不同放线菌属的化学与分子分类

随着科学的发展与新技术在分类学中不断地应用,放线菌分类学已从经典的形态分类转向化学分类(细胞壁化学组份,磷酸类脂,枝菌酸及甲基萘醌等).现在有些国家又开展了分子分类.本实验室自80年代始开展了放线菌化学分类,建立了上述化学指征的分析方法.自90年代起,又开展了分子分类,DNA-DNA杂交、23S rRNA寡核甘酸序列分析.近来,许多人用16S rRNA部分序列区分微生物不同的基因种.作者选用了23S rRNA部分序列区分放线菌的不同属种.现将研究结果简报如下:1 材料和方法1.1菌种菌株10,13,23,C_(43),350,41,53,4650及N分离自云南省土壤中.C_(51)及3306来自日本微生物菌种保藏中心.     

链霉菌DNA碱基比的测定

从近代分子生物学的研究中得知,不同类群微生物,其 DNA 组成不同。不同种的微生物,DNA 的组成也不同。利用这一特征,各国微生物分类学家已成功地进行了细菌和酵母菌的分类研究。对于放线菌,虽各有关学者作了多方努力,但因其 DNA 组成变化小,碱基比例波动范围窄,且测定方法误差大等因素,至使这一方法未能在实际中得到广     

糖多孢菌属的多相分类

在糖多孢菌属的分类学研究中,最初是根据形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征进行研究。随着“多相分类”方法的广泛应用,化学分类和分子分类在糖多孢菌属的分类学研究中起到越来越重要的作用。糖多孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生重要的生物活性物质,如抗生素、酶类、维生素、藻类促生长因子、纤维素降解促进因子、免疫抑制剂等。     

“伯杰氏系统细菌学手册(第二版)”第5卷与我国的放线菌系统学研究

"伯杰氏系统细菌学手册"(下文简称"伯杰氏手册"),是世界各国分类学家普遍接受的学术观点的汇总,集科学性、统一性和实用性于一身。2012年5月,随着"伯杰氏手册"第二版第5卷(放线菌专刊)分A、B两册出版,这部经典巨著在Michael Goodfellow等的领导下精心组织并顺利完成。"伯杰氏手册"第5卷对放线菌分类系统做出了重大调整,正式建立了放线菌门,包括6个纲、23个目(含一个未确定目)、53个科、222个属、近3000个种,其分类阶元为细菌域、放线菌门,在门下为纲、目、科、属和种。"伯杰氏手册"收录了我国放线菌分类学研究的大量成果,这是我国四代放线菌分类学家们共同努力的结果。但需要指出的是,由于"伯杰氏手册"过于严谨、保守的著书宗旨与漫长的出版周期,对DNA基因多位点序列分析(MLSA)技术、基因芯片技术和基因组技术等在分类学领域中所做出的新研究成果采纳不足,而这部分内容或许在不久的将来会使原核生物分类学发生深刻的改变。     

短状杆菌的DNA分子杂交与分类学研究

利用非放射性光敏生物素标记DNA分子与固定在微稀释板上的热变性单链DNA杂交的方法,对短状杆菌(Brachybacterium)15个菌株的染色体DNA进行分子杂交．通过测定荧光强度,确定DNA间的同源值．根据其遗传相关性,对难以从形态特征、生理生化特性等进一步分类的细菌在种的水平上定论,确定其应有的分类位置．光敏生物素标记DNA,在微稀释板上进行分子杂交是一种准确、快速的杂交技术,在短状杆菌的分类学研究中起着决定性的作用．     

从物种识别到生物多样性评估——DNA条形码与DNA metabarcoding技术

在生命科学研究中,物种识别和生物多样性评估是重要的基础环节。从基于形态学特征分类的经典分类学,到近来被分子分类学家广泛接受的DNA条形码,以及在高通量测序技术基础上衍生出的DNA metabarcoding研究方法,人类正以前所未有的速度与深度重新认识生命世界。DNA metabarcoding可快速、简便、有效地从多物种混合DNA样本中还原其中的生物类群及其居群结构,实现从物种的有效识别到生物多样性的评估。概述了DNA条形码与DNA metabarcoding的概念、技术方法、应用及最新进展。     

