Phylogenetic relationships of the Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridea): the need for the systematic revision of the Ancyrocephalinae Bychowsky, 1937

Phylogenetic analyses based on partial 18S rDNA sequences of polyonchoinean monogeneans were conducted in order to investigate the relationships between selected families and subfamilies of the Dactylogyrinea, mainly within the Dactylogyridae. We tested the status of the Ancyrocephalidae sensu Bychowsky & Nagibina (1978) and the Ancyrocephalinae sensu Kritsky & Boeger (1989). Within the Dactylogyrinea, the Diplectanidae and Dactylogyridae are well supported by maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses, but their phylogenetic relationship with the Pseudomurraytrematidae remains unresolved. Phylogenetic relationships between the Pseudodactylogyrinae, Ancyrocephalinae, Ancylodiscoidinae and Dactylogyrinae indicate paraphyly of the Ancyrocephalidae sensu Bychowsky & Nagibina (1978). The group of species recently considered as the Dactylogyridae sensu Kritsky & Boeger (1989) comprises two sister groups. The first group includes the freshwater Ancyrocephalinae and the Ancylodiscoidinae. The second group includes the Pseudodactylogyrinae, Dactylogyrinae and the Ancyrocephalinae from the fish species Siganus doliatus and Tetraodon fluviatilis. The non-monophyly of the Ancyrocephalinae (i.e. the non-monophyly of the group of species recently considered as members of Ancyrocephalinae), previously suggested by Kritsky & Boeger (1989) using the morphological characters, indicates that classification of the Dactylogyridae needs to be revised.     

A new genus of Canuellidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) associated with Atlantic bathyal sea-urchins

Both sexes of Echinosunaristes bathyalis gen. ct sp. n. are described from the rectum of a deepwater spatangoid sea-urchin Palaeopneustes sp. taken off San Salvador Island, Bahamas. The new genus displays strong sexual dimorphism in body form, size, antennules and caudal rami. E. bathyalis can also be readily distinguished from the other members of the family by the specialized geniculation mechanism of the male antennule, the atypical reductions in the mouthparts and the unusual facies of the swimming legs. On the basis of the structure of the genital field in both sexes, Echinosunaristes is placed in the Sunaristes lineage which groups species that arc primarily associated with crustacean hosts. A ncw genus Intersunaristes is established to accommodate Sunaristes curticaudata Thompson & A. Scott, 1903 and S. dardani Humes & Ho, 1969. Canuella paenelanitica Fiers, 1992 is formally transferred to the genus Elanella Por, 1984. Records of Canuellidae associated with other invertebrates arc compiled and a key to the 17 genera of the family is presented.     

Six new Richtersia species (Nematoda, Selachinematidae) from the Mediterranean Sea

Six new species of the genus Richtersia Steiner, 1916 are described from the Mediterranean Sea: R. bathyalis sp.n., R. spinosa sp.n., R. heipi sp.n., R. mediterranea sp.n., R. staresensis sp.n. and R. coomansi sp.n. Some morphological adaptations of R. bathyalis, R. spinosa and R. heipi are discussed in relation to their small body size. The structure of the stomatal region, labial region and spicules is described in detail and probably holds for the entire genus.     

A new species of Acroeimeria Paperna & Landsberg, 1989 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Wiegmannʼs torquate lizard Sceloporus torquatus torquatus Weigmann (Sauria: Phrynosomatidae) from Toluca Valley,México

Systematic Parasitology - A new species of Acroeimeria Paperna & Landsberg, 1989 is described from Wiegmann’s torquate lizard Sceloporus torquatus torquatus Wiegmann from Toluca,...     

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENUS AEGIRES LOVEN, 1844 (OPISTHOBRANCHIA: DORIDOIDEA: AEGIRETIDAE) IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

New information on Aegires ortizi Templado, Luque & Ortea,1987 is given, and two new species of the genus Aegires aredescribed, one from the Caribbean and one from the MediterraneanSea. A key to the North Atlantic species of Aegires is given. (Received 10 February 1989; accepted 11 July 1989)     

A new acroeimerian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in spotted house gecko,Gekko monarchus (Schlegel) (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia

Systematic Parasitology - A new species of Acroeimeria Paperna & Landsberg, 1989 is described from the spotted house gecko, Gekko monarchus (Schlegel) from Peninsular Malaysia. Oöcysts...     

