枣粮间作生态系统土壤氮空间分布特性

基于枣粮间作复合生态系统内部异质性,通过在不同位置采样测定,探讨了枣粮间作系统内土壤氮素空间分布特性.结果表明:(1)枣粮间作生态系统中,在小麦收获期和玉米收获期两个时期,土壤全氮和硝态氮含量均存在明显的垂直和水平两个方向空间变异性.而土壤铵态氮含量极低且没有明显的空间变异;(2)与全氮相比,枣粮间作系统中硝态氮空间变异性更强,且随着时间变化其空间分布特性有明显变化;(3)氮素施用量对土壤全氮和硝态氮空间变异有正向作用,而植株对氮的吸收利用可以降低土壤氮素分布空间差异程度.各因子对土壤全氮空间变异影响强弱顺序为氮吸收量＞氮素施用量＞土壤含水量;对土壤硝态氮空间变异影响强弱顺序为氮素施用量＞土壤全氮含量＞氮素吸收量＞土壤含水量.     

不同氮水平下作物养分吸收与利用

玉米与马铃薯间作是重要的间作种植模式,具有较突出的资源利用和产量优势,但养分吸收和利用对作物产量优势的贡献及这种贡献对施氮量的响应机制尚不清楚.本研究采用玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米与马铃薯间作3种种植模式,分别设置N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)、N₁(125 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(250 kg·hm^-2)和N₃(375 kg·hm^-2)4个氮水平,通过2年田间小区试验,研究不同氮水平下间作产量优势的营养基础.结果表明: 随着施氮量的增加,氮、磷、钾的单作加权平均吸收量逐渐增加,间作则先增加后减少.间作在N₁水平时具最高的养分吸收优势,分别较单作加权平均值增加氮吸收14.9%、磷吸收38.6%、钾吸收27.8%;间作在N₀和N₃时具有更高的养分利用效率,较单作可提高氮利用效率3.5%～14.3%、磷利用效率3.5%～18.5%、钾利用效率10.6%～31.6%.N₀和N₁时玉米与马铃薯间作具有显著产量优势,其营养基础在N₀时主要是提高了作物养分利用效率,而N₁时则是促进养分吸收的结果.充分发挥间作促进养分吸收对玉米与马铃薯间作产量优势的贡献,需要合理控制氮肥的投入.     

间作玉米对马铃薯甲虫种群及天敌昆虫的影响

在农田尺度下,如何提升农田生态系统自身的控害能力,探索有利于害虫生态调控的农田种植模式是时下的研究热点之一,而间作作为一种能提高农田生态系统生物多样性以及控害能力的种植模式,已被广泛的应用于农作物生产.为进一步明确马铃薯-玉米间作种植模式对马铃薯甲虫种群动态的影响,在马铃薯甲虫发生期,对马铃薯-玉米2:2间作、马铃薯-玉米4:2间作、马铃薯-玉米-马铃薯2:2:2间作、马铃薯单作4种作物种植模式进行调查.结果表明:在第一代高龄幼虫为害高峰期(6月28日-7月19日)与第一代高龄幼虫为害末期(7月26日-8月16)时,单作田高龄幼虫数量均高于3种间作田,差异不显著(P>0.05).在第一代成虫羽化高峰期(7月12日-8月2日)与第一代成虫羽化末期(8月2日-8月23日)时,单作田成虫数量均高于3种间作田,差异不显著(P>0.05).整个调查期间,就高龄幼虫与成虫而言,3种马铃薯间作田虫量均小于单作田.此外,对3种间作田的天敌昆虫种群调查表明,优势天敌多异瓢虫的平均虫量马铃薯-玉米-马铃薯2:2:2间作田比马铃薯-玉米4:2间作田高,且差异显著(P<0.05).在马铃薯-玉米间作后期,间作田的马铃薯甲虫种群数量低于单作田,通过间作会对迁移能力较强的高龄幼虫与成虫有一定阻隔与调控作用.     

