缨小蜂对颜色的选择性和粘卡技术的应用研究

本文比较了7种颜色的粘卡,在茭白田中对飞虱天敌缨小蜂（Anagrus spp.）的诱捕能力,结果表明,黄色粘卡对缨小蜂的诱捕量显著高于其它颜色的粘卡。缨小蜂对颜色的嗜好顺序为黄色＞蓝色＞蓝绿色＞绿色＞白色＞红色＞黑色。黄色粘卡在离地面40cm、70cm、100cm、130cm和160cm5个高度上,以70cm和100cm高度捕获的缨小蜂最多。黄色粘卡对缨小蜂的诱捕量在东、南、西、北四个方向差异不显著。一天中的不同时间段里,黄色粘卡所诱捕到的缨小蜂量以上午6：00至9：00最多。     

粘孢子虫生活史的研究进展

粘抱子虫除少数种类寄生在蠕虫、两栖类、爬行类外,绝大部分寄生于鱼类,可以说是鱼类特有的一类寄生原生动物。自ouge首次发现粘抱子虫以来,至今国内外报道的有近12OO种,其中在我国淡水鱼类中寄生的就有600余种,它几乎能在鱼体的所有器官中寄生,并可在鱼的体表或内脏形成抱囊,使商品鱼失去价值,严重时可导致鱼类大量死亡,给鱼类养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。       

粘细菌基因组学研究进展

粘细菌(Myxobacteria)隶属于δ变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)的粘球菌目(Myxococcales),是一类革兰氏阴性杆状细菌。它是继放线菌和真菌之后又一重要的活性次级代谢产物产生菌,尽管如此,由于分离纯化困难,粘细菌的研究进展一直较为缓慢。随着测序技术的进步和生物信息学的应用,大量粘细菌基因组被完成测序和报道。本文对粘细菌研究意义及该类资源开发价值、分离培养存在的困难进行了阐述,对粘细菌基因组注释及目前已测菌株的全基因组进行了归纳总结,同时介绍了基因组学在粘细菌生态、捕食机制、子实体形成以及次级代谢产物合成方面的研究进展。本文有助于了解基因组学在粘细菌研究中的重要价值,为联合应用多组学技术深入研究粘细菌代谢机制和社会性行为提供了参考,对粘细菌基础研究、资源发掘和开发利用具有重要意义。     

粘孢子虫免疫学研究进展

粘孢子虫(Myxosporean)除少数种类寄生在蠕虫、两栖类和爬行类外1,绝大部分寄生于鱼类(包括海水鱼类和淡水鱼类),可以说粘孢子虫是鱼类特有的一类寄生原生动物       

粘细菌的血清学研究

从患烂鳃病、白头白咀病、白皮病和烂鳍病的青、草、鲢、鳙和鳗鲡等鱼的病灶组织中分离到11株鱼害粘球菌(Myxococcus piscicola),从健康草鱼鳃上分离到非致病粘球菌Cg27菌株(Myxococcus sp.),将它们与已知种鱼害粘球菌G4菌株进行了血清学特性比较。发现鱼害粘球菌菌株之间存在共同的“A”抗原,对其中6株菌的深入研究证明,它们还存在特异抗原“B”和“C”,据此将它们分为二个血清型。Cg27菌株与鱼害粘球菌各菌株间不存在共同的抗原物质。用血清学方法可以较快地鉴别致病与非致病的粘细菌。     

粘孢子虫分类学研究进展

粘孢子虫是变温动物体内常见的寄生虫,绝大部分寄生于鱼类。近年来,粘孢子虫引发的病害日益严重,但其基础研究尚处于初级阶段,尤其在分类地位和分类系统方面还存在许多争议。分子生物学方法的快速发展与应用,使粘孢子虫的分类学研究取得了长足进步。该文从粘孢子虫分类地位与起源、分类系统和分类学方法等三个方面对国内外粘孢子虫分类学研究的现状进行了综述,同时就目前粘孢子虫在分类地位和起源中存在的分歧观点以及分类方法的发展趋势等做了讨论,以期为鱼类粘孢子虫病的研究奠定基础。     