Two anisakid nematodes from marine fishes off New Caledonia, including Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) nemipteri n. sp. from Nemipterus furcosus

One new and one known species of the ascaridoid family Anisakidae are reported from marine fishes off the southwestern coast of New Caledonia: Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) nemipteri n. sp. from the intestine of the forked-tailed threadfin bream Nemipterus furcosus (Nemipteridae, Perciformes) and Hysterothylacium cenaticum (Bruce & Cannon, 1989) from the intestine of the striped marlin Tetrapturus audax (Istiophoridae, Perciformes). R. nemipteri is characterised mainly by the shape (wider than long) of the lips, the length of the spicules (225–399 μm, which represent 2.7–4.2% of the body length), the number (22–33) of caudal pre-anal papillae, the position of the vulva (at 16–20% of the body length), and the presence of cuticular spines on the tip of the female tail. Specimens of H. cenaticum from New Caledonia generally exhibited smaller body measurements than those originally described from Australian waters; the deirids and eggs are described for the first time. Maricostula Bruce & Cannon, 1989 is considered a junior synonym of Hysterothylacium, to which three species are transferred as H. cenaticum (Bruce & Cannon, 1989) n. comb., H. makairi (Bruce & Cannon, 1989) n. comb. and H. tetrapteri (Bruce & Cannon, 1989) n. comb.     

Occurrence of some Glomales in Finland

By using trap plants, 17 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belonging to the order Glomales were identified in 266 soil samples collected in the period 1987–1989. Of the identified isolates, 87.1% belonged to the genus Glomus Tulasne & Tulasne, 8.5% to Acaulospora Gerdemann & Trappe, 4.1% to Scutellospora Walker & Sanders and 0.3% to Entrophospora. Of the individual species identified, Glomus hoi Berch & Trappe was the most frequently identified, followed by G. fistulosum Skou & Jakobsen and G. mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe. Only small differences in AMF trapping ability were observed between the four trap plants used, Trifolium pratense L., Zea mays L., Allium cepa L. var. cepa and Fragaria x ananassa Duch. T. pratense was chosen for further study because it had the highest AMF sporulation index in trap cultures and it also performed better than the other plants when grown in soils with different physical and chemical properties. The proportion of soil samples where AMF were identified decreased from close to 100% in the southern and central parts of Finland to about 50% in northern Finland.     

Monocotylids (Monogenoidea) infecting elasmobranchs in Moreton Bay,Queensland, Australia,with descriptions of Calicotyle cutmorei n. sp. (Calicotylinae) and Dendromonocotyle raiae n. sp. (Monocotylinae)

Eighteen monocotylid species were collected from elasmobranchs during surveys of the parasites of fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Two new species, Calicotyle cutmorei n. sp. (Calicotylinae) from Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes) (Carcharhiniformes) and Dendromonocotyle raiae n. sp. (Monocotylinae) from Hemitrygon fluviorum (Ogilby) and Neotrygon trigonoides (Castelnau) (both Myliobatiformes) are described and illustrated. Six new faunal records for Moreton Bay are reported: Thaumatocotyle australensis Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989 (Merizocotylinae) from Maculabatis toshi (Whitley) (Myliobatiformes); Monocotyle corali Chisholm, 1998 (Monocotylinae) from Pastinachus ater (Macleay) (Myliobatiformes); Neoheterocotyle rhynchobatis (Tripathi, 1959) Chisholm, 1994 (Heterocotylinae) from Glaucostegus typus (Anonymous [Bennett]) and Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw) (both Rhinopristiformes); and Decacotyle elpora Marie & Justine, 2005 (Decacotylinae), Dendromonocotyle torosa Chisholm & Whittington, 2004 (Monocotylinae), and Clemacotyle australis Young, 1967 (Monocotylinae) from Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl) (Myliobatiformes). Maculabatis toshi is a new host record for T. australensis, and A. rostrata is a new host record for N. rhynchobatis. Ten species previously recorded from Moreton Bay were collected: Monocotyle caseyae Chisholm & Whittington, 2005 (Monocotylinae) and Heterocotyle whittingtoni Chisholm & Kritsky, 2020 (Heterocotylinae) from M. toshi; Monocotyle sp. A of Chisholm (1998a) (Monocotylinae) from H. fluviorum; Dendromonocotyle kuhlii Young, 1967 and Monocotyle kuhlii Young, 1967 (both Monocotylinae) from N. trigonoides; Thaumatocotyle cf. pseudodasybatis Hargis, 1955 (Merizocotylinae), Empruthotrema kearni Whittington, 1990 (Merizocotylinae) and Decacotyle octona Young, 1967 (Decacotylinae) from A. ocellatus; and Mycteronastes icopae (Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989) Kearn & Beverley-Burton, 1990 (Merizocotylinae) and Troglocephalus rhinobatidis Young, 1967 (Dasybatotreminae) from G. typus.

