从受水区看南水北调西线工程

“在山西黎城县，考察队员周宇下去拍摄一个刚建成的城市水景观，水面泛起的恶臭熏得他当场就吐起来。”杨勇指着照片说。照片中的水景观造型很漂亮，可惜里面是一潭污黑死水，周围行人寥寥。“人们没事根本就不愿到这里来。”     

一介布衣的江河情怀——杨勇涉险考察20年 ——三江源生死之旅

国家的重大工程多与国家的安全甚至兴亡联系在一起,南水北调西线工程就是计划中的这类头号工程。而“国家兴亡,匹夫有责”,杨勇20年涉险考察就是倾注于此。他以极简陋的条件,克服了常人难以想象的困难,在对国家尽其布衣之责。[编者按]     

热带调水水库春季浮游植物群落的结构与动态

于2005年1-6月,对南亚热带调水水库—大镜山水库的水文、营养盐(N、P)和浮游植物进行了调查研究。共检测到浮游植物76种;浮游植物总的细胞数量在4.925×106-63.65×106cellsL-1之间,浮游植物的总生物量在1.632-20.420mgL-1之间。假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)是主要优势藻,但是早春(1-3月)假鱼腥藻和肘状针杆藻(Synedraulna)共同成为优势藻。浮游植物细胞的丰度晚春(4-6月)比早春的要高,但是生物量却比早春的低。在水文过程与其它水库有一定差别的典型调水水库,水温是引起浮游植物种类组成变化的主要原因。浮游植物组成与动态是受入库营养盐和水动力学的变化所影响的。     

黄河调水调沙对黄河口海域双酚A的影响

于2011年6—7月黄河调水调沙前、中期、后对黄河口海域双酚A(BPA)污染情况进行调查,研究了调水调沙对黄河口海域双酚A的影响。结果表明:黄河口13个站位表层海水和沉积物中均有双酚A检出,以调水调沙前测得的海水和沉积物中双酚A含量评估黄河口附近双酚A的污染程度。海水中双酚A浓度范围为13.6—64.0 ng/L,平均浓度为26.2 ng/L;沉积物中双酚A的浓度为0.559—2.73μg/kg干重,平均浓度为1.19μg/kg,是海水中平均含量的48倍。黄河河口区域海水中双酚A浓度受调水调沙影响而呈现较大变化,调水调沙后双酚A浓度明显增加,调水调沙前、后呈显著性差异(P0.01),说明陆源输入是黄河口区域中双酚A的主要污染来源。离入海口近的站位沉积物中双酚A浓度受调水调沙影响较大,呈显著性差异(P0.01),调水调沙后含量显著降低。黄河口海域已经遭受双酚A污染,存在生态安全问题。     

国外节水农业一览

国外节水农业发达的国家，都是根据各自国情，形成了一套与自身经济、资源、环境相适应的节水措施。     

国外节水农业一览

国外节水农业发达的国家,都是根据各自国情,形成了一套与自身经济、资源、环境相适应的节水措施。     

基于CCA的典型调水水库浮游植物群落动态特征分析

调水水库是一类特殊的水体,其浮游植物群落的组成与动态的调节机制与其它水库存在较大的差别。为了解这类水库浮游植物群落的特征,于2005年1月-12月,对位于广东省珠海市的调水型供水水库--大镜山水库的浮游植物和相关的理化因子进行了2周1次的采样。全年共检测到浮游植物100种（属）;浮游植物丰度在0.86-106.27×106cells·L^-1之间,生物量在1.08-20.45mg·L^-1之间变化;全年以假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena sp.）为主要优势藻,肘状针杆藻（Synedra ulna.）在冬春为次优势藻,浮游植物群落相对比较稳定。运用典范对应分析（CCA）方法对浮游植物群落的组成及动态与环境因子之间的关系进行了分析和探讨。样品（cases）的CCA分析表明,全部的样品分布在主轴1和主轴2构成的4个象限内,与四季相对应,样品在4个象限的分布并不均匀,反映了热带水库所处的气候四季不分明的特点,冬春季很短,夏秋季较长,但夏秋与冬春有较为明显的分割;蓝藻门、裸藻门和硅藻门的藻类主要分布在夏、秋季所对应的象限内,而绿藻门的大部分,金藻门和隐藻门的藻类分布在冬、春季所对应的象限内。水温和降雨量是大镜山水库浮游植物群落结构动态的主要驱动因子,降雨量不仅影响水库水位,同时直接影响调水量和入库的营养盐负荷。     

西江调水对珠海市供水水库富营养化的影响及其管理对策

2006-2011年间,对西江珠海段和7座江河抽调水型水库水体总氮、总磷进行的长期监测结果发现,西江水体营养盐水平显著高于7座水库,抽调江河水导致水库营养盐水平在短期内急剧升高,水库富营养化和蓝藻水华问题凸显。7座水库总氮、总磷浓度最低的为3座中型水库:凤凰山水库、乾务水库和大镜山水库;最高的为南屏水库和竹仙洞2座小型水库,小型水库纳污、缓冲和自净能力较弱,更易受抽调来水水质的影响。设立合理的水质调度标准和构建生态工程是减缓调水水库富营养进程的有效措施。通过科学、合理的优化调度,调整水库水力滞留时间,改善水体流动性,能有效降低水库蓝藻水华发生的风险。     