宁夏南部旱区坡地不同粮草带比间作种植模式比较

在宁夏南部旱区15°坡耕地上,于2007年5月至2008年10月连续2a研究了7种不同粮草带状间作(谷子和糜子间作苜蓿)模式与粮食单作(对照处理)模式下的作物产量、形态指标、水分利用效率及水土流失特征。结果表明,同粮食单作相比,4∶4、4∶6、6∶4、6∶6、6∶8、8∶6和8∶8等7个粮(谷子或糜子)草(苜蓿)条带间作种植模式的作物生育后期单株叶面积和单株质量明显增加,作物水分利用效率提高0.99-1.57kg/m3,产量增加3.02%-15.72%,地表径流减少6.86%-58.42%,泥沙流失量减少56.09%-100%。不同粮草带比间作种植模式比较,带距越窄,粮食增产效果和整体水土流失防治效果越佳。尤其是4∶4、4∶6和6∶43种带比间作种植模式的综合效果较好。     

Interspecific interactions affect N and P uptake rather than N:P ratios of plant species: evidence from intercropping

种间相互作用影响植物氮和磷的吸收量而不是氮磷比 量化不同农艺措施下作物氮和磷吸收量(即从农田中移除的量)的化学计量特征对理解农田生态系统中的养分收支和优化氮、磷肥施用至关重要。目前还不清楚在不同的氮肥和覆膜措施下,单作和间作体系作物氮和磷吸收量以及氮磷化学计量特征随整个生长季的变化。本研究探讨了植物种间养分竞争如何对(1) 5种种植模式(小麦、玉米和大麦单作、小麦/玉米和大麦/玉米间作),(2)两种施氮水平(0和225 kg N ha⁻¹)和(3)两种玉米覆膜处理(覆膜和不覆膜)下的作物氮、磷吸收量(以及氮磷比)时间动态的影响。研究结果表明,小麦和大麦的氮、磷竞争能力强于玉米,导致间作体系共生期的小麦和大麦氮、磷吸收量相比于单作增加,而玉米氮、磷吸收量相比于单作减少。3种作物植株氮磷比随作物生长而降低。作物氮磷比不受间作的影响,也不随施氮呈现一致的变化,覆膜降低了玉米的氮磷比。两种间作体系群落水平的氮磷比在成熟期与相应单作不同。由于(1)间作从土壤移除的氮和磷的比例不同于单作,以及(2)作物对氮和磷的吸收在施氮和覆膜下均是不耦合的,这些发现可能对间作系统的养分收支有启示意义。     

辽西北沙地苹果-大豆间作对土壤养分和微生物量分布的影响

为了解辽西北沙地果农间作系统中土壤养分及微生物量分布特征,选取研究区具有代表性的苹果(Malus pumila)-大豆(Glycine max)间作系统为研究对象,对间作系统0～60 cm 土层、0～300 cm水平距离范围内的土壤养分和微生物量进行了测定,并与大豆单作、苹果单作进行对比.结果表明:辽西北沙地苹果与大豆...     

不同间作模式对辣椒养分利用、主要病虫害及产量的影响

在云南省丘北辣椒示范区对辣椒-花生、辣椒-大豆和辣椒-玉米间作模式进行调查研究.结果表明,总体上,间作系统中辣椒叶片N、P和 K含量均显著高于辣椒单作,其中辣椒-玉米(10 ∶2)间作系统中辣椒叶片N、P和K含量分别比单作增加12.93%、 5.17%和22.64%.与辣椒单作相比,辣椒间作显著提高了盛果期辣椒的株高和单株结果数,提高幅度分别为1.57%～20.89%和3.06%～307.52%;有效控制了辣椒病毒病、疫病和烟青虫的发生,控制效果分别达24.01%、6.87%～23.80%和4.31%～36.40%;辣椒间作显著提高了辣椒的生物量和产量,辣椒产量的增幅为9.73%～53.52%,起到了明显的增产、增值效果.初步筛选出的辣椒-花生(15∶5)、辣椒-大豆(8∶2)和辣椒-玉米(10 ∶2)三种辣椒间作模式供进一步生产示范.     