     

Parasitoids of whiteflies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae,Eulophidae, Platygastridae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary Islands,Madeira and the Azores

Data on the whitefly parasitoid species known from the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores are presented, based largely on recently collected material. A total of 26 species are treated, including six new species, six new records for the Canary Islands, two new records for Madeira, and two new records for the Azores. All species are fully described and illustrated. New species described are: Encarsia atlantica Polaszek & Hernández; Encarsia levadicola Polaszek & Hernández; Encarsia melanostoma Polaszek & Hernández; Encarsia noahi Polaszek & Hernández; Euderomphale gomer LaSalle & Hernández; Euderomphale insularis LaSalle & Hernández. A fully illustrated identification key based on females is provided for recognition of whitefly parasitoids in these archipelagos. Data on the known distribution and hosts are provided, as well as references to biology and use in biological control.     

A new parasitic copepod (Copepoda; Cyclopoida; Chondracanthidae) from two pomacentrid fishes caught on the Great Barrier Reef,Queensland, Australia

Systematic Parasitology - A new species of the copepod genus Pseudacanthocanthopsis Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1959 (family Chondracanthidae) is described based on material of both sexes collected...     

Effectiveness of ladybirds as biological control agents: Patterns and processes

Aphidophagous species of ladybirds have generally proved ineffective biocontrol agents, whereas many coccidophagous species have proved very effective, especiallyRodolia cardinalis (Caltagirone & Doutt, 1989). Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for this pattern: the optimum food utilization/satiation hypothesis (Mills, 1982) and the generation time ratio hypothesis (Kindlmann & Dixon, 1996). In this paper the extensive literature on ladybirds is used to test these hypotheses.     

Psednotrichia perennis (Asteraceae,Senecioneae): A new species from the Huila plateau,Angola

The genus Psednotrichia (Asteraceae–Senecioneae) is endemic to Angola and currently consists of two annual species, P. xyridopsis (O. Hoffm.) Anderb. & P. O. Karis, and P. newtonii (O. Hoffm.) Anderb. & P. O. Karis. A perennial member of the genus was collected on a recent field trip to Angola, and is here described as P. perennis N. G. Bergh & B. Nord., sp. nov. A key to the three species is provided.     

Trichodinid ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) of wild and cultured freshwater fishes in Taiwan,with notes on their origin

During 1988 parasitological surveys were carried out on the freshwater fish fauna on the island of Taiwan in 12 localities that included fishery stations, reservoirs, fish markets as well as natural rivers and swamps. A total of 28 fish species were examined, representing 14 families. This paper reports on the parasites of the genus Trichodina (Ciliophora, Peritrichida) of Taiwan. Fourteen trichodinid species were recorded of which five are new. Trichodinids collected in this study can be divided into four categories, based on their host association and possible region of origin. The first category includes trichodinids with an African origin, T. centrostrigeata Basson, Van As & Paperna, 1983, T. heterodentata Duncan, 1977, T. compacta Van As & Basson, 1989 and possibly T. canton n. sp. The second category is species with an Eurasian origin and includes T. acuta Lom, 1961, T. modesta Lom, 1970, T. mutabilis Hirschmann & Partsch, 1955, T. nigra Lom, 1961 and T. nobilis Chan, 1963. The third category comprises one species, T. maritinkae Basson & Van As, 1990, with an Afro-Asian distribution. The last category is composed of new species that are most likely native to Asia: these are T. matsu n. sp., T. mandarin n. sp., T. wulai n. sp. and T. pagoda n. sp.     