RAPD技术在微生物生物多样鉴定中的应用

RAPD（随机放大多态性DNA）是1种新的DNA分子标记技术。与RFLp、AFLP及ARDRA相比,RAPD具有可在一次试验中同时观察到大量的DNA多态性片段,方法更具简单、敏感、花费少等优点。阐述了RAPD的原理方法,及目前在微生物分类鉴定研究中的应用,并分析了RAPD技术在共生固氮放线菌Frankia分类鉴定及系统发育研究中的应用前景。     

细胞壁氨基酸的定量分析在放线菌分类中的应用研究

从国内外公认的各菌种保藏中心收集 70株典型放线菌菌株 ,用薄层层析和薄层色谱扫描仪分析两种方法相结合来定量分析放线菌细胞壁中氨基酸组成 ,将这些分析结果与现行的定性化学分类结果作比较 ,进行讨论 ,建议将原来的定性化学分类中胞壁类型的划分标准作出修正 ,从而对放线菌化学分类提供一些有意义的信息以推动放线菌化学分类学的研究。     

球状绿藻的隐性生物多样性及其分类学进展

球状绿藻主要指绿藻门中多为单细胞, 形状为球形、近球形, 或由球形衍生出来的其他形状的藻类。球状绿藻分布广泛, 遍布全球, 生活于淡水、海水和亚气生等生境中, 其相似的简单形态下隐藏着复杂的物种多样性。球状绿藻分类学上主要位于绿藻门的两纲四目及其一些独立支系的类群。球状绿藻分类学正由传统的基于形态特征向基于分子信息的复合分类方法转变。球状绿藻隐性的物种多样性涉及约40属, 其中15属是依据新标本材料而建立的新属, 12个属是依据新证据建立的新组合。本文重点介绍了1998年以后在共球藻纲和绿藻纲中新发现和命名的单细胞球状绿藻, 介绍了它们的形态特征、分类学迁移及理由, 特别对常见的小球藻属和栅藻属的分类学概念变迁作了详细介绍, 对一些尚没有中文名的拉丁学名给出了中文命名。另外, 本文讨论了基于DNA的分类学方法在球状绿藻分类学中的应用, 目前系统发育位置的不同已经成为球状绿藻分类的主要依据。目前球状绿藻分类面临的问题是大多分类位置未用分子系统发育方法的验证。 未来, 球状绿藻分类学家应用系统发育研究结合形态学研究探索单细胞球状绿藻的生物多样性。     

小单孢菌属的分类及应用研究*

小单孢菌在自然界分布广泛,但由于分离、分类方法所限,绝大多数还没有被人们所认识。在小单孢菌的分类学研究中,最初主要依据的是形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征,随着“多相分类”的广泛应用,分子分类在小单孢菌的分类学研究中起到了越来越重要的作用。小单孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生抗生素,如庆大霉素、利福霉素、新霉素等;某些种能降解天然橡胶和纤维素。近年来的研究表明,小单孢菌能产生具有独特化学结构的生物活性物质,对肿瘤细胞有靶向和识别作用,并能有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。     

Modern bacterial taxonomy: techniques review--application to bacteria that nodulate leguminous plants (BNL)

Taxonomy is the science that studies the relationships between organisms. It comprises classification, nomenclature, and identification. Modern bacterial taxonomy is polyphasic. This means that it is based on several molecular techniques, each one retrieving the information at different cellular levels (proteins, fatty acids, DNA...). The obtained results are combined and analysed to reach a "consensus taxonomy" of a microorganism. Until 1970, a small number of classification techniques were available for microbiologists (mainly phenotypic characterization was performed: a legume species nodulation ability for a Rhizobium, for example). With the development of techniques based on polymerase chain reaction for characterization, the bacterial taxonomy has undergone great changes. In particular, the classification of the legume nodulating bacteria has been repeatedly modified over the last 20 years. We present here a review of the currently used molecular techniques in bacterial characterization, with examples of application of these techniques for the study of the legume nodulating bacteria.     

