人凝血因子Ⅷ制剂冻干工艺

优选了人凝血因子Ⅷ(FⅧ)制剂的冻干工艺。通过电阻法测定共晶点,再采用正交试验法,对预冻温度、主要干燥温度、主干燥时间、解析温度与真空压力等进行研究以优选冻干工艺,得到最佳的冻干工艺:-40℃预冻1.5 h;主要干燥温度从-40℃升温至-33℃,再从-33℃升温至0℃,总耗时36 h,真空压力为30 Pa;解析温度维持在35℃,真空压力为5 Pa,于终点测试压力无变化时结束。由于该工艺冻干出的人凝血因子Ⅷ制剂符合《中国药典》3部该项下的质量要求,经验证该冻干工艺能够应用于人凝血因子Ⅷ制剂的大规模生产。     

乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗37℃孵放一周后不同时间的滴度测定

为了了解乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗(简称JEV)的热稳定性,将乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗在37℃孵放一周后2～8℃保存于不同时间进行病毒滴度检测。结果显示,疫苗在37℃孵放一周后2～8℃保存2个月内进行测定,滴度无明显下降趋势。在乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的热稳定性检测中,37℃孵放一周后2～8℃保存,可在2个月内进行检测,对其热稳定性检测无明显影响。     

冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗的研制

研制冻干甲肝减毒活疫苗,提高疫苗的稳定性,便于保存及运输,保证疫苗的接种效果.采用CA-9冻干保护剂,按13.5的比例加入疫苗,制备冻干疫苗.冻干甲肝减毒活疫苗具有与液体疫苗相同的安全性及免疫原性.在2～8℃保存的有效期较液体疫苗的3～5个月提高到18个月.在室温和37℃保存的稳定性也明显提高.冻干甲肝减毒活疫苗的稳定性良好,无需低温保存、冷链运输,便于甲肝疫苗的大规模推广应用.     

乙型脑炎14-2株冻干活疫苗的生产研究

乙型脑炎病毒14-2株经地鼠肾细胞连续传23代,各代次的病毒滴度和回传乳鼠后的毒力都较稳定,与5-3株无差异。各代次的神经毒力和中枢神经外毒力也与5-3株相同。脑内感染12～14克小白鼠均不致死,皮下感染也不致病。用地鼠肾细胞经36℃培养4天,病毒增殖达到高峰,滴度为8.0～8.5logTCID50/0.2ml。病毒培养液的pH值为7.4～7.6时,病毒增殖高峰可持续3天。以1％明胶、5％蔗糖为保护剂,在冻干后无真空、不充氮的条件下。14—2株活疫苗在37℃可保存10天,室温(16～31℃)可保存4个月,5～8℃可保存一年,病毒滴度均无明显下降.冻干后充氮或不充氮病毒的滴度及稳定性看不出差异。冻干14—2株活疫苗融化后,用Eagle’s液稀释,置22～23℃8小时,滴度不变,若以生理盐水稀释,则可保持2～4小时;以蒸馏水稀释只能稳定2小时。     

红外吸收法检测西林瓶包装冻干制品中的氧含量

目的应用HSA-P型激光检漏仪建立西林瓶包装冻干制品中氧气含量的测定方法。方法考察冻干制品中氧含量测定的操作条件:标准样瓶对仪器的校准;氮气吹扫前后样品中氧含量值的比较;不同纯度氮气吹扫标准样瓶后的氧含量值的变化。深化红外吸收法在测定西林瓶包装冻干疫苗中氧含量的应用。结果将该方法用于检测A群C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗400批、麻疹减毒活疫苗86批、乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗46批,氧含量分别为1.64%±1.99%、1.36%±1.64%和0.99%±1.58%。结论该法测定冻干疫苗中的氧含量具有灵敏度高、速度快和易操作的优点,为冻干制品真空度的测定提供了定量检测方法。     

BHK_(21)细胞对蚀斑法检测乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗结果的影响分析

目的分析BHK_(21)细胞对蚀斑法检测乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗系统的影响,降低检测系统误差。方法比较BHK_(21)细胞以不同频次传代培养时的细胞生长状态,以及以不同接种浓度进行疫苗病毒滴度检测时,对检测系统稳定性的影响。结果 BHK_(21)细胞培养4 d传代,其形态良好、边缘光滑、胞质透光性好、细胞分散均匀、细胞活率达到95%以上;BHK_(21)以105细胞/m L浓度接种时,乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗及其病毒滴度参考品的变异系数最小,分别为0.66%和0.64%。结论 BHK_(21)细胞培养4 d传代、以105个/m L浓度接种时用蚀斑法检测病毒滴度系统最稳定,可供乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗滴度检测参考。     

乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生产株SA14-14-2全基因组序列测定及基因遗传稳定性

目的对乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生产株SA14-14-2株进行全基因组序列测定和分析,并观察该生产株在疫苗制备过程中的基因遗传稳定性。方法根据DNA序列数据库(Gen Bank)公布的SA14-14-2株的序列,设计合成7对引物,提取疫苗生产株SA14-14-2及其工作种子批生产的3批原液、3批成品疫苗的病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR方法扩增SA14-14-2株的cDNA片段,分别克隆到pGEM-T载体,转化至大肠埃希菌DH5α中,挑取阳性菌落克隆、鉴定后测定全序列并对序列进行比较分析,观察毒株在传代的过程中病毒滴度的稳定性。结果乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生产株SA14-14-2株基因组全长10 976 bp,编码3 433个氨基酸。3批原液和3批成品疫苗的基因组全长为10 977 bp,比较分析发现,在3'端非编码区10 701处多一个G核苷酸的插入。与DNA序列数据库(Genbank)登录号为D90195的全长序列同源性分别是99.9%、99.9%、99.9%、99.9%、99.8%、99.9%、99.8%,其中E蛋白的同源性均为100%。SA14-14-2生产株的病毒滴度为7.22 lg PFU/mL,原液和成品疫苗的滴度分别为7.32、7.23、7.32、6.86、6.92、6.70 lg PFU/mL。结论乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生产株SA14-14-2基因稳定,具有良好的一致性,为乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的质量的稳定性提供了可靠依据。     

病毒活疫苗冻干保护剂筛选研究

为提高冻干病毒性活疫苗的成品滴度和稳定性及提高疫苗生产的出品率,本研究通过对多种保护剂成分如明胶、山梨醇、蔗糖、乳糖、右旋糖苷、精氨酸等及其配比的大量反复筛选试验,已初步选定了数种可供选择并进一步优化完善的冻干保护剂配方。与现行冻干保护剂相比,其疫苗出品率在相同投入下可提高三倍。     

不同年份生产的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2基因稳定性研究

为了研究不同年份生产的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因稳定性,从分子水平控制乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗质量,确保疫苗安全性,本研究分析了不同年份生产的乙脑活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因核苷酸序列及编码的氨基酸序列,并与该疫苗原始种子、主种子、工作种子、乙脑病毒强、弱毒株进行比较。结果显示不同年份生产的乙脑活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因核苷酸序列与其原始种子、主种子、工作种子和基因库中登录的乙脑病毒弱毒株SA14-14-2的相应序列完全一致,与乙脑病毒强毒株SA14的E蛋白氨基酸序列比较有9个位点氨基酸发生了改变。不同年份生产的乙脑活疫苗病毒E蛋白基因稳定性表明该疫苗质量稳定、安全。     

冻干风疹活疫苗生产工艺研究

文报告了冻干风疹减毒活疫苗生产工艺及疫苗研制结果。在对日本化学血清疗法研究所疫苗生产株—松叶株全面检定的基础上,通过对原代兔肾细胞培养条件及病毒培养条件的试验优化,建立了疫苗生产工艺并制备出了冻干风疹活疫苗制剂,稳定性试验表明其安全有效、质量稳定可靠,而且其生产工艺切实可行、投入产出率高。     

Combined influence of fermentation and drying conditions on survival and metabolic activity of starter and probiotic cultures after low-temperature vacuum drying

The influence of low temperature vacuum drying process parameters on the survival, metabolic activity and residual water content of three different bacterial strains (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Bifidobacterium lactis) was investigated. Shelf temperature and chamber pressure were varied and optimized by response surface methodology with regard to survival and residual water content. It is shown that the survival rate after low temperature vacuum drying is comparable to that of freeze drying. Based on the optimization experiments the combined influence of fermentation pH and drying process parameters was studied for the most detrimental and the best process condition, respectively. The results show that interactions between process and fermentation conditions have to be taken in account and that these influences are highly strain specific.     