中国的粘盖牛肝菌

研究了保存于中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、中国科学院昆明植物所隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)、广东省微生物研究所标本馆(HMIGD)以及本研究室未定名的中国粘盖牛肝菌属Suillus标本。鉴定了36种,其中2种为中国新记录种。     

鱼类寄生粘孢子虫两新种(粘孢子目:粘体科,碘泡科)

本文报道寄生鱼类体表的粘孢子虫两新种：寄生在胡子鲇的珠江粘体虫Ｍｙｘｏｓｏｍａ ｚｈｕｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和寄生在麦瑞加拉鲮Ｃｉｒｒｈｉｎａ ｍｒｉｇａｌａ的广州碘泡虫Ｍｙｘｏｂｏｌｕｓ ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

粘叶莸的化学成分研究

综合利用多种色谱方法从粘叶莸(Caryopteris glutinosa)的乙醇提取物中分离得到13个化合物,并通过多种波谱学手段鉴定它们的结构分别为:caryopterpene J(1)、5-羟基-7,3',4'-三甲氧基黄酮(2)、5-羟基-7,8,4'-三甲氧基黄酮(3)、5-羟基-7,4'-二甲氧基黄酮(4)、8-甲氧基芹菜素(5)、5,4'-二羟基-7,8,3'-三甲氧基黄酮(6)、5,4'-二羟基-7,8-二甲氧基黄酮(7)、5-羟基-7,8,3',4'-四甲氧基黄酮(8)、acteoside(9)、N-trans-feruloyl 3-O-methyldopamine(10)、secoisolariciresinol(11)、isolariciresinol(12)和dehydroconiferyl alcohol(13)。其中,化合物1为新化合物,其它化合物除9以外均为首次从莸属植物中分离得到。     

不同色板对柑橘园蓟马的诱集效果及蓝板的诱捕效果

通过对黄色、蓝色、深蓝色、白色、红色、绿色、紫色、灰色、黑色和粉红色10种不同颜色色板对柑橘园蓟马的诱集效果的比较试验表明,柑橘园蓟马对蓝色和深蓝色色板趋性最大,与其它8种颜色色板之间有着极显著差异(P<0.01)。蓝色色板对蓟马在东南西北4个不同方位中的诱捕作用研究表明,南面方位诱集的蓟马数量最多,与西、北两个方位之间有着显著差异(P<0.05)。当平均株高为220cm时,挂板高度分别为60、120、180和240cm,高度为120cm时诱集的蓟马数量最多,与其它3个高度之间存在显著差异。色板间距分别为2、3、4和5m时,结果表明间距为4m和5m时每板诱集的蓟马数量较多,与其它间距之间有着显著差异。从上午8点到下午6点每间隔2h的5个时间段中,各时间段之间没有显著差异。在蓝色色板的小区防治试验中,在挂板3、6和12d后,诱捕效果分别达到41.5%,53.9%和37.7%。     

黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱的诱集和防治效果

【目的】评价黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱的控制作用,为稻飞虱的非化学防控提供科学依据。【方法】在田间悬挂黄色诱虫板,调查稻飞虱的诱集情况,并同盘拍结果进行比较。【结果】上海水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)成虫的发生高峰期集中在8月下旬;而灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)成虫发生高峰期主要集中在9月中旬。从3种稻飞虱成虫的发生动态来看,灰飞虱发生最为严重,黄色诱虫板最高诱集数为(6.12±4.50)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于2头的有18个水稻品种,其余6个水稻品种诱集的成虫数虽然少于2头,但是都能诱集到成虫;其次是白背飞虱,最高诱集数为(2.29±0.13)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于1头的有7个水稻品种,其余17个水稻品种诱集的成虫数虽然少于1头,但是都能诱集到成虫;再次是褐飞虱,最高诱集数为(1.50±1.85)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于1头的有1个水稻品种,其余23个水稻品种诱集的成虫数均少于1头,其中3个水稻品种在10月中旬均没有诱集到1头成虫。总体而言,黄色诱虫板对3种稻飞虱的最高诱集数为(7.50±4.36)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于2头的有23个水稻品种,仅1个水稻品种诱集的成虫数少于2头。黄色诱虫板下部离水稻冠层越近,诱集的成虫越多。【结论】黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱成虫具有较好的诱杀效果,可有效降低成虫种群数量。作为一种非化学防控方法,黄色诱虫板的使用可有效降低化学杀虫剂的使用量。     

Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans: Diptera, Muscidae) trap response to changes in effective trap height caused by growing vegetation

Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) are blood-feeding pests of cattle, whose populations are often monitored using sticky traps. Trap responses at different heights were compared with: 1) a choice and no-choice test, with sticky cards set at 30 and 121 cm heights (above ground), and 2) tall (120 cm) traps placed in short (3 cm) and tall (40 cm) grass to assess how vegetation height affects trap catches. In the first experiment, the percentage of upper to lower trap catches were similar at choice (16%) and no-choice traps (15%). In the vegetation study, stable fly catch height data were fitted to gamma distributions to determine the most productive trap heights; 20 cm above short grass and 24 cm above tall grass (from lower edge of trap). The results indicate that traps used to monitor stable fly populations should be maintained at a constant distance above surrounding vegetation rather than ground surface, otherwise trap data can be misleading.     

白蜡虫寄生蜂对颜色的选择性及活动规律

在云南省昆明市白汉场白蜡园中采用不同颜色对白蜡虫寄生蜂进行了颜色趋性实验,利用寄生蜂对颜色的趋性进行了红色、黄色、蓝色、蓝绿色、绿色、灰褐色、白色和黑色8种颜色、6:00-9:00am,9:00-12:00am,12:00am-15:00pm和15:00pm-18:00pm4个时段、寄主林树冠上部、中部、下部3个位置高度和东、南、西、北4个方位以及在阴天、雨天和晴天3种天气下的白蜡虫寄生蜂活动规律观察。结果表明,白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂(Microterys ericeri Ishii)、白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂(Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang)和中华花翅跳小蜂(Microterys sinicus Jiang)3种寄生蜂优势种对黄色有明显的趋向性,对颜色的选择性依次为黄色>蓝色>蓝绿色>绿色>白色>灰褐色>红色>黑色。在白蜡园寄主林,寄主植物中部诱集的白蜡虫寄生蜂数量最多,占52.21%;其次是下部,占39.80%;顶部最少,仅占7.99%。白蜡虫寄生蜂的活动与白蜡虫在寄主植物上的分布密切相关。白蜡虫寄生蜂在不同方向上的活动差异不显著。在一天中的不同时段里,白蜡虫寄生蜂在6:00-9:00am有一个活动高峰期,在15:00-18:00pm出现一个次高峰期。白蜡虫寄生蜂在晴天活动较活跃,在阴天和雨天活动较少。     

UV‐absorbing films and nets affect the dispersal of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

UV‐absorbing films and nets are frequently used as covering materials for netted greenhouses and film tunnels in protected cultivation systems. This study explored the effects of such materials on the dispersal behaviour of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, in flight cages under greenhouse conditions with additional artificial UV‐A light sources. The study involved release–recapture experiments in choice and no‐choice layouts. Different trapping methods were compared (blue sticky cards, plants and transparent cards) for recapture of thrips. In choice experiments, insects were released from a black box compartment between two tunnels covered with either UV‐transmitting or UV‐absorbing materials. A significantly higher proportion of (82–98%) WFT was recaptured in UV‐transmitting tunnels compared with UV‐absorbing tunnels. In no‐choice experiments, WFT were found to infiltrate the tunnels at different rates depending on the trap type used and experimental layout. In small‐scale dispersal experiments using blue sticky cards and plants as traps, infiltration was not significantly different between UV‐absorbing and UV‐transmitting tunnels, whereas when using transparent cards, WFT penetrated further into the UV‐transmitting plastic film tunnels. In larger‐scale dispersal experiments, plants or blue sticky cards were arranged in concentric circles around a source plant at the release point. Dispersal was found to differ depending on the method of release, but WFT tended to exhibit reduced dispersal from source plants under UV‐deficient conditions. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that manipulation of spectral light properties using UV‐absorbing cladding materials for protected crop stands interferes with the orientation and host finding of WFT, resulting in reduced dispersal into and within plant stands in UV‐deficient environments.     