冀西北坝上半干旱区南瓜油葵间作的水分效应

针对冀西北高原水源匮乏、利用低效问题,于2009-2010年在农业部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站通过南瓜//油葵不同间作群体结构试验,探讨了该区南瓜水分高效的种植方式。试验设南瓜单作（Sp）,南瓜行间作1行油葵（IC1）,南瓜行间作2行油葵（IC2）和油葵单作（So）4个处理。结果表明,南瓜行间种植两行油葵（IC2）在南瓜生长中后期出现了油葵与南瓜争夺水分的现象,而南瓜行间种植一行油葵（IC1）无此现象。各处理间水量平衡各分量有较大的差异,在整个生育时期降雨量为201.6mm的情况下,渗漏量占的比重非常小,并且土壤蓄水量变化均为负值,绝大部分水分都是以气态水蒸散掉,但不同间作方式蒸散失水量不同,其中IC1较So、Sp和IC2分别少散失土壤水分36.33%、19.00%和34.87%。得益于油葵的偏利效应使南瓜经济产量下降30.00% ~71.42%,而间种油葵单株产量相对单作田提高190.71%~ 241.26%,虽其土地当量比LER和水分当量比WER分别达1.08~1.22和1.07~1.26,但IC1复合群体的经济效益只能与南瓜单作田持平,其他处理明显低于单作南瓜。在冀西北高原雨养背景下,稀植高效的南瓜单作生产能够实现对区域水资源的高效利用。     

不同生境类型枣园中节肢动物群落结构特征

在山西太谷枣区对不同间作生境组合类型枣园的节肢动物群落结构特征进行了研究,结果表明,在有杂草的枣园与其他枣园相比,节肢动物的物种数最大(P<0.05), 而节肢动物物种的个体数最小(P<0.05),而在单作无杂草的枣园则相反(P<0.05)。植食性类群的物种数和个体数在单作无杂草的枣园显著(P<0.05)大于其间作类型的枣园,而捕食性和寄生性的物种数和个体数则明显(P<0.05)小于其间作类型的枣园,而在有杂草的枣园则相反。枣树与大豆和棉花间作枣园的捕食性和寄生性的物种数和个体数则明显(P<0.05)大于枣树与大豆间作的枣园,而枣树与大豆间作的枣园与单作无杂草枣园的寄生性的物种数和个体数则无明显差异(P>0.05),但捕食性的物种数有大豆的枣园明显(P<0.05)大于单作无杂草枣园,而个体数则无明显差异(P>0.05)。多样性均匀度和相对稳定性指数研究结果表明有杂草的枣园明显(P<0.05)大于单作无杂草枣园,枣树与大豆和棉花间作的枣园明显(P<0.05)大于枣树与大豆间作的枣园,而优势度则相反。研究结果进一步表明,在枣园合理间作多种作物或者适当保留一定的杂草,不仅可以减少天敌昆虫迁出枣园,而且还可以增加枣园天敌的物种数量和节肢动物群落结构的多样性和均匀度,同时还能有效地利用枣园的空间和自然资源,增加单位面积的产量。     

燕麦-绿豆间作效应及氮素转移特性

为探究燕麦(Avena sativa)-绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus)间作效应及氮素转移特性, 在不施氮肥的大田试验条件下, 设置3种种植模式(燕麦单作、绿豆单作和燕麦-绿豆间作), 采用传统挖根法和¹⁵N同位素标记法进行研究。结果表明, 间作系统中燕麦侵袭力强于绿豆, 绿豆生长受到抑制。整个生育期, 间作燕麦地上部干物质积累量比单作增加14.9%-33.1%, 2年成熟期间作燕麦的氮素积累量比单作分别提高53.1%和44.8%; 间作减少了开花结荚期绿豆氮素积累量和根瘤重量, 降低了绿豆的固氮效率, 绿豆的固氮效率2年平均降低23.7%, 生物固氮量平均减少11.66%。间作绿豆向燕麦的氮素转移率2年平均值达31.7%, 氮素转移量为212.16 kg∙hm^-2。燕麦-绿豆间作降低了开花结荚期绿豆的根瘤固氮酶活性和固氮效率, 但绿豆体内氮素转移增加了燕麦对氮素的吸收利用, 实现了地上部与地下部生长的相互调节和促进, 优化了农田生态系统的氮素管理。     