Differentiation of the body wall musculature in Macrostomum and Hoploplana (Turbellaria,Platyhelminthes)

Using the Phalloidin-Rhodamine flourescence-labelling technique for F-actin, we have studied the development of the body wall musculature in Macrostomum hystricinum marinum and in thepolyclad Hoploplana inquilina. The structure of the muscle grid in the freshly hatched Macrostomum (see also Rieger & Salvenmoser, 1991) and the young larva of Holplana served as reference systems for the embryonic development of the body wall musculature. In Macrostomum muscle fiber differentiation starts around 60% of developmental time between egg-laying and hatching, and in Hoploplana around 80% of embryonic development.In Macrostomum, early stages show TV-antenna-like arrangements of one longitudinal and several circular fibers. In Hoploplana our preliminary results show a particularly large, longitudinal fiber on either side of the body. These primary longitudinal fibers may serve as a founder cell for other longitudinal fibers and as spatial guides for the circular muscles. Similar founder cells have been reported during early muscle differentiation in leeches (Jellies & Kristan, 1988; Jellies, 1990). In Hoploplana, a special muscle system is present at the outset under the apical organ. It consists of what seems to be a spirally toranged fiber — when seen in head-on view — and of two additional fibers crossing this spiral, from the later developing posterior to the anterior lobe.TEM-studies of embryos of Macrostomum suggest that the longitudinal nerve cords represent an important guide during early differentiation of the pattern within the body wall musculature. Young stages of myoblasts can be identified along the main lateral nerve cord. Commonly, the myoblasts are seen to alternate with young neurons in their position along the nerve cord. Embryonic stages of Macrostomum hystricinum marinum were obtained from our cultures (Rieger et al., 1988). Immediately prior to fixation (Paraformaldehyde, Stephanini's fixative) the eggshells were punctured with tungsten needles. We noted some variability of developmental time for certain embryonic stages, which we cannot explain. Developmental stages of Hoploplana inquilina were collected at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA according to the procedure outlined in Boyer (1987) and Boyer (1989). They have been timed in relation to normal developmental time to an early Müller's larva at about 100 hours.     

A neoselachian fauna (Vertebrata,Pisces) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Höver,near Hannover (NW Germany)

A neoselachian fauna from the Early Campanian of Höver near Hannover (NW Germany) comprises 12 taxa: Hexanchus gracilis Davis 1887?, Squalus? vondermarcki MÜller & SchÖllmann 1989, Deania? n. sp., Eoetmopterus supracretaceus MÜller & SchÖllmann 1989, Palaeomicroides ursulae n. g. et n. sp., Cretascymnus westfalicus MÜller & SchÖllmann 1989, Centroscymnus praecursor MÜller & SchÖllmann 1989, Squatina baumbergensis Von der Marck 1885?, Hemiscyllium n. sp., Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz 1843), Palaeogaleus havreensis Herman 1977, and Paratriakis decheni (Von der Marck 1863)?. Being dominated by squalomorph sharks the fauna shows closer relations to the Late Campanian neoselachian fauna of the Münster basin (NW Germany) than to the Early Campanian fauna of the Aachen area (W Germany). The dominance of squalomorphs indicates that the Early Campanian sea reached a considerable depth (probably several hundred meters) at Höver.     

Intra-specific variation of Kudoa spp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from apogonid fishes (Perciformes), including the description of two new species, K. cheilodipteri n. sp. and K. cookii n. sp., from Australian waters

Kudoa spp. from the musculature and intestinal mucosa of species of the teleost family Apogonidae were examined for their taxonomic identity. Two novel species are characterised: Kudoa cheilodipteri n. sp. from the musculature of Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, Ostorhinchus cyanosoma (Bleeker) and O. aureus (Lacépède); and Kudoa cookii n. sp. from the submucosa of the intestines of O. cookii (Macleay) only. Both species are characterised using morphology, small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA), and biological characters. Three new host records, O. cyanosoma, O. aureus and Apogon doederleini, and associated geographical, morphological and genetic data are also provided for Kudoa whippsi Burger & Adlard, 2010. Morphological and molecular intra-specific variation of all isolates assigned to K. whippsi is also examined. Phylogenetic analyses further support the idea that tissue tropism is a distinguishing character between morphologically similar species; species reported here display close relatedness to morphologically similar species infecting the same tissue within their hosts.     

