微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶研究进展

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶是一种在食品、医药、纺织、化妆品等领域具有广泛应用前景的酶制剂。就其理化性质、作用机理、工业化生产、在食品工业上的应用及当前国内外研究热点进行了概述。并讨论了微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶在我国生产及应用中存在的问题和困难,对未来的研究方向做出展望。     

吸水链霉菌谷氨酰胺转胺酶分离纯化方法改进及结构研究

利用改进的新方法,对吸水链霉菌谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)进行分离纯化.将发酵上清液经过硫酸铵分级盐析后,用Hitrap Q HP阴离子交换柱除掉干扰较大的色素,之后又经Superdex 75 10/300GL凝胶柱和Hitrap Q HP阴离子交换柱的分离,得到高纯度的TGase.纯化后TGase的比活力可达24.5 U/mg,回收率为39.9%.TGase的N-末端前6个氨基酸经测序为DAADER.该研究是对吸水链霉菌TGase的N-末端氨基酸序列的首次报道.将吸水链霉菌TGase的N-末端氨基酸序列与已报道的其它3种链霉菌来源的TGase的N-端氧基酸序列进行比对,序列相似性不高.预测和分析了吸水链霉菌TGase的高级结构,为进一步研究TGase结构和功能的关系,蛋白分子定向改造提供理论依据.     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶生产菌株的育种研究

在简要介绍微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶的主要功能、应用和国外研究成果与目前状况后,指出该酶生产微生物菌种选育的重要性以及实际难度和艰巨性,阐述了进行初筛、复筛和常规诱变育种试验的关键技术手段及其成果效益。利用这些有效方法获得性能优良的高产酶突变菌株,进行规模化发酵工艺条件和酶制剂产品分离提纯技术研究,并在此基础之上,进一步开展通过“神舟”四号飞船搭载的微生物空间诱变育种研究强化产酶菌株的各种优良性能,说明了空间多种复合因素引发的综合搭载效果显著。     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶对大鼠创伤愈合作用的实验研究

本文研究了微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶对大鼠创伤的促愈合作用。建立大鼠背部刀割伤模型,用创面照像、透明膜描记扫描记录伤后第5、10、15、20 天创面面积,计算创伤愈合率;并用注水法测量伤腔容积,同时观测肉芽组织再生及其总蛋白、氨基已糖和己糖醛酸的含量变化情况。结果实验组创面愈合时间平均为18.1天,较对照组平均缩短了2-3天(P<0.05);创伤愈合率显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01);伤腔容积明显缩小(P<0.05);实验组肉芽干湿重较对照组显著增加(P<0.05),肉芽中蛋白质、氨基已糖和己糖醛酸含量增加显著(P<0.05)。结果显示谷氨酰胺转胺酶具有促进大鼠皮肤创伤愈合的作用,其作用机理可能是促进肉芽组织中蛋白质,氨基多糖和胶原的合成有关。     

海藻糖对微生物谷氨酰氨转胺酶热稳定性研究

本实验目的是研究海藻糖对微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶（TGase）热稳定性的作用。糖类对TGase的保护作用根据糖种类不同有所差异,海藻糖和蔗糖的保护作用优于葡萄糖对TGase的保护作用。在45℃、50℃、55℃、60℃、65℃下研究了海藻糖对TG酶的保护作用。结果表明,在50～65℃下海藻糖使谷氨酰胺转胺酶受热时的稳定性提高了约20％。海藻糖与酶复合的最合适浓度约为14％,浓度低时保护作用不明显,加入过高浓度的糖对酶的活性维持不利。50℃下处理一段时间内,海藻糖对酶的保护作用随时问变化很小。     

超滤法浓缩谷氨酰胺转胺酶的影响因素研究

对微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG)超滤浓缩的工艺条件进行了探讨及优化。实验采用截留分子量为30 kDa的聚醚砜(PES)膜,当发酵液初始pH为7,超滤浓缩倍数为4倍时,可以得到理想的MTG回收率。同时对超滤液中蛋白酶的变化进行了分析,发现随着超滤倍数的提高蛋白酶也逐渐提高,但在浓缩4倍以后达到较稳定的水平。聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜使用后用稀释的NaOH溶液浸泡清洗处理50 min后,膜通量可以恢复98.12%。     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶的表达及分子改造研究进展