Preservation of aerial conidia and biomasses from entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae during lyophilization

In this study, we assessed the stability provided by different formulations to aerial conidia or biomasses (conidia, blastospores, and mycelia) of Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae subjected to lyophilization. First, the impact of the freezing and drying processes on spore survival was evaluated. Whereas unprotected B. brongniartii spores showed high cryosensitivity, those of M. anisopliae were markedly harmed by the drying process. Then, the protective efficiency of 14 excipients was systematically evaluated and optimized regarding required concentrations. Fructose, glucose, and saccharose significantly enhanced viabilities for B. brongniartii and M. anisopliae spores following lyophilization, especially as a result of their cryoprotective effects. In addition, the effect of various bulking agents on spore survival was studied and dextran 4 was selected to enhance the physical properties of the lyophilized products. The combination of fructose and dextran 4 was further applied to prepare lyophilized biomasses of both fungi. In comparison to freshly harvested biomasses, the lyophilized products showed similar growth rates and a comparable production of virulent secondary metabolites such as destruxin A, destruxin B, or oosporein, suggesting their applicability as biological control agents.     

Effect of freezing rates and excipients on the infectivity of a live viral vaccine during lyophilization

Lyophilization is the most popular method for achieving improved stability of labile biopharmaceuticals, but a significant fraction of product activity can be lost during processing due to stresses that occur in both the freezing and the drying stages. The effect of the freezing rate on the recovery of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infectivity in the presence of varying concentrations of cryoprotectant excipients is reported here. The freezing conditions investigated were shelf cooling (223 K), quenching into slush nitrogen (SN2), and plunging into melting propane cooled in liquid nitrogen (LN2). The corresponding freezing rates were measured, and the ice crystal sizes formed within the samples were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The viral activity assay demonstrated the highest viral titer recovery for nitrogen cooling in the presence of low (0.25% w/v sucrose) excipient concentration. The loss of viral titer in the sample cooled by melting propane was consistently the highest among those results from the alternative cooling methods. However, this loss could be minimized by lyophilization at lower temperature and higher vacuum conditions. We suggest that this is due to a higher ratio of ice recrystallization for the sample cooled by melting propane during warming to the temperature at which freeze-drying was carried out, as smaller ice crystals readily enlarge during warming. Under the same freezing condition, a higher viral titer recovery was obtained with a formulation containing a higher concentration of sugar excipients. The reason was thought to be twofold. First, sugars stabilize membranes and proteins by hydrogen bonding to the polar residues of the biomolecules, working as a water substitute. Second, the concentrated sugar solution lowers the nucleation temperature of the water inside the virus membrane and prevents large ice crystal formation within both the virus and the external medium.     

香蕉果实冻干过程参数优化的研究

对香蕉果实冻干生产工艺中的物料厚度、冻结方法、加热板温度、干燥室真空度等参数进行比较试验,结果表明,各过程参数对香蕉冻干品质量和产量均有显著的影响。香蕉冻干过程中参数较佳的工艺条件建议为物料厚度选取5~7 mm,采用速冻方法冻结,加热板温度设定45℃,干燥室真空度控制于20~30 Pa。     

葡萄浆果冰冻切片技术参数的研究

通过对葡萄浆果冰冻切片各操作环节技术参数进行了较为详细的研究后,建立了葡萄浆果冰冻切片操作程序,采果→浆果置于超低温冰箱中（－30度）预冻（8h以上）→冻果修整→把冻果固定到切片机冰冻台面上→速冻（－35度,10－20s)→恒温切片（－20,30S内完成）→封片→观察,切片厚度以25－30um为宜,无水丙三醇作封片剂有利于浆果色素细胞观察研究。     

真空冷冻干燥技术在食用菌加工中的应用研究

简析了食用菌冻干制品产业发展形势,概述了真空冷冻干燥技术原理及产品特点,阐述了应用真空冷冻干燥技术加工食用菌制品所需的主要设备、生产工艺流程及操作要点。探讨真空冷冻干燥过程中,各项工艺参数对食用菌干燥特性的影响。介绍食用菌冷冻干燥技术的优越性、技术壁垒及发展前景,旨在为采用真空冷冻干燥技术对食用菌进行干燥加工提供参考。     

Formulation Screening and Freeze-Drying Process Optimization of Ginkgolide B Lyophilized Powder for Injection

