo region were recognized as a distinct new species, Disa karooica Johnson & Linder, on the basis of their peculiar petal structure. A cladistic analysis indicated that the three species forming the D. draconis complex form a monophyletic and relatively specialized lineage within Disa sect. Coryphaea. The revised classification also has important conservation implications as D. draconis , previously considered a common species, is now restricted to a few highly threatened populations on the west coast near Cape Town.     

Increase of pollinator attraction by means of a visual signal in the sexually deceptive orchid, Ophrys heldreichii (Orchidaceae)

Orchids of the genus Ophrys are pollinated by males of solitary bees and wasps through sexual deception. Flowers mimic the odor of a receptive female and thus attract males that seek to copulate. Visual stimuli have been assumed so far to play only a minor role in male attraction. We investigated the role of the perigon as a potential visual signal in attracting pollinators in the orchid Ophrys heldreichii and its pollinator, the males of the long-horned bee Tetralonia berlandi (Apidae). In contrast to many other Ophrys species, O. heldreichii exhibits a large and bright pinkish perigon that appears visually conspicuous to a human observer. In a dual choice test we presented two flowers from a single plant and counted visitation rates. We then removed the perigon of one flower and retested the relative attractiveness of both flowers. For 292 male visits in ten trials we found a significant decrease of visitation rate for flowers with the perigon removed. In a second experiment we repeated the dual choice test using photos of the flowers. Males also significantly chose the picture of an intact flower over the picture of a modified flower where the perigon was digitally removed. From our data, we conclude that T. berlandi males respond to and are attracted by the bright pink perigon of the orchid in addition to other stimuli. A bright colorful perigon occurs almost only in the Ophrys holoserica-oestrifera group, a large sub-group of the genus. We hypothesize that this kind of visual signal is adaptive particularly in those Ophrys species where the targeted males patrol resourced-based encounter sites and strongly rely on their visual system while searching for their females.     

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae)

Internal transcribed spacer (ITS nuclear rDNA) data have been obtained from 190 terrestrial orchid species, encompassing all genera and the great majority of the widely recognized species of Orchidinae, a heterogeneous selection of species of Habenariinae, and single species of Satyriinae and Disinae (the latter serving as outgroup). The resulting parsimony‐based phylogeny reveals 12 well‐resolved clades within the Orchidinae, based on Anacamptis s.l., Serapias, Ophrys, Steveniella–Himantoglossum s.l. (including ‘Comperia’ and ‘Barlia’, most species being 2n = 36), Neotinea s.l., Traunsteinera–Chamorchis, Orchis s.s., Pseudorchis–Amerorchis–Galearis–Neolindleya–Platanthera s.l. (most 2n = 42), Dactylorhiza s.l., Gymnadenia s.l. (most 2n = 40, 80), Ponerorchis s.l.–Hemipilia s.l.–Amitostigma–Neottianthe, and Brachycorythis (most 2n = 42). Relationships are less clearly resolved among these 12 clades, as are those within Habenariinae; the subtribe appears either weakly supported as monophyletic or as paraphyletic under maximum parsimony, and the species‐rich genus Habenaria is clearly highly polyphyletic. The triphyly of Orchis as previously delimited is confirmed, and the improved sampling allows further generic transfers to Anacamptis s.l. and Neotinea s.l. In addition, justifications are given for: (1) establishing Steveniella as the basally divergent member of an appreciably expanded Himantoglossum that incorporates the former genera ‘Barlia’ and ‘Comperia’, (2) reuniting ‘Piperia’ with a broadly defined Platanthera as section Piperia, necessitating ten new combinations, (3) broadening Ponerorchis to include Chusua, and Hemipilia to include single ‘orphan’ species of Ponerorchis and Habenaria, and (4) recognizing ‘Gymnadenia’camtschatica as the monotypic Neolindleya camtschatica within the Pseudorchis～Platanthera clade. Few further generic transfers are likely in Orchidinae s.s., but they are anticipated among habenariid genera, on acquisition of additional morphological and molecular evidence; one probable outcome is expansion of Herminium. Species‐level relationships are also satisfactorily resolved within most of the major clades of Orchidinae, with the notable exceptions of Serapias, the derived sections of Ophrys, Himantoglossum s.s., some sections within Dactylorhiza, the former genus ‘Nigritella’ (now tentatively placed within Gymnadenia s.l.), Hemipilia s.l., and possibly Ponerorchis s.s. Relationships among the 12 major clades broadly accord with bona fide records of intergeneric hybridization. Current evidence supports the recently recognized 2n = 36 clade; it also indicates a 2n = 40 clade that is further diagnosed by digitate root‐tubers, and is derived relative to the recently recognized clade of exclusively Asian genera (Ponerorchis s.l.–Hemipilia s.l.–Amitostigma–Neottianthe). This in turn appears derived relative to the Afro‐Asiatic Brachycorythis group; together, these two clades identify the plesiomorphic chromosome number as 2n = 42. If the African genus Stenogolottis is correctly placed as basally divergent within a monophyletic Habenariinae, the tribe Orchideae and subtribes Orchidinae and Habenariinae could all have originated in Africa, though in contrast the Asiatic focus of the basally divergent members of most major clades of Orchidinae suggests an Asiatic radiation of the subtribe. Morphological characters informally ‘mapped’ across the molecular phylogeny and showing appreciable levels of homoplasy include floral and vegetative pigmentation, flower shape, leaf posture, gynostemium features, and various pollinator attractants. Qualitative comparison of, and reciprocal illumination between, degrees of sequence and morphological divergence suggests a nested set of radiations of progressively decreasing phenotypic magnitude. Brief scenarios, both adaptive and non‐adaptive, are outlined for specific evolutionary transitions. Recommendations are made for further species sampling, concentrating on Asian Orchidinae (together with the Afro‐Asiatic Brachycorythis group) and both Asian and Southern Hemisphere Habenariinae, and adding plastid sequence data. Taxonomic changes listed are: Anacamptis robusta (T.Stephenson) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , A. fragrans (Pollini) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , A. picta (Loiseleur) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , Neotinea commutata (Todari) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , N. conica (Willdenow) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , Platanthera elegans Lindley ssp. maritima (Rydberg) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. elegans Lindley ssp. decurtata (R.Morgan & Glicenstein) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. elongata (Rydberg) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. michaelii (Greene) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. leptopetala (Rydberg) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. transversa (Suksdorf) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. cooperi (S.Watson) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. colemanii (R.Morgan & Glicenstein) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. , P. candida (R.Morgan & Ackerman) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. and P. yadonii (R.Morgan & Ackerman) R.M.Bateman, comb. nov. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142 , 1–40.     

A new endemic species of Epipactis (Orchidaceae) from north-east Portugal

A new species, Epipactis duriensis Bernardos, D. Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich is described and illustrated from north-east Portugal. Notes on its distribution, ecology, karyology, micromorphology and taxonomic relationships are presented as well as molecular data based on ITS analysis. A list of diagnostic differences between E. duriensis and the closely related species E. lusitanica and E. tremolsii is provided.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 145 , 239–249.