用天冬酰胺代替谷氨酰胺培养产尿激酶原CHO工程细胞

以产尿激酶原CHO工程细胞CL－11G的细胞生长和目的产物的表达为观察指标,对用天冬酰胺替代培养基中谷氨酰胺的可行性进行研究。结果表明,溶液中游离态的天冬酰胺的自发分解速度明显低于谷氨酰胺,用天冬酰胺替代培基中的谷氨酰胺培养11G细胞不影响细胞的生长和目的产物的表达,有助于克服因谷氨酰胺的自行分解而造成的培养基氨的过度积聚对细胞代谢的不利影响。     

谷氨酰胺对微囊化重组CHO细胞生长代谢及内皮抑素表达的影响

微囊化技术是一种有发展潜力的生物技术,在细胞移植和药物控释等方面具有广泛的应用。然而由于目前微囊化细胞规模化培养技术还不成熟,阻碍了其在临床治疗中的推广与应用。为了了解微囊化重组CHO细胞的生长代谢特性为今后规模化培养优化提供技术参考,考察了主要氮源物质谷氨酰胺对微囊化重组CHO细胞生长代谢及内皮抑素表达的影响。结果显示:当谷氨酰胺起始浓度从2.69mmolL增加到9.05mmolL时最大活细胞密度并没有增高,细胞增殖没有显著差异。当谷氨酰胺起始浓度较低(2.69mmolL)时,葡萄糖的比消耗速率较大;当谷氨酰胺起始浓度增高时(7.91mmolL～9.05mmolL)葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的比消耗速率增大,但细胞对葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的利用率降低。谷氨酰胺对产物表达有显著影响,起始浓度为4.97mmolL时的内皮抑素累积浓度最高,达546.36ngmL,过低和过高谷氨酰胺起始浓度下内皮抑素的累积浓度均较低。     

打顶对烤烟谷氨酰胺合成酶和天冬酰胺合成酶活性的影响

本文探讨烤烟打顶后,烟株根系和烟叶中谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和天冬酰胺合成酶（AS）的活性变化与烟叶中烟碱积累的关系。     

丁酸钠和丙酸钠对工程CHO细胞生长代谢和嵌合抗体表达的影响

抗p185erbB-2基因工程抗体是一种有潜力的抗肿瘤药物。以稳定表达抗p185嵌合抗体的重组工程CHO细胞株为对象,分别用不同浓度丁酸钠(0~2mmol/L)和丙酸钠(0~10mmol/L)对处在对数生长期的细胞进行处理,在连续5d的培养过程中,每隔24h取样测活细胞数量,并用ELISA检测上清中抗体含量,5d后结束培养用FACS检测细胞周期。同时还用丁酸钠和丙酸钠处理长至90%满度的细胞,然后每隔12h取样一次检测葡萄糖和乳酸的含量。结果表明丁酸钠和丙酸钠可以有效地提高嵌合抗体在工程CHO细胞中的表达,表达量最高时可达58.3~59.6mg/L,是对照组的1.5倍。同时抑制细胞生长和阻断细胞周期在G1期,并且可减少培养过程中葡萄糖的消耗和乳酸的生成。和丁酸钠相比,丙酸钠具有较小的细胞毒性,是一种有潜力的替代品。     

天冬酰胺酶及PEG_2-天冬酰胺酶对L-天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺亲和性的研究

本文报导了天冬酰胺酶及PEG_2-天冬酰胺酶对废物L-天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺亲和性的研究,结果表明:PEG_2-天冬酰胺酶对谷氨酰胺的亲和性明显强于天冬酰胺酶(Km值分别为7.35×10~(-3)mol/L和7.14×10~(-2)mol/L),对天冬酰胺的亲和性略强于天冬酰胺酶(Km值分别为2.9×10~(-5)mol/L和4.0×10~(-5)mol/L)。天冬酰胺酶和PEG_2-天冬酰胺酶的CD光谱表明:天冬酰胺和谷氨酰胺对天冬酰胺酶和PEG_2-天冬酰胺酶的构象影响较大,但天冬酰胺酶和PEG_2-天冬酰胺酶的构象变化趋势有明显的不同。     

氨、乳酸对杂交瘤细胞生长代谢的影响

本文通过在不同浓度乳酸、氨的条件下培养2F7杂交瘤细胞,考察了氨,乳酸对2F7杂交瘤细胞生长代谢过程的影响,包括对葡萄糖消耗、乳酸生成、细胞活性的影响。实验表明,当加入氨或乳酸分别达2．5mmol／L、2．5mg／ml时,对细胞产生抑制作用,5 mmol／L氨或5．0mg／m1乳酸将对细胞产生严重抑制作用。     