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶具有催化蛋白质和某些非蛋白物质交联的功能,被广泛应用于食品、医药及纺织等领域.为提高该酶的产量及建立相应的分子改造平台,上世纪90年代日本味之素公司便开展了微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶重组菌构建的研究.目前,该酶已在多个表达系统中实现活性表达,部分重组菌较野生菌的产酶能力有显著提高.近年来,谷氨酰胺转胺酶的分子改造研究也取得了初步进展,酶的催化活力、热稳定性及底物专一性得到提升.文中对上述研究中涉及的蛋白质表达及改造策略进行了简要的总结及分析,并指出相关研究的发展趋势.     

添加胰蛋白酶促进Streptomyces hygroscopicus CCTCC M203062产谷氨酰胺转胺酶

研究了添加胰蛋白酶对Streptomyces hygroscopicus CCTCC M203062合成谷氨酰胺转胺酶的影响。结果表明,添加胰蛋白酶可以提高发酵过程中谷氨酰胺转胺酶的酶活。摇瓶培养中,在发酵起始时添加200U/ml的胰蛋白酶,谷氨酰胺转胺酶的酶活最高达到了6.61U/ml,比对照提高了27.1%。初步研究表明,添加胰蛋白酶可以直接切割发酵过程中产生的酶原,使其被快速地转化为成熟酶,因此推测胰蛋白酶提高谷氨酰胺转胺酶酶活的原因是解除了酶原的产物抑制作用,产生更多的酶原,从而促进了产酶。     

氮源对谷氨酰胺转胺酶合成的影响

研究不同氮源及培养条件对轮枝链霉菌 (Streptoverticillium)SK - 1合成谷氨酰胺转胺酶 (TGase)的影响 ,结果当以 5 0g/L玉米浆为主要氮源时发酵酶活水平可达 3 0 1μmol/ (min·ml) ;对摇瓶发酵条件进行优化后 ,以 5 0g/L玉米浆为主要氮源 ,起始pH值为 7 0～ 7 5 ,培养温度为 30℃ ,接种量范围为 5 % - 10 % ,培养时间为 38h时 ,酶活最高可达 4 5 2 μmol/ (min·ml) ,酶活提高了5 0 17%。玉米浆作为氮源时发酵酶活比较高 ,发酵时间也较短 ,酶的生产成本较低     

NaCl对轮枝链霉菌产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的促进作用研究

为了提高轮枝链霉菌发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的产量,研究了3种无机盐(NaCl、MgCl₂、KCl)对发酵产酶的影响。研究表明0.5%MgCl₂、0.5%NaCl均可促进菌体产酶,其中添加NaCl后谷氨酰胺转胺酶酶活提高最为显著。SDS-PAGE图谱分析显示,在各取样点实验组谷氨酰胺转胺酶酶原和成熟酶的总量高于对照,而且实验组成熟酶的增加也比对照快,从而显示NaCl是通过促进酶原的分泌和谷氨酰胺转胺酶的成熟,从而提高酶活、提早产酶。对NaCl的添加量进行优化,表明NaCl的最适添加量为0.5%,在此条件下,与对照相比,酶活水平提高了12%以上,发酵终点提前了约15h。     

甲壳素促进茂源链霉菌发酵产酶

为了提高茂源链霉菌发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的产量,研究了甲壳素对茂源链霉菌发酵产酶的影响。结果表明,添加0.5%的甲壳素对茂源链霉菌发酵产酶的促进效果极显著,但甲壳素的添加量达到2%时反而会抑制菌株产酶。从菌株生长代谢过程中p H变化、产酶情况、发酵液中蛋白含量及总氮含量等方面,对甲壳素促进茂源链霉菌发酵产酶的作用机理进行了初步探讨。研究显示,甲壳素在茂源链霉菌发酵过程中对菌体生长产生一定的胁迫,刺激菌体大量分泌次级代谢产物,从而提高茂源链霉菌的产酶。对菌株发酵过程的显微观察则表明,甲壳素也可能通过分散菌体生长,提高菌体向胞外分泌谷氨酰胺转胺酶的量来促进产酶。     

