长角血蜱若虫发育期20——羟基蜕皮酮含量变化与表皮发生的关系

用高效液相色谱和放射免疫分析对长角血蜱Haemaphysalislongicornis若虫发育期整体蜕皮激素(20-E)含量变化进行了测定,并用扫描电镜对其表皮结构及其发生进行了观察.20-E存在于若虫整个发育期,饥饿、吸血和饱血后前4天,激素水平低(0.71～1.30ng/头);饱血后6天明显增加,此时皮层溶离开始,蜕皮间隙形成;饱血后7天继续增加;饱血后8天,20-E含量达到高峰(8.70ng/头),此时若虫开始沉积新的上表皮;高峰后,20-E含量急剧下降,直到蜕皮前保持低水平,此期内沉积新的原表皮,旧表皮被部分吸收.上述结果显示出20-E含量急剧增加及其高峰分别与启动皮层溶离和新的上表皮沉积相吻合,20-E与新的原表皮沉积无关.     

长角血若虫发育期20—羟基皮酮含量变化与表皮发生的关系

用高效液相色谱和放射免疫分析对长角血蜱Haemaphysalis longicornis若虫发育期整体蜕皮激素（20－E）含量变化进行了测定,并用扫描电镜对其表皮结构及其发生进行了观察。20－E存在于菲虫整修发育期,饥饿、吸血和饱血后前4天,激素水平低（0.71－1.30ng/头）;饱血后6天明显增加,此时皮溶离开始,蜕皮间隙形成;饱血后7天继续增加;饱血后8天,20－E含量达到高峰（8.70ng/头）,此时若虫开始沉积新的上表皮;高峰后,20－E含量急剧下降,直到蜕皮前保持低水平,此期内沉积新的原表皮,旧表皮被部分吸收,上述结果显示出20－E含量急剧增加及其高峰分别与启动皮层溶离和新的上表皮沉积相吻合,20－E与新的原表皮沉积无关。     

棉铃虫蛹期血淋巴的蜕皮甾类

目前为止仅在少数几种昆虫中研究过蛹期的蜕皮激素。关于蜕皮甾类的性质分析,结果也颇不一致。本文采用放射免疫分析、薄层层析、高压液相色谱及质谱对棉铃虫Heliothis armigera蛹血淋巴内的蜕皮激素进行了研究。结果如下:1.物理-化学方法证明蛹血淋巴内存在二种蜕皮甾类:蜕皮酮和20-羟基蜕皮酮。2.蛹期蜕皮甾类滴度呈一宽峰,高峰出现在化蛹后的第5天(3435ng/ml)。3.在高峰时,蜕皮酮与20-羟基蜕皮酮的比例为1:3.57,说明20-羟基蜕皮酮是主要的蜕皮甾类。4.比较雌雄两性蛹的蜕皮甾类滴度,未见明显差异。研究表明在棉铃虫中影响成虫发育的主要激素是20-羟基蜕皮酮而不是蜕皮酮。     

长角血蜱幼虫中的蜕皮甾类(英文)

本文用放射免疫分析和高效液相色谱法对长角血蜱幼虫中的蜕皮甾类进行了测定。　蜕皮甾类存在于吸血和饱血幼虫,并且随生理时期而变化。吸血期和饱血后前３天,激素含量低（小于 １４． ３５ｐｇ ＥＥ／只）;饱血后５天迅速上升（２９．８７ｐｇ ＥＥ／只）;饱血后７天达到高峰（５６． ０４ｐｇ ＥＥ／只）;高峰后又下降到低水平（１９．３８ ｐｇＥＥ／只）。高峰期的蜕皮甾类主要为两种成分,２０Ｅ和Ｅ（２０Ｅ∶Ｅ＝３．０７∶１）。２０Ｅ可能是幼虫发育中起主要作用的激素。     

入侵害虫蔗扁蛾成虫及卵内蜕皮激素的定性定量分析

利用液相色谱和放射免疫分析法首次对入侵害虫蔗扁蛾（Opogona sacchari Bojer）成虫及卵内的蜕皮激素进行了定性和定量分析,以期明确蔗扁蛾成虫及卵内蜕皮激素的主要组分及动态变化规律．羽化后第4天,雄成虫蜕皮激素含量仅为0．080ng／只,而雌成虫蜕皮激素含量高达5．978ng／只,差异达到极显著水平．鉴于雌成虫的蜕皮激素主要是由卵巢合成分泌,因此我们测定了卵巢发育过程中整个蜕皮激素的变化动态,发现前期卵巢蜕皮激素含量较低,后期则相对较高,其峰值出现在发育到第3天的卵巢,蜕皮激素含量为10．480ng／卵巢．卵内蜕皮激素含量测定表明,前3天的卵内蜕皮激素含量相对稳定,维持在0．010ng/卵左右,而到第4天时,卵内蜕皮激素含量则下降到0．006ng／卵．蜕皮激素定性分析发现,卵巢和卵内均含有3种主要的蜕皮激素组分：20-羟基蜕皮酮、26-羟基蜕皮酮和一个尚未鉴定的组分．     