重组CHO细胞培养过程中氨对细胞代谢的影响

研究了重组CHO细胞批培养过程中,氨浓度对细胞的葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺及其它氨基酸代谢的影响。表明,细胞对葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的得率系数随着氨浓度的增加而降低,起始氨浓度为566mmol/L的批培养过程与起始氨浓度为021mmol/L的批培养过程相比,细胞对葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的得率系数分别下降了78%和74%,细胞对其它氨基酸的得率系数也分别下降了50%～70%。氨浓度的增加明显地改变了细胞的代谢途径,葡萄糖代谢更倾向于厌氧的乳酸生成。在谷氨酰胺的代谢过程中,谷氨酸经谷氨酸脱氢酶进一步生成α酮戊二酸的过程受到了氨的抑制,而氨对谷氨酸经谷氨酸转氨酶反应生成α酮戊二酸的过程有促进作用,但总体上谷氨酸进一步脱氨生成α酮戊二酸的反应受到了氨的限制。     

酵母抽提物对CHO细胞生长及抗体表达的影响

为了深入认识酵母抽提物在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞生长及单克隆抗体表达过程中所发挥的作用,综合考察了传代培养和批式培养过程中,不同浓度酵母抽提物条件下CHO细胞生长、抗体表达以及营养物代谢的情况。传代培养过程中,低浓度(1 g/L)的酵母抽提物能够显著促进CHO细胞的生长,高浓度(5-10 g/L)的酵母抽提物则会显著抑制CHO细胞的生长;同时,传代过程中添加酵母抽提物不会影响种子细胞在批式培养中的表现。批式培养过程中,抗体比生成速率随酵母抽提物浓度的提高而升高,浓度为10 g/L时获得最高抗体产量。通过采用细胞生长阶段低浓度、产物表达阶段高浓度的添加策略,酵母抽提物在动物细胞培养过程中可发挥巨大的应用价值。     

葡萄糖对重组CHO细胞生长代谢及EPO表达的影响

在CHO细胞批培养中 ,葡萄糖浓度从8.9增加到49.6mmol/L ,最大活细胞密度没有明显的差异 ,乳酸对葡萄糖的得率系数首先随着葡萄糖浓度的增加而增加 ,葡萄糖浓度达到 17.9mmol/L后 ,乳酸对葡萄糖的得率系数基本上维持恒定。在本实验中 ,葡萄糖浓度对谷氨酰胺代谢没有明显的影响。EPO的累积浓度首先随着起始葡萄糖浓度的增加 ( 8.9～ 17.9mmol L)而增加 ,进而又随着葡萄糖浓度的增加 (17.9～ 49.6mmol L)而下降 ,表明存在一最适浓度 ,在此浓度下重组CHO细胞的EPO表达最大。     

Glutamine Synthetase in Muscle Is Required for Glutamine Production during Fasting and Extrahepatic Ammonia Detoxification

The main endogenous source of glutamine is de novo synthesis in striated muscle via the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). The mice in which GS is selectively but completely eliminated from striated muscle with the Cre-loxP strategy (GS-KO/M mice) are, nevertheless, healthy and fertile. Compared with controls, the circulating concentration and net production of glutamine across the hindquarter were not different in fed GS-KO/M mice. Only a ∼3-fold higher escape of ammonia revealed the absence of GS in muscle. However, after 20 h of fasting, GS-KO/M mice were not able to mount the ∼4-fold increase in glutamine production across the hindquarter that was observed in control mice. Instead, muscle ammonia production was ∼5-fold higher than in control mice. The fasting-induced metabolic changes were transient and had returned to fed levels at 36 h of fasting. Glucose consumption and lactate and ketone-body production were similar in GS-KO/M and control mice. Challenging GS-KO/M and control mice with intravenous ammonia in stepwise increments revealed that normal muscle can detoxify ∼2.5 μmol ammonia/g muscle·h in a muscle GS-dependent manner, with simultaneous accumulation of urea, whereas GS-KO/M mice responded with accumulation of glutamine and other amino acids but not urea. These findings demonstrate that GS in muscle is dispensable in fed mice but plays a key role in mounting the adaptive response to fasting by transiently facilitating the production of glutamine. Furthermore, muscle GS contributes to ammonia detoxification and urea synthesis. These functions are apparently not vital as long as other organs function normally.     

Influence of Different Concentrations of NO-3 and NH+4 on the Activity of Glutamine Synthetase and Other Relevant Enzymes of Nitrogen Metabolism in Wheat Roots

Influence of different concentrations of NO3 and NH+ on the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), asparagine synthetase (AS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), nitrate reductase (NR) and the changes of GS-mRNA in wheat roots have been studied with enzymes activity assay and Northern blot. The results showed that the higher GS activity was found in roots of wheat when NH+4-N was the sole nitrogen source than when NO3-N was the sole nitrogen source. GS-mRNA of Northern blot was simillar to GS activity. 3 mmol/L NO3- promoted the activity of AS. The change of AS was independent of the change of GS. GDH activity was not been detected, and change in regulation of NR activity was not found.     