小浪底水库调水调沙对壶口至三门峡段鱼类群落结构的影响

为了了解小浪底水库调水调沙对黄河壶口至三门峡段鱼类群落结构的影响,于2011年调水调沙实验前后对壶口至三门峡段鱼类资源进行了调查。结果表明:调水调沙前鱼类种类组成为26种,调水调沙后为35种;调水调沙后,三门峡库区种类组成及渔获物均下降,主要以餐条等小型鱼类为主,壶口至潼关段鱼类种类及渔获物均有增加,但主要以小型鱼类为主;成鱼资源量显著减少;对比调水调沙前、后多样性指数分析表明,三门峡水库变化较明显;并对如何保护黄河中游鱼类资源提出了一些建议。     

Reproductive Caste Beats a Hasty Retreat

Seven species of Australian gall-inducing thrips have a helping caste (soldiers). This caste is morphologically distinct and has been shown to use these physical differences to be a more effective fighting force. Here we investigate behavioral differences between castes of Kladothrips intermedius (Bagnall) when faced with the destruction of the gall; that is, walking behavior rather than fighting. Two parameters, curvilinear velocity (VCL) and linearity (LIN) were used to describe the two dimensional movements of each caste in our experimental setup. In our trials the dispersers moved more directly (LIN) and quickly (VCL) than soldiers. This is consistent with the view that soldiers are behaviorally distinct and committed to life in a gall while, dispersers (second-instars and adults) seem to have somewhere to go.     

Water,Water, Everywhere: Defining and Assessing Data Sharing in Academia

Sharing of research data has begun to gain traction in many areas of the sciences in the past few years because of changing expectations from the scientific community, funding agencies, and academic journals. National Science Foundation (NSF) requirements for a data management plan (DMP) went into effect in 2011, with the intent of facilitating the dissemination and sharing of research results. Many projects that were funded during 2011 and 2012 should now have implemented the elements of the data management plans required for their grant proposals. In this paper we define ‘data sharing’ and present a protocol for assessing whether data have been shared and how effective the sharing was. We then evaluate the data sharing practices of researchers funded by the NSF at Oregon State University in two ways: by attempting to discover project-level research data using the associated DMP as a starting point, and by examining data sharing associated with journal articles that acknowledge NSF support. Sharing at both the project level and the journal article level was not carried out in the majority of cases, and when sharing was accomplished, the shared data were often of questionable usability due to access, documentation, and formatting issues. We close the article by offering recommendations for how data producers, journal publishers, data repositories, and funding agencies can facilitate the process of sharing data in a meaningful way.     

Fitness Beats Truth in the Evolution of Perception

Acta Biotheoretica - Does natural selection favor veridical percepts—those that accurately (if not exhaustively) depict objective reality? Perceptual and cognitive scientists standardly claim...     

Saving Energy versus Saving Materials

To reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in housing construction, the energy-intensive processes and life-cycle stages should be identified and integrated. The environmental impact of vertically integrated factory-built homes (VIHs) constructed with increased material inputs in Japan's northern island of Hokkaido was assessed using life-cycle inventory (LCI) analysis methods. Manufacturing process energy and CO₂ intensities of the homes were evaluated based on the material inputs. They were compared with those of a counterpart home hypothetically built using the vertically integrated construction methods, but in accordance with the specifications of a less material-intensive conventional home (CH) in Hokkaido today. Cumulative household energy consumption and CO₂ emissions were evaluated and compared with those of the production stages. The annual household energy consumption was compared among a VIH, a CH, and an average home in Hokkaido. The energy intensity of the VIH was 3.9 GJ production energy per m² of floor area, 59% higher than that of the CH. Net CO₂ emissions during VIH manufacturing processes were 293 kg/m², after discounting the carbon fixation during tree growth. The cumulative use-phase household energy consumption and CO₂ emissions of a VIH will exceed energy consumption and CO₂ emissions during the initial production stage in less than six years. Although VIHs housed 21% more residents on average, the energy consumption per m2 was 17% lower than that of a CH. This may indicate that using more materials initially can lead to better energy efficiency.     

Plasma Propranolol Levels Associated with Suppression of Ventricular Ectopic Beats

The plasma propranolol levels associated with the abolition of chronic, stable ventricular ectopic beats have been studied. Racemic propranolol (DL) suppressed the ectopic foci at plasma levels of 40-85 ng/ml in eight patients, but levels of 70-200 ng/ml were unsuccessful in four patients. Dextro-(D) propranolol levels of 180-310 ng/ml were ineffective in four patients who had previously responded at levels of 60-75 ng/ml of racemic propranolol. The significance of the sympathetic nervous system in the genesis of ectopic beats is discussed. It is concluded that propranolol is clinically effective by virtue of its beta-adrenergic blocking activity.