Authors index

In a runoff irrigation system in Northern Kenya, we studied the nutrient interactions of sole cropped and alley cropped Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. The trees were pruned once before the cropping season and the biomass was used as fodder for animals. The nutrient contents in leaf tissue, soil and soil solution were monitored and the uptake of applied tracers (¹⁵N, Sr) was followed. The grain yield of alley cropped sorghum was similar to or slightly higher than in monoculture and did not decrease near the tree-crop interface. Foliar N and Ca contents of the crop were higher in the agroforestry combination than in monoculture, corresponding to higher soil N and Ca contents. Soil solution and soil mineral N dynamics indicate an increase of N under the tree row and unused soil N at the topsoil in the alley of the sole cropped trees as well as below 60 cm depth in the crop monoculture. The N use efficiency of the tree+crop combination was higher than the sole cropped trees or crops. Competition was observed for Zn and Mn of both tree and crop whereas for Ca only the tree contents decreased. P, K, Mg and Fe dynamics were not affected by alley cropping at our site. The lower uptake of applied Sr by trees in alley cropping compared to those of the monoculture stand suggested a lower competitiveness of the acacia than sorghum, which did not show lower Sr contents when intercropped. The study showed the usefulness of combining soil and plant analyses together with tracer techniques identifying nutrient competition, nutrient transfer processes and the complementary use of soil nutrients, as the main features of the tree-crop combination. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cultivation of Miscanthus under West European conditions: Seasonal changes in dry matter production,nutrient uptake and remobilization

There is increasing interest in cultivation of Miscanthus as a source of renewable energy in Europe, but there is little information on its nutrient requirements. Our aim was to determine the nutrient requirement of an established Miscanthus crop through a detailed study of nutrient uptake and nutrient remobilization between plant parts during growth and senescence. Therefore dry matter of rhizomes and shoots as well as N, P, K and Mg concentration under three N fertilizer rates (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha-1) were measured in field trials in 1992/93 and at one rate of 100 kg N h-1 in 1994/95.Maximum aboveground biomass in an established Miscanthus crop ranged between 25-30 t dry matter ha-1 in the September of both trial years. Due to senescence and leaf fall there was a 30% loss in dry matter between September and harvest in March. N fertilization had no effect on crop yield at harvest. Concentrations of N, P, K and Mg in shoots were at a maximum at the beginning of the growing period in May and decreased thereafter while concentrations in rhizomes stayed fairly constant throughout the year and were not affected by N fertilization.Nutrient mobilization from rhizomes to shoots - defined as the maximum change in nutrient content in rhizomes from the beginning of the growth period measured in 1992/93 was 55 kg N ha-1, 8 kg P ha-1, 39 kg K ha-1 and 11 kg Mg ha-1. This is equivalent to 21 N, 36 P, 14 K and 27 Mg of the maximum nutrient content of the shoots. Nutrient remobilization from shoots to rhizomes defined as the increase in nutrient content of rhizomes between September and March measured in 1994/95 was 101 kg N ha-1, 9 kg P ha-1, 81 kg K ha-1 and 8 kg Mg ha-1 equivalent to 46 N, 50 P, 30 K and 27 Mg of nutrient content of shoots in September. Results showed that nutrient remobilization within the plant needs to be considered when calculating nutrient balances and fertilizer recommendations.     

施磷量与施磷深度对玉米-大豆套作系统磷素利用率及磷流失风险的影响

为充分发挥间套作种植体系磷素高效利用优势、降低土壤磷素流失,采用田间试验分析了3种施磷(P_2O_5)水平(CP:168 kg·hm^-2;RP_1:135 kg·hm^-2;RP_2:101 kg·hm^-2)与3个施磷深度(D_1:集中施在距离地面5 cm处;D_2:集中施在距离地面15 cm处;D_3:于距离地面5、15 cm处各施一半)处理下玉米-大豆套作系统作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷与速效磷含量、磷吸附-解吸特征,以期为优化西南玉米-大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据.结果表明:与对照不施磷处理(P_0)相比,各施磷处理显著增加了作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量.相同施肥深度下,处理RP_1与CP相比,作物籽粒产量差异不显著,但显著提高了植株地上部吸磷量,因此RP_1处理的磷素表观利用率显著高于CP处理.相同施磷量下,不同施磷深度间比较,作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量均以D_2处理最高.依据土壤磷的吸附-解吸特征参数可知,当施磷深度为D_2、施磷量为RP_1时,土壤对磷的固持能力最强,在降低磷素流失上表现出较强优势.因此,玉米-大豆套作系统中适当减少磷肥施用量和加大磷肥施用深度在保证作物产量的同时,有利于提高磷素利用率,减少土壤磷流失.     

陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区协调作物产量和环境效应的农田适宜氮肥用量

为了确定陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区兼顾作物产量和环境效应的农田适宜氮肥用量,通过玉米-小麦-玉米连续3季田间试验研究了作物产量、氮肥利用效率、氮肥表观损失和土壤氮素平衡等对施氮量的响应。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,不同年份作物产量和3季作物累计产量均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而累计氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为显著的降低趋势。土壤氮素平衡结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,低量施氮时(小麦施N150 kg/hm2,玉米施N180 kg/hm2),氮肥残留显著增加,表观损失和损失率变化不明显,而高量施氮时(小麦施N150 kg/hm2,玉米施N180 kg/hm2),氮肥残留变化不明显,表观损失和损失率却显著增加。回归和相关分析显示,矿质氮在土壤较深层次(100—200cm土层)大量累积是氮肥表观损失的重要途径之一。小麦施N 150 kg/hm2、玉米施N 180 kg/hm2时,作物即可获得相对较高的产量和氮肥利用率,且能保持作物收获前后土壤无机氮库的基本稳定,同时也可将氮肥表观损失降至较低水平。     

不同前茬作物条件下烤烟氮磷钾养分平衡

在石林烟区通过田间试验研究了油菜、小麦、大麦和绿肥4种前茬作物对烤烟氮磷钾养分平衡的影响.结果表明:不同前茬处理间土壤氮素有效性、烟株生物量和氮磷钾养分吸收量、土壤氮磷钾养分残留以及氮素表观损失和磷钾表观盈余总体上差异显著.绿肥茬处理烤烟移栽前土壤起始无机氮最高,生长期间土壤净矿化氮最多,烟叶成熟时烟株生物量和氮、钾吸收量最大;油菜茬处理烤烟上述指标均次之;两者上述指标均明显高于大麦茬和小麦茬处理.吸磷量也以绿肥茬和油菜茬处理大于其他两处理.烤烟收获后土壤残留无机氮以绿肥茬处理最高,油菜茬次之,大麦茬和小麦茬最低;而土壤有效磷、钾含量则相反,以绿肥茬最低,大麦茬和小麦茬最高.烤烟生长期间氮素表观损失以绿肥茬处理明显高于其他处理;而磷钾表观盈余则以小麦茬和大麦茬两处理总体明显高于其他两处理.综上,烤烟氮磷钾养分的投入应根据前茬作物不同而适当调整,以绿肥和油菜为前茬时应明显减少氮肥施用量;以大麦和小麦为前茬时可以相对减少磷钾肥施用量.     

农田减氮调控施肥对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素损失的影响

针对华北平原麦玉轮作区氮肥用量大、氮损失及土壤氮素累积严重的问题,探索不同减氮调控施肥措施对作物产量、氮损失及土壤无机氮累积的影响.通过(2016—2017年)设置两年大田试验,以农民施肥为对照,研究控释肥处理、微生物肥处理及配施硝化抑制剂处理减少氮用量后对小麦、玉米产量和地上部吸氮量、氮损失及土壤无机氮含量的影响.结果表明: 2016年微生物肥处理的小麦产量显著低于控释肥处理和硝化抑制剂处理,与农民施肥处理无显著性差异;且小麦和周年作物地上部吸氮量都显著降低.2017年各处理间作物产量和吸氮量无显著性差异.3种减氮调控施肥处理均能保持和改善耕层土壤肥力;且微生物肥处理随种植时间延长对土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量均有提升.随种植时间延长无机氮累积严重,微生物肥处理和添加硝化抑制剂处理均可降低40～100 cm土壤剖面的无机氮含量,而控释肥处理可提高0～40 cm土层无机氮含量.氮损失中氨挥发>淋溶量>N₂O排放>径流,径流损失可忽略不计,其中以农民施肥处理氮损失最大,微生物肥处理可显著降低氨挥发损失量,但淋溶量较大.综上所述,减量施氮条件下,控释肥处理和添加硝化抑制剂处理可保证作物产量及地上部吸氮量,微生物肥处理随种植年限的延长可保证作物产量和吸氮量.微生物肥和添加硝化抑制剂处理可降低40～100 cm土层无机氮含量,控释肥处理对削减无机氮量效果不明显;几种减氮调控措施均可降低氮损失,但微生物肥处理需调整措施来降低氮的淋溶量.     