Cerebral Cortex Ammonia and Glutamine Metabolism During Liver Insufficiency-Induced Hyperammonemia in the Rat

Hyperammonemia has been suggested to induce enhanced cerebral cortex ammonia uptake, subsequent glutamine synthesis and accumulation, and finally net glutamine release into the blood stream, but this has never been confirmed in liver insufficiency models. Therefore, cerebral cortex ammonia- and glutamine-related metabolism was studied during liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia by measuring plasma flow and venous-arterial concentration differences of ammonia and amino acids across the cerebral cortex (enabling estimation of net metabolite exchange), 1 day after portacaval shunting and 2, 4, and 6 h after hepatic artery ligation (or in controls). The intra-organ effects were investigated by measuring cerebral cortex tissue ammonia and amino acids 6 h after liver ischemia induction or in controls. Arterial ammonia and glutamine increased in portacaval-shunted rats versus controls, and further increased during liver ischemia. Cerebral cortex net ammonia uptake, observed in portacaval-shunted rats, increased progressively during liver ischemia, but net glutamine release was only observed after 6 h of liver ischemia. Cerebral cortex tissue glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, most other amino acids, and ammonia levels were increased during liver ischemia. Glutamate was equally decreased in portacaval-shunted and liver-ischemia rats. The observed net cerebral cortex ammonia uptake, cerebral cortex tissue ammonia and glutamine accumulation, and finally glutamine release into the blood suggest that the rat cerebral cortex initially contributes to net ammonia removal from the blood during liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia by augmenting tissue glutamine and ammonia pools, and later by net glutamine release into the blood. The changes in cerebral cortex glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid could be related to altered ammonia metabolism.     

治疗性单抗与抗体产业关键技术

抗体技术历经动物血清多克隆抗体、杂交瘤单克隆抗体,以及重组基因工程抗体等不同发展时期,尤其是后者使得治疗性抗体的生产进入产业化阶段.在已上市的抗体药物中,人源化抗体、全人源抗体由于免疫原性小,临床药效好,目前已经成为抗体药物的主流.随着抗体药物在癌症、免疫调节等治疗领域的广泛应用.抗体产业已经成为国际制药行业的主要组成部分.我国的抗体产业由于品种不足、技术落后,尚处于起步阶段,其行业发展受限于诸多技术瓶颈,如:工程细胞系构建与筛选、大规模培养工艺开发,单抗的纯化与质控等,上述产业化关键技术的突破可加快我国抗体产业的发展进程.     

Cerebral Cortex Ammonia and Glutamine Metabolism in Two Rat Models of Chronic Liver Insufficiency-Induced Hyperammonemia: Influence of Pair-Feeding

Abstract: Enhanced cerebral cortex ammonia uptake, subsequent glutamine synthesis, and glutamine release into the bloodstream have been hypothesized to deplete cerebral cortex glutamate pools. We investigated this hypothesis in rats with chronic liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia and in pair-fed controls to rule out effects of differences in food intake. Cerebral cortex plasma flow and venous-arterial concentration differences of ammonia and amino acids, as well as cerebral cortex tissue concentrations, were studied 7 and 14 days after surgery in portacaval-shunted/bile duct-ligated, portacaval-shunted, and sham-operated rats, while the latter two were pair-fed to the first group, and in normal unoperated ad libitum-fed control rats. At both time points, arterial ammonia was elevated in the chronic liver insufficiency groups and arterial glutamine was elevated in portacaval shunt/biliary obstruction rats compared to the other groups. In the chronic liver insufficiency groups net cerebral cortex ammonia uptake was observed at both time points and was accompanied by net glutamine release. Also in these groups, cerebral cortex tissue glutamine, many other amino acid, and ammonia levels were elevated. Tissue glutamate levels were decreased to a similar level in all operated groups compared with normal unoperated rats, irrespective of plasma and tissue ammonia and glutamine levels. These results demonstrate that during chronic liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia, the rat cerebral cortex enhances net ammonia uptake and glutamine release. However, the decrease in tissue glutamate concentrations in these chronic liver insufficiency models seems to be related primarily to nutritional status and/or surgical trauma.     

谷氨酰胺高产菌株的定向选育研究

采用谷氨酸棒杆菌S9114为出发菌株,经γ-射线—硫酸二乙酯—γ-射线诱变,磺胺胍抗性筛选后,定向选育出1株高产菌株SH77。在适宜的条件下积累谷氨酰胺平均为38.9g/L,最大达39.3g/L,比出发林提高了3.81倍。该菌株在最优化代谢控制发酵工艺条件下,谷氨酰胺产量最高达56.2g/L。