棉花枯萎、黄萎病拮抗芽孢杆菌的抗菌蛋白特性

从土贝母和腊肠等中药和发酵食品中筛选出对棉花枯萎、黄萎病菌有广谱拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌29株,其中有12株菌产抗菌蛋白。有5株抑菌活性较强:H110、H184、H216、B316和B382。经初步鉴定,H110和H184为枯草芽孢杆菌,H216、B316和B382为地衣芽孢杆菌。5株菌的蛋白粗提液对热稳定,对蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶均不敏感,但H184、H216的蛋白粗提液对胃蛋白酶部分敏感。     

利用cDNA - AFLP技术分离棉花抗枯萎病相关基因

目的:分离出棉花抗枯萎病基因片段,并Blast分析其差异片段.方法:以抗枯萎病的棉花品种中棉12号为材料,采用苗期水培方法于三叶期进行枯萎病菌诱导处理,以不接菌为对照.用64对选择性扩增引物对诱导处理和对照的cDNA进行AFLP分析.结果:得到25个阳性差异片段,在GenBank中进行同源性序列比对,24个片段在GenBank数据库中发现同源序列,有1个功能未知.结论:作物的抗病机理复杂,涉及物质和能量代谢,信号传导,逆境响应及蛋白功能调控等方面.     

Suppression of Fusarium Colonization of Cotton Roots and Fusarium Wilt by Seed Treatments with Gliocladium virens and Bacillus subtilis

In a growth chamber at 25 C, the fungal antagonist Gliocladium virens colonized tap roots and secondary roots of cotton in non-sterile soil after seed treatment with preparations of G. virens. Colonization of tap roots by G. virens increased over time, and decreased with root depth. Seed treatments with G. virens strains G-4 and G-6 and with Bacillus subtilis strains GB03 and GB07 reduced the colonization of tap roots and secondary roots of cotton seedlings by Fusarium spp. Under greenhouse conditions, the same seed treatments suppressed the incidence and severity of fusarium wilt of cotton in soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Meloidogyne incognita. Gliotoxin, produced by 'Q-group' strains of G. virens, inhibited F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in vitro. The seed treatments with G. virens strain G-6 and B. subtilis strains GB03 and GB07 did not affect the reproduction of root-knot nematodes. The results of this study may help to explain why the treatment of cotton seed with biocontrol agents often results in more vigorous and higher yielding plants, and indicate that there is potential for using G. virens and B. subtilis as seed treatments to control fusarium wilt of cotton.     

我国棉花抗枯黄萎病品种纤维品质遗传改良评价

对我国108个抗枯、黄萎病骨干品种的纤维品质进行了分析,整体表现纤维较长,27mm以下的品种较少;比强度平均值较低,但也有少数高强力品种;马克隆值较大,纤维较粗.20世纪60-90年代抗病育种对纤维品质未明显改进,纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值平均值均无显著增长;但纤维长度类型更加丰富,纤维长度最大值有所增加,最高强力品种的比强度值逐渐提高,90年代品种中有较细纤维类型.从中筛选出纤维长度在33mm以上,比强度在33.2cN/tex以上,纤维整齐度在87.1%以上,马克隆值在3.8～4.3之间的品种各10个,筛选出纤维品质指标综合优良的品种9个.     

细胞壁羟脯氨酸和游离脯氨酸与棉花对枯萎病抗性的关系

氟乐灵处理能推迟棉苗枯萎病症状的出现、降低发病株率和病情指数,说明氟乐灵处理能提高棉酋对枯萎病的抗性。在健康棉苗中,抗病品种（中棉１２）细胞壁结合的羟脯氨酸含量显著高于感病品种（６０３７）,但游离脯氨酸含量无明显差异。在氟乐灵处理和未处理而接种棉枯萎病菌的两个处理中,两个品种的细胞壁结合的羟脯氨酸和游离脯氨酸含量均高于各自的健康株对照,而且抗病品种中的含量都高于感病品种,说明细胞壁结合的羟脯氨酸和游禹脯氨酸的积累是氟乐灵诱发的抗病性表现及棉苗受枯萎病菌侵染后抗性反应的生化机制之一。     