Taxonomic position of the Rickettsiae: Current knowledge

Abstract: The term rickettsiae initially encompassed all intracellular bacteria. Early rickettsial taxonomy was based on a comparison of a few phenotypic characteristics and recently, molecular studies brought new bases for rickettsial taxonomy. All rickettsial species studied so far belong to the alpha and gamma groups of the Proteobacteria. Ehrlichiae complex groups Cowdria ruminantium, Anaplasma marginate and Wolbachia pipientis and the related parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria, whereas Rochalimaea species group with Bartonella bacilliformis. Rickettsia tsutsugainushi may form an independent lineage, whereas molecular data allow to regroup serologically defined typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. The true scale of Rickettsia and Coxiella genera remain to be determined.     

一株海洋藻类的分子鉴定及分类

海洋藻类种类繁多,由于形态的易变性和生活史的复杂性,传统的形态分类往往十分困难.分子标记技术的发展,使DNA分子成为区分物种的有效手段,成功地解决了许多疑难藻种的分类鉴定问题.本研究测定和比较了一株海洋藻类ST3的18srDNA基因部分核苷酸序列,序列长度为1733bp,通过与GenBank中序列数据进行比较分析,对其进行了分子鉴定和分类.研究结果表明藻株ST3属于硅藻门海链藻目,与骨条藻属的亲缘关系较海链藻属为近,但与骨条藻属遗传距离远大于骨条藻属种间差异,说明ST3可能是硅藻门海链藻目新的藻属.18srDNA可用于海洋藻类分子分类与鉴定.     

The conceptual basis for a new classification of the coccidia

At the joint meeting of the 8th International Coccidiosis Conference and the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australian Society for Parasitology in Palm Cove, Australia, in July 2001, a Controversial Roundtable was held on 'New classification of coccidia'. The aim of this Roundtable was to stimulate and encourage discussion and debate on current classification schemes for the group of parasitic protozoa known as the eimeriid coccidia. In the past, such classifications have been based only on phenotypic characters such as morphology, ultrastructure, life cycles, and host specificity. However, over the past 10-15 years, molecular phylogenetic studies on taxa of the eimeriid coccidia have revealed that several of the families, subfamilies, and genera that have been erected based on non-molecular characters are paraphyletic. Therefore, this Roundtable was an important forum for initial discussions on how a new and more comprehensive classification of the eimeriid coccidia, which takes into consideration both phenotypic and molecular characters, can be devised. The stimulus came from invited speakers who gave introductions into selected areas of taxonomy and classification. Following these introductions, a more general discussion with the audience addressed potential steps that may be taken in future work. This review is the immediate outcome of the Roundtable. It describes advantages and disadvantages of the use of phenotypic or molecular characters as the base for taxonomic schemes for eimeriid coccidia. It gives specific examples for drawbacks of current classifications based only on phenotypic characters as well as potential pitfalls associated with the use of only molecular phylogenies. It addresses current controversies as well as rules of taxonomy and nomenclature relevant for the eimeriid coccidia. Finally, it recommends the establishment of an international group of scientists to meet on a regular basis, stimulate further discussions, and give direction on how the final goal, i.e. a proposal for a revised, and widely accepted, classification of the eimeriid coccidia, may be achieved.     

Classification of Bacteria and Archaea: Past,present and future

The late 19th century was the beginning of bacterial taxonomy and bacteria were classified on the basis of phenotypic markers. The distinction of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was introduced in the 1960s. Numerical taxonomy improved phenotypic identification but provided little information on the phylogenetic relationships of prokaryotes. Later on, chemotaxonomic and genotypic methods were widely used for a more satisfactory classification. Archaea were first classified as a separate group of prokaryotes in 1977. The current classification of Bacteria and Archaea is based on an operational-based model, the so-called polyphasic approach, comprised of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, as well as phylogenetic information. The provisional status Candidatus has been established for describing uncultured prokaryotic cells for which their phylogenetic relationship has been determined and their authenticity revealed by in situ probing.     