The stoichiometry of nitrogen and phosphorus spiralling in heterotrophic and autotrophic streams

1. Nutrient spiralling provides a conceptual framework and a whole‐system approach to investigate ecosystem responses to environmental changes. We use spiralling metrics to examine how the coupling of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake varies between streams dominated by either heterotrophic (i.e. bacteria‐dominated) or autotrophic (algal‐dominated) microbial communities. 2. Algae generally exhibit greater capacity to store nutrients than bacteria because of differences in cellular structures. These differences led us to hypothesise that the uptake of N and P in heterotrophic ecosystems should have reduced stoichiometric variation in response to changes in supply N : P compared to autotrophic ecosystems when assimilation dominates nutrient uptake. 3. To test this hypothesis, we used an array of serial nutrient additions in several streams in the South Fork Eel River watershed in Northern California. In one set of experiments, N and P were added alone and simultaneously in separate experiments to two small, heterotrophic streams to assess uptake rates and interactions between nutrient cycles. In a second set of experiments, N and P were added simultaneously at a range of N : P in one heterotrophic and one autotrophic stream to assess differences in uptake responses to changes in supply N : P. 4. Results of these experiments suggest two important conclusions. First, increased N supply significantly shortened P uptake lengths, while P addition had little impact on N uptake in both streams, indicating that uptake of non‐limiting nutrients is tightly coupled to the availability of the limiting element. Second, changes in P uptake and uptake ratios (U_N : U_P) with increased supply N : P supported our hypothesis that heterotrophic streams are more homeostatic in their responses to changes in nutrient supply than autotrophic streams, suggesting that physiological controls on nutrient use scale up to influence ecosystem‐scale patterns in nutrient cycling.     

不同氮肥喷涂吡啶对夏玉米田氮素利用及土壤N2O排放的影响

为减少土壤N₂O排放,提高作物氮素利用,采用田间试验法研究了不同氮肥用量喷涂一定比例的吡啶(0、180、270、360 kg N·hm^-2)对夏玉米生育期内土壤N₂O排放和氮素表观损失、籽粒产量及氮素利用的影响.结果表明:不同氮肥用量下喷涂吡啶的土壤N₂O排放主要集中在播种-苗期和拔节-抽雄期,基肥和追肥后均会出现显著的土壤N₂O排放通量高峰.随氮肥用量增加,玉米产量不断增加,但270和360 kg N·hm^-2间无显著差异,2种施氮量下的玉米分别净增收5209和5426元·hm^-2.与不施氮肥比,各施氮处理下的玉米籽粒吸氮量提高幅度为109.6%～134.1%.各处理间的氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用率均以氮肥喷涂吡啶270 kg N·hm^-2较大,而土壤氮素表观损失较小.氮肥喷涂吡啶在270 kg N·hm^-2时玉米增产增收,氮肥利用效率较高,土壤N₂O排放和氮素表观损失较少,是一种较为合理的氮肥调控施用技术.     

减量施氮对冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系中氮利用与平衡的影响

研究了冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系中减量施N对作物N利用与平衡的影响,结果表明,与原有高量施N处理(N240和N360)相比,在冬小麦季减半施N未引起产量和吸N量的变化。但在原有低量施N处理(N120)下减半施N显著降低了小麦产量和吸N量;在夏玉米季,在上季减半施N的基础上停止施N后作物产量和吸N量均比原固定施N处理显著下降,N平衡计算结果表明,减量施N条件下0～1m土壤N残留和表观损失的数量均显著低于原有施N量处理,作物N利用率显著提高,但在1～2m层次中累积的硝态氮却不因减量施N而下降,说明这一土层的硝态氮可能难以被作物吸收利用,由此可见,在前茬高施N量下减少氮肥用量有利于提高作物的氮肥利用率、减少N残留与表观损失。     

Root growth,macro-nutrient uptake dynamics and soil fertility requirements of a high-yielding winter oilseed rape crop

Shoot growth, root growth and macro-nutrient uptake by a high-yielding (5t/ha grain) winter oilseed rape crop have been measured. Maximum rooting density in the top 20cm of soil was 9.4 cm cm⁻³ and roots reached a depth of at least 1.8 m. Maximum nutrient uptakes were 364 kg ha⁻¹ for N, 43 kg ha⁻¹ for P, 308 kg ha⁻¹ for K, 287 kg ha⁻¹ for Ca and 16 kg ha⁻¹ for Mg. A 30-day drought coincided with the flowering period and root and shoot growth, as well as nutrient uptake rates, were reduced. Nutrient concentrations in the soil solution necessary to sustain the nutrient fluxes into the root system by diffusive supply have been calculated. Peak values were in the range 10 μM for P to 87 μM for N, lower than the observed concentrations, and it was concluded that nutrient transport to roots was not a limitation to uptake by this rape crop.