平菇子实体钙调素的分离纯化及其与猪脑钙调素的生物活性比较

平菇萃取液经酸性沉淀、热变性、Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B疏水亲和层析和DEAE-Cellulose 52离子交換层析分冉出了电泳纯的真菌钙调素。在比较钙调素对磷酸二酯酶活化的能力和ELISA实验的免疫亲和力对发现,平菇钙调素与猪脑钙调素的生物活性有较大差异,提示在钙调素定量测定中有必要考虑到标准钙调素与样品钙调素之间的同源性差异。     

Purification and Characterization of Novel Transglutaminase from Bacillus subtilis Spores

Transglutaminase activity was detected in suspensions of purified spores prepared from lysozyme-treated sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis AJ 1307. The enzyme was easily solubilized from the spores upon incubation at pH 10.5 at 37°C. The transglutaminase activity was separated into two fractions upon purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (TG1 and TG2). Each enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity (about 1,000-fold). Both enzymes had the same molecular weight of 29,000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE, had the same N-terminal 30 amino acid sequence, and also showed the same optimal temperature (60°C) and pH (8.2). The purified enzyme catalyzed formation of cross-linked ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptides, resulting in the gel-formation of protein solutions such as α_s-casein and BSA.     

Small and Large Deformation Rheology of Acid Gels from Transglutaminase Treated Milks

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of microbial transglutaminase on the rheological and mechanical properties of gels from a commercial UHT milk made by acidification with d-gluconic-acid-δ-lactone. Although further heating of UHT milk, primarily carried out to inactivate the enzyme, showed a significant impact on gel firmness, we observed no enzyme-related effects at small deformation. The impact of the additional thermal treatment was also evident in large deformation measurements. In these experiments, gels from enzyme-treated milk revealed much higher elasticity and rupture force. Prolonged incubation time or increased enzyme concentration resulted in lower gel firmness (small deformation), indicating a reduced number of total bonds as a result of the restriction of proper rearrangements during acidification. Large deformation measurements revealed a heat-induced amplification of this effect, i.e., lower rupture forces at almost constant elasticity levels. In gels from milk, which was not subjected to thermal enzyme inactivation, we observed a further increase in both parameters. This is presumably caused by a combination of residual enzyme activity and of additional substrate, liberated during acidification.     

Secretion of Active-Form Streptoverticillium mobaraense Transglutaminase by Corynebacterium glutamicum: Processing of the Pro-Transglutaminase by a Cosecreted Subtilisin-Like Protease from Streptomyces albogriseolus

The transglutaminase secreted by Streptoverticillium mobaraense is a useful enzyme in the food industry. A fragment of transglutaminase was secreted by Corynebacterium glutamicum when it was coupled on a plasmid to the promoter and signal peptide of a cell surface protein from C. glutamicum. We analyzed the signal peptide and the pro-domain of the transglutaminase gene and found that the signal peptide consists of 31 amino acid residues and the pro-domain consists of 45 residues. When the pro-domain of the transglutaminase was used, the pro-transglutaminase was secreted efficiently by C. glutamicum but had no enzymatic activity. However, when the plasmid carrying the S. mobaraense transglutaminase also encoded SAM-P45, a subtilisin-like serine protease derived from Streptomyces albogriseolus, the peptide bond to the C side of 41-Ser of the pro-transglutaminase was hydrolyzed, and the pro-transglutaminase was converted to an active form. Our findings suggest that C. glutamicum has potential as a host for industrial-scale protein production.     