金泽革蜱的生物学特性研究

金泽革蜱是分布于东洋区的三寄主蜱, 成虫活跃于夏季到晚秋, 其发育历期随季节而不同.雌虫在兔休上吸血时间, 七、八月为16—20天, 十一月只需9天.产卵前期在夏季饱食的雌虫为13—27天;十一月饱食者产生滞育, 至少需244天.产卵期持续31—43天(七、八月), 总产卵量为1749—8995粒.雌虫产卵显与饱血雌虫体重之间有非常显著的正相关(r=0.989, p<0.001).金泽革蜱的产卵力(饱食后每毫克体重产卵数)为7.631.卵期为55—79天(九、十月), 幼虫在兔体上吸血4—6天, 饱食后经18—29天脱皮为若虫, 若虫寿命可达124天.     

蜕皮激素在银盾革蜱生殖滞育中的作用(英文)

用高效液相色谱法和放射免疫测定法测定了银盾革蜱滞育雌虫的合神经节、血淋巴、卵巢和整体中蜕皮激素的含量,并与正常发育的雌虫做比较。结果表明,滞育雌虫血淋巴和卵巢中蜕皮激素的含量在饱血后前10天与正常发育雌虫基本上相同。饱血10天以后,滞育雌虫蜕皮激素的含量下降,较正常发育雌虫少得多。蜕皮激素的缺乏影响了卵母细胞的发育。为阐明蜕皮激素对滞育雌虫的影响,在不同时间向银盾革蜱滞育雌虫体内注入不同剂量的β-蜕皮素。刚饱血者注入大剂量(1.375和10000ng/蜱)的β-蜕皮素引起雌虫死亡。饱血后20—30天,注入一定剂量(50,70,100ng/蜱)的β-蜕皮素可以促进卵黄形成,并解除了雌虫的生殖滞育,但其所产的卵量明显少于正常发育的雌虫。应用外源蜕皮激素解除硬蜱雌虫的生殖滞育现象尚属首次报道。     

蓖麻蚕个体发育中蜕皮甾类滴度的变化

用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定了蓖麻蚕(Philosamia cynthia rieini)从卵期到成虫个体发育整个过程的蜕皮甾类(MH)水平.卵期在6天时有一个MH峰.一龄到四龄各龄均有一个MH峰,出现在停食前一天,导致幼虫蜕皮.五龄期有两个MF峰.第一个小峰出现在第三天,使进食的幼虫向预蛹转化;第二个高峰在上簇两天后,导致蛹表皮的形成.与其它鳞翅目昆虫一样,蛹期只有一个MH峰,发生在蛹期的前半段.成虫期血淋巴内MH含量很低.     

硬蜱中蜕皮激素含量的变化(英语)

为阐明蜕皮激素在硬蜱发育和生殖中的作用,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和放射免疫测定法测定了银盾革蜱和长角血蜱中饱血和产卵前后雌虫整体、血淋巴、合神经节及卵巢中蜕皮激素含量的变化.此外,还用HPLC测定了长角血蜱的卵和幼虫中蜕皮激素的含量.结果表明:在饱血前雌虫整体中蜕皮激素含量的变化不大,饱血后迅速增加.血淋巴中的蜕皮激素在饱血后第5天(即产卵前1天)达到高峰,可做为产卵的信号.合神经节中蜕皮激素含量的高峰在饱血后第5天,与血淋巴中高峰出现的时间一致,这与神经分泌细胞的分泌活性变化相吻合.从饱血后第3天起,卵巢中蜕皮激素含量增加很快,直到产卵时止,在长角血蜱的卵中也测到α-蜕皮素,来源于卵巢,随胚胎发育进程其含量逐渐增加.卵产出后第4天到第12天,蜕皮激素的含量增加十几倍.     

双斑恩蚜小蜂寄生对烟粉虱体内保幼激素和20-羟基蜕皮酮含量的影响

用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）测定了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci体内保幼激素和20-羟基蜕皮酮的滴度。结果显示,被双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata寄生的烟粉虱高龄若虫体内的保幼激素滴度显著高于（P<0.05）对照即未被寄生的高龄若虫,20-羟基蜕皮酮（20-E）滴度显著低于（P<0.05）对照,与未被寄生的低龄若虫滴度差异不显著,说明双斑恩蚜小蜂寄生后可以将烟粉虱高龄若虫的激素含量保持在低龄若虫的水平,从而调节烟粉虱高龄若虫的生长发育。烟粉虱伪蛹和成虫与对照体内保幼激素含量,烟粉虱伪蛹与对照之间20-E含量差异均不显著（P>0.05）。     

QUANTITATIVE VARIATION OF 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE IN THE NYMPH OF DERMACENTOR NIVEUS NEUMANN*

Abstract The variation of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20 E) levels in the unfed, feeding and engorged nymphs of Dermacentor niveus was studied. The results showed that 20 E existed in all stages of nymphal development. There were two peaks. A small peak (2. 34 ng/nymph) appeared in the feeding period (5 days after attachment) which was connected with the fast feeding before dropping from the host, and a big peak (16.17 ng/nymph) in the moulting period (8 days after engorgement). The latter might be correlated with epicuticle deposition. From the 6th day to the 8th day after engorgement, the level of 20 E rose rapidly. Apolysis occurred in this period.     