醋酸菌多相分类研究进展

醋酸菌是一大群革兰氏染色阴性、绝对好氧的细菌的总称, 能将乙醇或糖类不完全氧化为有机酸。醋酸菌的分类在近30年经历了很大变化, 早期的分类系统主要以表型和生化特征为基础。如今, 大多采用结合表型、化学分类法和基因型数据的多相分类法对醋酸菌进行分类。本文综述了醋酸菌的多相分类研究进展, 主要介绍了醋酸菌的现行分类情况及表型分类、化学分类和基因分型等方法在醋酸菌分类中的应用。     

丛枝菌根真菌系统分类及群落研究技术进展

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是自然生态系统重要的组成部分,能与植物根系形成互惠共生体.传统的AMF分类主要依赖于对土壤无性孢子的形态鉴定,具有一定的局限性.近年来基于核酸分析的分子鉴定技术使AMF的分类更具科学性和准确性,补充和完善了基于孢子形态鉴定所建立的分类系统.AMF群落研究依赖于AMF的分类鉴定,主要包括孢子形态鉴定和分子生物学分析两类研究法.本文综述了AMF的分类系统和群落研究方法,着重介绍了近年来应用较多的AMF群落研究的分子生物学技术.作者认为,采取形态与分子相结合的办法将有助于推动AMF群落研究和AMF自然分类系统的建立和完善.     

分子生物学技术在腐霉菌分类上的应用研究

腐霉是一类世界性分布菌物,它可腐生、寄生或兼性寄生,又可陆生、水生或者水陆两栖生。目前世界各地被描述的腐霉种达250个,超过80种是植物重要的病原菌。腐霉主要引起各种植物根腐和幼苗猝倒,对农作物造成较大的损失。通过对近年来发展起来的腐霉分子生物学分类技术,诸如核糖体DNA(rDNA)转录内间隔区(ITS)的直接测序方法、分子杂交技术、PCR及改良PCR技术、基于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的分析方法等进行了简述,为更快捷、准确的病原腐霉的鉴定及诊断技术的开发打下基础。     

Considering evolutionary processes in the use of single-locus genetic data for conservation,with examples from the Lepidoptera

The increasing popularity of molecular taxonomy will undoubtedly have a major impact on the practice of conservation biology. The appeal of such approaches is undeniable since they will clearly be an asset in rapid biological assessments of poorly known taxa or unexplored areas, and for discovery of cryptic biodiversity. However, as an approach for diagnosing units for conservation, some caution is warranted. The essential issue is that mitochondrial DNA variation is unlikely to be causally related to, and thus correlated with, ecologically important components of fitness. This is true for DNA barcoding, molecular taxonomy in general, or any technique that relies on variation at a single, presumed neutral locus. Given that natural selection operates on a time scale that is often much more rapid than the rates of mutation and allele frequency changes due to genetic drift, neutral genetic variation at a single locus can be a poor predictor of adaptive variation within or among species. Furthermore, reticulate processes, such as introgressive hybridization, may also constrain the utility of molecular taxonomy to accurately detect significant units for conservation. A survey of published genetic data from the Lepidoptera indicates that these problems may be more prevalent than previously suspected. Molecular approaches must be used with caution for conservation genetics which is best accomplished using large sample sizes over extensive geography in addition to data from multiple loci. Matthew L. Forister, Chris C. Nice and James A. Fordyce contributed equally to this paper.     

After 7 years and 1000 citations: comparative assessment of the DNA barcoding and the DNA taxonomy proposals for taxonomists and non-taxonomists

In 2003, two different approaches-DNA taxonomy and DNA barcoding-were simultaneously proposed to overcome some of the perceived intrinsic weaknesses of the traditional morphology-based taxonomical system, and to help non-taxonomists to resolve their crucial need for accurate and rapid species identification tools. After 7 years, it seems unlikely that a completely new taxonomical system based on molecular characters only (DNA taxonomy) will develop in the future. It is more likely that both morphological and molecular data will be simultaneously analyzed, developing what has been coined as "integrative taxonomy". Concerning DNA barcoding, it is now clear that it does not focus on building a tree-of-life nor to perform DNA taxonomy, but rather to produce a universal molecular identification key based on strong taxonomic knowledge that is collated in the barcode reference library. The indisputable success of the DNA barcoding project is chiefly due to the fact that DNA barcoding standards considerably enhance current practices in the molecular identification field, and standardization offers virtually endless applications for various users.