疏水相互作用层析分离重组人干扰素α2b

目的采用疏水相互作用层析分离重组人干扰素α2b,去除干扰素样品中的二聚体,得到高纯度的干扰素用于进一步的研究。方法首先采用阳离子交换层析纯化复性重组人干扰素α2b,去除了大部分的杂蛋白,然后采用疏水相互作用层析纯化重组人干扰素α2b,去除复性过程中产生的错误折叠体和二聚体,并考察盐浓度、pH值、流速和洗脱液中尿素对疏水相互作用层析纯化效果的影响。结果硫酸铵初始浓度1.2 mol/L、缓冲液pH值6.0、流速2.5 mL/min、洗脱液中添加尿素浓度为2 mol/L时疏水相互作用层析纯化效果最佳。最终得到的重组人干扰素α2b非还原型SDS-PAGE电泳均呈单一条带。结论确定了疏水层析纯化重组人干扰素α2b的最优条件,成功提取到具有高活性、高纯度的重组人干扰素α2b纯品。     

Purification and properties of lipase from a Bacillus strain for catalytic resolution of (R)-Naproxen

A Bacillus strain was screened for asymmetric resolution of (R)-Naproxen. The optical purity (ee (%)) of (R)-Naproxen was found to be 86.47% and conversion rate was 40–50% in bacterial cells PBS reaction system. The dissolved lipase was clarified from the Bacillus bacterial cells by centrifugation and loaded on a phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B column. After purification by a single hydrophobic chromatography, the activity of lipase was approximately 43 times higher than the crude one. The hydrolytic activity of lipase using Naproxen ethyl ester and p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) as substrate remained essentially constant during the purification procedure. A Bacillus strain with stereochemical selectivity was obtained.     

疏水层析纯化人重组白细胞介素－4

应用疏水层析对大肠杆菌表达的人重组白细胞介素－４（ｒｈＩＬ－４）进行了纯化,含有ｒｈＩＬ－４的包涵体,经洗涤、变性、复性后,以Ｂｕｔｙｌ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ层析,得到了高纯度的ｒｈＩＬ－４．纯度达９７％;回收率为３２％;比活性为２×１０~７Ｕ／ｍｇ,讨论了ｒｈＩＬ－４疏水层析的条件,并对不同的方法纯化白细胞介素－４进行了比较．     

微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶催化细胞色素c赖氨酸残基的定点修饰

研究微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶(mTG)催化细胞色素c(Cytc)的PEG定点修饰的可行性,并优化修饰条件,研究PEG修饰对Cytc性质的影响。将单甲氧基聚乙二醇氨(mPEG-NH_2)与N-苄氧羰基-谷氨酰胺-甘氨酸(CBZ-QG)共价结合制备含谷氨酰胺残基的甲氧基聚乙二醇衍生物(N-苄氧羰基-谷氨酰胺-甘氨酰-单甲氧基聚乙二醇,CBZ-QG-mPEG);mTG分别催化mPEG-NH_2、CBZQG-mPEG(mTG)修饰Cytc,研究酶法定点修饰Cytc残基的可行性;改变酶的用量、温度、反应时间和p H等反应条件优化谷胺酰胺转氨酶催化修饰Cytc的条件。研究结果表明:(1)mPEG-NH_2不能作为mTG的底物修饰Cytc,甲氧基聚乙二醇氨(mPEG-NH_2)分子上引入谷氨酰胺残基后,在mTG的催化作用下了实现Cytc的PEG修饰,而且基于mTG的底物特异性实现了PEG定点修饰Cytc的赖氨酸(Lys)残基;(2)37℃温度下,p H 8.0的溶液中,1mg/ml的mTG催化修饰反应2h是最佳修饰反应条件;(3)化学法PEG修饰Cytc产物复杂,是多种多点修饰产物的混合物,酶法催化PEG修饰Cytc只产生单一产物;(4)与天然Cytc相比,修饰后Cytc的活力、稳定性都有所提高。提出的谷胺酰胺转胺酶催化修饰法解决了蛋白质Lys残基难以定点修饰的难题,拓展了mTG在蛋白质修饰方面的应用。