Host-specific Fusarium oxysporum Causes Wilt of Jojoba

Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] plantations in Israel originated from vegetative propagation, planted during 1991–92, have shown symptoms of wilting and subsequent death. Verticillium dahliae was only rarely isolated from these plants and artificial inoculation showed only mild disease symptoms. Fusarium oxysporum caused severe chlorosis, desiccation, defoliation and wilt in leaves of jojoba plants, resulting in plant death. Recovery of the fungus from artificially inoculated stem cuttings and seedlings showed for the first time that F. oxysporum was the primary pathogen. Inoculated cuttings exhibited wilt within 3 weeks, while in seedlings wilt occurred 10–24 weeks after inoculation. Seedlings and cuttings of jojoba which were inoculated with other Fusarium isolates originating from different crops (F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum from cotton, F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi from carnation, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici from tomato and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum from basil) did not develop symptoms. Moreover, cotton, tomato, melon and cucumber seedlings inoculated with several virulent F. oxysporum isolates from jojoba did not show any symptoms of wilt or defoliation. These results indicate a high degree of specificity of the Fusarium isolates from jojoba; therefore, it is suggested that this isolate be defined as F. oxysporum f. sp. simmondsia.     

瓜类枯萎病研究进展(综述)

瓜类枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum侵染引起,在全球大部分瓜类产区均有发生。该病已成为影响我国瓜类品质和产量的重要病害。本文从瓜类作物枯萎病的防治方法、致病机理和分子生物学研究等方面综述其研究现状,并对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

生物防治棉花黄萎病的研究进展

随着人们环境保护意识的增强,棉花黄萎病的生物防治成为目前研究的重要方向。评述了已取得的研究进展,包括生防菌类型、生防菌抗菌物质与拮抗基因的研究进展及微生态有机肥防治棉花黄萎病的应用,并指出了棉花黄萎病生物防治的发展趋势,为今后棉花黄萎病的生物防治提供借鉴。     

Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida

Mutants of Pseudomonas putida (Agg⁻) that lack the ability to agglutinate with components present in washes of bean and cucumber roots showed limited potential to protect cucumber plants against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. However, a higher level of protection was observed against Fusarium wilt in cucumber plants coinoculated with the parental bacterium (Agg⁺), which was agglutinable. The Agg⁻ mutants did not colonize the roots of cucumber plants as extensively as the Agg⁺ parental isolate did. In competition experiments involving bean roots inoculated with a mixture of Agg⁺ and Agg⁻ bacteria, the Agg⁺ strains colonized roots to a greater extent than the Agg⁻ cells did. These data suggest that the Agg⁺ phenotype provides additional interactions that aid in the beneficial character of P. putida.     

Suppressiveness of Vermicompost against Fusarium Wilt of Tomato

Vermicompost added to various container media significantly inhibited the infection of tomato plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The protective effect increased in proportion to the rate of application of vermicompost. Every type of container media amended with this substrate, used in the experiments, were suppressive to the pathogen. Vermicompost lost its activity after heating. Sterilized extracts of vermicompost added to potato dextrose agar stimulated the growth of F. oxysporum mycelium. The results indicate that chemical factors in this substrate had no direct inhibiting effect on the fungus. The total number of micro-organisms and populations of antagonistic bacteria and fungi were significantly higher in vermicompost than in the control peat substrate. A biotic nature is suggested for the suppressiveness of the vermicompost.     

西瓜抗枯萎病育种分子标辅助选择的研究

将西瓜野生种质ＰＩ２９６３４１抗枯萎病生理小种１的抗性基因连锁的ＲＡＰＤ标记ＯＰＰ０１．７００进行克隆、测序,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明此标记为１个单拷贝,并转化为ＳＣＡＲ标记,简化了ＳＣＡＲ扩增产物的检测技术。上述技术在抗病转育后代造反中得到了很好的应用,初步建立了西瓜抗枯萎病育种分子标记辅助选择技术系统。     