Daily flight activity of the western flower thrips (Thysan., Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia, Canada

Abstract:   Hourly flight patterns of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysan., Thripidae) were assessed over a 24 h period in two nectarine orchards located in the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia, on 13 separate occasions between March and October 1994. The numbers of western flower thrips (male or female, dark or pale morphs) trapped per hour at between four to eight heights (0.25–2.00 m) were compared with temperature, wind speed, time of year and location of trap placement. Traps were placed within orchards, at the border of orchards and adjacent wild land, and within wildlands. Temperature and wind speed thresholds are defined, although the effect of wind speed varied with height of flight. Height of flight was affected by both the height of prevalent vegetation and temperature, with mean height of flight increasing linearly with temperature. Numbers of thrips in flight decreased with height of sticky trap from the ground. The pale morph was generally more common than the dark morph of western flower thrips. Males were not present until after emergence of the first generation in May, and were found at an approximate ratio of 4 : 1 (F : M) for the rest of the year. There were no differences between sexes or morphs of western flower thrips for location, height or daily patterns of flight.     

Evaluation of yellow sticky traps for monitoring the population of thrips (Thysanoptera) in a mango orchard

Populations of several thrips species were estimated using yellow sticky traps in an orchard planted with mango, Mangifera indica L. during the dry and wet seasons beginning in late 2008-2009 on Penang Island, Malaysia. To determine the efficacy of using sticky traps to monitor thrips populations, we compared weekly population estimates on yellow sticky traps with thrips population sizes that were determined (using a CO(2) method) directly from mango panicles. Dispersal distance and direction of thrips movement out of the orchard also were studied using yellow sticky traps placed at three distances from the edge of the orchard in four cardinal directions facing into the orchard. The number of thrips associated with the mango panicles was found to be correlated with the number of thrips collected using the sticky trap method. The number of thrips captured by the traps decreased with increasing distance from the mango orchard in all directions. Density of thrips leaving the orchard was related to the surrounding vegetation. Our results demonstrate that sticky traps have the potential to satisfactorily estimate thrips populations in mango orchards and thus they can be effectively employed as a useful tactic for sampling thrips.     

绿盲蝽成虫的田间活动规律

本文通过粘虫板诱捕试验,研究了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)成虫在田间的活动规律。结果发现,绿盲蝽成虫主要在棉花顶部附近飞行,在高于棉花顶部20 cm处诱捕到的绿盲蝽显著多于50 cm和80 cm处(P<0.05)。在田间飞行时,绿盲蝽成虫没有明确的偏好方向,在东西南北各方位上的成虫诱捕量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。在昼夜节律上,绿盲蝽成虫集中在傍晚至凌晨时分活动,其中16:00至翌日4:00之间雌雄成虫的诱捕量分别占全天的100%和92.6%。     

Efficient monitoring of maize orange leafhopper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicadulina bipunctata</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and small brown planthopper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laodelphax striatellus</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), in forage maize fields using yellow sticky traps

The monitoring of insect pests in fields of forage maize is difficult because plants are tall and grow at a high density. We investigated the effectiveness of colored sticky traps and appropriate conditions for monitoring insect pests in forage maize fields. Large numbers of the maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus Fallen (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), were collected during the experimental period with yellow and blue sticky traps placed in summer crop forage maize fields. A greater number of insects were trapped in yellow traps relative to blue traps. Traps located at a lower height (40 cm above the ground) attracted larger numbers of C. bipunctata, whereas L. striatellus did not demonstrate a height-dependent preference. These results indicated that yellow-colored sticky traps located at low height are effective for collecting C. bipunctata and L. striatellus simultaneously. Seasonal occurrence data obtained by the yellow sticky traps showed clearer seasonal occurrences than that obtained by two previously developed methods, suction and light traps, indicating that sticky traps are effective for monitoring the seasonal occurrence of these two insects in forage maize fields.