Monogeneans of the catfish Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Brazilian Amazon,with a description of a new species of Ameloblastella Kritsky,Mendoza-Franco & Scholz, 2000 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae)

Ameloblastella amazonica n. sp. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) collected on the gills of Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from Rivers Acre and Iaco, State of Acre (Brazil) is described. The new species differs from the congeners mainly by the morphology of the dorsal bar, i.e. slightly U-shaped bearing a posteriorly directed flap, arising from the anterior edge of its middle third. The most morphologically similar congeners, A. paranaensis (França, Isaac, Pavanelli & Takemoto, 2003) and A. satoi Monteiro, Kritsky & Brasil-Sato, 2010, resemble A. amazonica n. sp. regarding the general structure of the copulatory complex; however, besides other features, they also differ from the new species because their hooks are similar in size (vs hooks with three different sizes). In addition to the dorsal bar lacking a flap, A. amazonica n. sp. can be differentiated from all congeners based on the combination of the following features: size of hooks (one or two different sizes), shape of the dorsal bar (other than slightly U-shaped), anchor points largely passing the level of superficial root (vs not or slightly passing it), number of MCO rings (other than 3–4) and structure of the articulation between the MCO base and the accessory piece (other than thick, medium-sized, smooth and tubular). Demidospermus leptosynophallus Kritsky & Gutierrez, 1998 and Scleroductus yuncensi Jara & Cone, 1989 were also found infesting P. blochii, both representing new host and locality records.

     

Aonchotheca musimon n. sp. (Nematoda: Capillariinae) from the mouflon Ovis musimon in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen archipelago,with comments on the relationships with A. bilobata (Bhalerao, 1933) Moravec, 1982 and other species of the genus

An intestinal capillariid nematode, Aonchotheca musimon n. sp., is described from Ovis musimon imported into the Kerguelen archipelago (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises). The comparison of this new material with other Aonchotheca spp. is based on the usual characters, i.e. spicule, caudal bursa, number of papillae, stichosome, bacillary bands, shape of the cirrus, and on the length of the ejaculatory duct which appears to be of some phylogenetic value. A. musimon, of which the spicule is 208–230 m long, is close to A. bilobata, another parasite of bovids, which is redescribed here. It is distinct from this species because the posterior region of the female worm is cylindrical instead of conical, the lateral alae of the male worm are longer, quadrangular and vesicular instead of triangular and smooth, the caudal bursa has a folded dorso-lateral edge, there is a recurrent ventral fold of the cirrus, the slender distal part of the spicule is longer, the oesophagus is shorter in both sexes and the slightly larger eggs have a thicker shell. These two species from bovids and A. murissylvatici from murid rodents, of which the main characters are similar, represent a small group with a very elongate ejaculatory duct (1.9–2.5 mm). This is in contrast to a larger group of species with a short ejaculatory duct (350–600 m), which are parasites of Chiroptera (A. brosseti, A. chabaudi, A. landauae, A. gabonensis), Insectivora (A. erinacei), mustelid Carnivora (A. putorii, A. mustelorum) and glirid rodents (A. myoxinitelae, A. legerae). A. bovis and A. dessetae, respectively parasites of bovids and lagomorphs, present an ejaculatory duct of intermediary length and do not belong to these groups.Several species are tranferred to the genus Aonchotheca: A. kashmirensis (Raina & Kaul, 1982) n. comb., A. legerae (Justine, Ferté & Bain, 1987) n. comb., A. forresteri (Kinsella & Pence, 1987) n. comb., A. chabaudi (Justine, 1989) n. comb., A. landauae (Justine, 1989) n. comb., A. brosseti (Justine, 1989) n. comb., A. gabonensis (Justine, 1989) n. comb. and A. dessetae (Justine, 1990) n. comb.