Silicon Suppresses Fusarium Wilt Development in Banana Plants

This study aimed to determine the effect of silicon (Si) in reducing the symptoms of Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), on banana plants. Banana seedlings of Grand Nain (resistant) and Maçã (susceptible) were grown in plastic trays amended with 0 (?Si) or 0.39 g Si (+Si) per kg of soil and inoculated with Foc at 60 days after transplanting. The Si concentration in the roots and rhizome‐pseudostem significantly increased by 30.26 and 58.82%, respectively, for the +Si treatment compared with ?Si treatment. The Si concentration in the roots and rhizome‐pseudostem of Grand Nain plants was, respectively, 11.57 and 37.04% greater than that found in Maçã. The +Si plants showed a reduction of 12.37, 49.81, 51.87 and 20.39%, respectively, for the area under reflex leaf symptoms progress curve, the area under root symptoms progress curve, the area under disease progress curve and the area under asymptomatic fungal colonization of tissue progress curve compared with ‐Si plants. The area under darkening of rhizome‐pseudostem progress curve (AUDRPPC) of Maçã significantly increased by 15.98% for the ?Si treatment in comparison with the +Si treatment. For the +Si treatment, the AUDRPPC of the plants from the Maçã cultivar significantly decreased by 20.59% in comparison with the plants from the Grand Nain cultivar. The area under relative lesion length progress curve (AURLLPC) of the plants from the Maçã cultivar significantly decreased by 41.54% for the +Si treatment in comparison with the ?Si treatment. There was no significant difference between the ‐Si and +Si treatments in the AUDRPPC and AURLLPC of Grand Nain. For the +Si treatment, the AURLLPC of Grand Nain significantly decreased by 9.23% in comparison with Maçã. There was no significant difference between the Grand Nain and Maçã for the AUDRPPC and AURLLPC in the ?Si treatment. The findings of this study show that supplying Si to banana plants, especially to a susceptible cultivar to Foc, had a great potential in reducing the intensity of Fusarium wilt and may play a key role in disease management when banana plants are cultivated in Si‐deficient soils infested by this pathogen.     

Effects of Commercial and Indigenous Microorganisms on Fusarium Wilt Development in Chickpea

The purpose of this research was to determine whetherBacillus subtilis,nonpathogenicFusarium oxysporum,and/orTrichoderma harzianum,applied alone or in combination to chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) cultivars ‘ICCV 4’ and ‘PV 61’ differing in their levels of resistance to Fusarium wilt, could effectively suppress disease caused by the highly virulent race 5 ofFusarium oxysporumf. sp.ciceris.Seeds of both cultivars were sown in soil amended with the three microbial antagonists, alone or in combination, and 7 days later seedlings were transplanted into soil infested with the pathogen. All three antagonistic microorganisms effectively colonized the roots of both chickpea cultivars, whether alone or in combination, and significantly suppressed Fusarium wilt development. In comparison with the control, the incubation period for the disease was delayed on average about 3 days and the final disease severity index and standardized area under the disease progress curve were reduced significantly between 14 and 33% and 16 and 42%, respectively, by all three microbial antagonists. Final disease incidence only was reduced byB. subtilis(18–25%) or nonpathogenicF. oxysporum(18%). The extent of disease suppression was higher and more consistent in ‘PV 61’ than in ‘ICCV 4’ whether colonized byB. subtilis,nonpathogenicF. oxysporum,orT. harzianum.The combination ofB. subtilis+T. harzianumwas effective in suppressing Fusarium wilt development but it did not differ significantly from treatments with either of these antagonists alone. In contrast, the combination ofB. subtilis+ nonpathogenicF. oxysporumtreatment was not effective but either antagonist alone significantly reduced disease development.     

Genetic Variation of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt Pathogen Population in Korea

Strawberries are a popular economic crop, and one of the major plantations and exporting countries is Korea in the world. The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is a soil-borne pathogen with genetic diversity, resulting in wilt disease in various crops. In Korea, strawberries wilt disease was first reported in the 1980s due to the infection of FOSC, causing significant economic damage every year. The causal agent, F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, is a soil-borne pathogen with a characteristic of FOSC that is difficult to control chemically and mutates easily. This study obtained genetic polymorphism information that was based on AFLP, of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae 91 strains, which were isolated from strawberry cultivation sites in Gyeongsangnam-do and Chungcheongnam-do, and compared strains information, which was the isolated location, host variety, response to chemical fungicide, and antagonistic bacteria, and mycelium phenotype. As a result, AFLP phylogeny found that two groups were mainly present, and group B was present at a high frequency in Gyeongsangnam-do. Group B proved less sensitive to tebuconazole than group A through Student’s t-test. In addition, the fractions pattern of AFLP was calculated by comparing the strain information using PCA and PERMANOVA, and the main criteria were separated localization and strawberry varieties (PERMANOVA; p < 0.05). And tebuconazole was different with weak confidence (PERMANOVA; p < 0.10). This study suggests that the F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae should be continuously monitored and managed, including group B, which is less chemically effective.