The purpose of this study was to prepare ginkgolide B (GB) lyophilized powder for injection with excellent appearance and stable quality through a formulation screening and by optimizing the freeze-drying process. Cremophor EL as a solubilizer, PEG 400 as a latent solvent, and mannitol as an excipient were mixed to increase the solubility of GB in water to more than 18 times (about from 2.5 × 10^?4 mol/L (0.106 mg/mL) to 1.914 mg/mL). Formulation screening was conducted by orthogonal design where the content of GB in the solution before lyophilization (using external standard method of HPLC) and reconstitution time after lyophilization were the two evaluation indexes. The optimized formulations were GB in an amount of 2 mg/mL, Cremophor EL in an amount of 16% (v/v), PEG 400 in an amount of 9% (v/v), mannitol in an amount of 8% (w/v), and the solution pH of 6.5. Through four single-factor experiments (GB adding order, preparation temperature of GB solution, adding amount, and adsorption time of activated carbon), the preparation process of GB solution was confirmed. The glass transition temperature of maximally GB freeze-concentrated solution was ? 17.6°C through the electric resistance method. GB lyophilized powder began to collapse at ? 14.0°C, and the fully collapsed temperature was ? 13.0°C, which were determined by freeze-drying microscope. When the collapse temperature was determined, the primary drying temperature was obtained. Thereby, the freeze-drying curve of GB lyophilized powder was initially identified. The freeze-drying process was optimized by orthogonal design, the qualified product appearance and residual moisture content were the two evaluation indexes. The optimized process parameters and process were (1) shelf temperature, decreased from room temperature to ? 45.0°C, at 0.5°C/min in 2 h; (2) shelf temperature increased from ? 45.0 to ? 25.0°C, at 0.1°C/min, maintained for 3 h, and the chamber pressure was held at 10 Pa; (3) shelf temperature was increased from ? 25.0 to ? 15.0°C at 0.1 °C/min, maintained for 4 h, and the chamber pressure was held at 10 Pa; and (4) shelf temperature was increased from ? 15.0 to 20.0°C at 1.0 °C/min, maintained for 4 h, and the chamber pressure was raised up to 80 Pa. In these lyophilization process conditions, the products complied with relevant provisions of the lyophilized powders for injection. Meanwhile, the reproducibility was satisfactory. Post-freezing annealing had no significantly beneficial effects on shortening the freeze-drying cycle and improving the quality of GB lyophilized powder.     

Studying the Morphology of Lyophilized Protein Solids Using X-ray Micro-CT: Effect of Post-freeze Annealing and Controlled Nucleation

The objective of this study was to determine how different techniques used during the freezing step of lyophilization affect morphology of the dried protein solids. Aqueous solutions containing recombinant human albumin, trehalose, and sodium phosphate buffer were dried after their freezing by shelf-ramp cooling, immersion in liquid nitrogen, or controlled ice nucleation. Some shelf-frozen solutions were heat treated (annealed) before the vacuum drying. We used three-dimensional (3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the morphology of solids. The X-ray micro-CT images of the lyophilized microporous solids showed traces of varied size and structure ice crystals that were comparable to corresponding SEM images. A post-freeze heat treatment and a controlled nucleation both induced larger ice crystal ghosts in the solids. The variations in the structure of walls surrounding ice crystals, formed by the different freezing procedures, should affect the water vapor transition during the primary and secondary drying. Some solids also showed higher-density layer in the upper surface. Overall, the simple sample preparation procedures and the ample morphological information make the X-ray micro-CT appropriate for analyzing lyophilized pharmaceuticals.     

Finite Element Method (FEM) Modeling of Freeze-drying: Monitoring Pharmaceutical Product Robustness During Lyophilization

Lyophilization is an approach commonly undertaken to formulate drugs that are unstable to be commercialized as ready to use (RTU) solutions. One of the important aspects of commercializing a lyophilized product is to transfer the process parameters that are developed in lab scale lyophilizer to commercial scale without a loss in product quality. This process is often accomplished by costly engineering runs or through an iterative process at the commercial scale. Here, we are highlighting a combination of computational and experimental approach to predict commercial process parameters for the primary drying phase of lyophilization. Heat and mass transfer coefficients are determined experimentally either by manometric temperature measurement (MTM) or sublimation tests and used as inputs for the finite element model (FEM)-based software called PASSAGE, which computes various primary drying parameters such as primary drying time and product temperature. The heat and mass transfer coefficients will vary at different lyophilization scales; hence, we present an approach to use appropriate factors while scaling-up from lab scale to commercial scale. As a result, one can predict commercial scale primary drying time based on these parameters. Additionally, the model-based approach presented in this study provides a process to monitor pharmaceutical product robustness and accidental process deviations during Lyophilization to support commercial supply chain continuity. The approach presented here provides a robust lyophilization scale-up strategy; and because of the simple and minimalistic approach, it will also be less capital intensive path with minimal use of expensive drug substance/active material.