ECDYSTEROIDS IN THE LARVA OF HAEMAPHYSALIS LONGICORNIS NEUMANN (ACARI: IXODIDAE)*

Abstract The ecdysteroids (ECs) concentration and their components in the larvae of Haemaphysalis longicornis were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ECs ware found in feeding and engorged larvae and absent in unfed larvae. During feeding and the first 3 days after engorgement, ECs were in low level (less than 14. 35pg EE /larva). On the 5th day, they began to increase sharply (29. 87pg EE /larva) and reached their peak (56. 04pg EE /larva) on the 7th day. Then they declined to low value again (19. 38pg EE /larva). HPLC analysis revealed that the ECs components of the RIA peak could be 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and ecdysone (E) on the ratio of 20E: E = 3. 07: 1, which meant 20E was probably the main effective hormone.     

THE ROLE OF ECDYSTEROIDS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE DIAPAUSE OF DERMACENTOR NIVEUS NEUMANN

Abstract  The ecdysteroid levels in hemolymph, ovary, synganglion and whole body of diapausing female Dermacentor niveus were detected by HPLC, and compared with the results of nondiapausing female. It is revealed that the ecdysteroid levels in hemolymph and ovary of diapausing female are similar basically to that of nondiapausing female in the first few days after engorgement. From the 10th day after engorgement, the ecdysteroid levels of diapausing female decreased and even became distinctly lower than that of nondiapausing female. The paucity of ecdysteroids in these individuals would influence the normal development of oocytes. In order to explore the effect of ecdyateroids on the diapausing female, we injected 20-hydroxyecdysone with different dosages at different time into the ticks, and found that after just complete engorgement the injection with large dosages (10000 and 1375 ng/tick) caused death of the ticks. From 10th to 20th day after engorgement the ecdysteroid levels of diapausing female are lower than that of nondiapausing one before oviposition, the injection with certain dosages 50, 70 and 100 ng/tick> of 20E can accelerate vitellogenesis and terminate reproductive diapause, but the amount of eggs produced by them is less than that produced by nondiapausing female. The termination of diapause in female of ixcdid tick by exogenous ecdysteroids is reported for the first time.     

STRUCTURE AND CHANGES OF THE SALIVARY GLAND OF FEMALE DERMACENTOR SILVARUM OLENEV (ACARI: IXODIDAE)

Abstract The salivary gland (SG) of female Dermacentor silvarum consists of salivary ducts and lots of acini.
From the basis capituli to the end of the gland, the ducts can be divided into three parts, namely, central duct, major branch ducts and the lobular ducts, and the acini is spherical-like structures attached to various ducts. The central duct parallels with trachea. The surface of the acini is wrinkly and many small tracheae distributed on the acini. In unfed female, the length of SG is short (547.33 μm) and extends on the first day after feeding, and reaches its maximum value (1109.40 μm) on the 3rd day after feeding, while copulation has justly completed. From the 3rd day after feeding to the first three days after engorgement, no apparent change in length of the gland is observed. On the 4th day after engorgement, it shortens sharply (500.00 μm). The diameter of the acini of unfed female is also short (45.24 μm), it increases gradually during feeding and reaches its maximum (74.10 μm) on the 5th day after feeding. After engorgement, the acini becomes atrophic slowly and degenerated sharply on the 4th day.     

Anteroposterior gradient during nymphal-adult moulting cycle of the tropical bont tick,Amblyomma variegatum (Acarina: Ixodidae)

Summary The structure of the extensible (alloscutum) and inextensible (scutum) integument of the nymph, Amblyomma variegatum was examined during the whole bloodmeal and the nymphal-adult moulting cycle. Integumental events were tentatively correlated with the ecdysteroid levels measured by radioimmunoassay. We observed that all the integumental events were realised along an anteroposterior gradient. During the 5 days corresponding to the bloodmeal, although the hormone concentration was low, a new endocuticle was deposited on both the alloscutum and scutum. Furthermore, mitoses were initiated in the capitulum. On days 1–2 after the meal, ecdysteroid titres began to increase and reached a first peak corresponding to 4.1 ng 20-hydroxyecdysone equivalents/tick on the 4th day after the ticks dropped off their host. At this time the epidermis of the capitulum was detached and the outline of the adult capitulum was already visible. Mitotic activity in the alloscutum was initiated. On day 6 post-drop, the frontal apolysis was achieved and the ecdysteroid titres declined to basal values. A second peak much higher than the first one (maximum value of 33.7 ng/tick) and identified principally as 20-hydroxyecdysone by HPLC/RIA was noted on the 13th day post-drop. During the period of increase in the ecdysteroid levels (days 9–10 post-drop), the mitotic phase ended in the alloscutum and the apolysis began. Epicuticle was deposited after day 12 postdrop. Then, while the titre fell to low values (about 1.6 ng/tick, days 16–20 post-drop), the exocuticle was deposited and the nymphal cuticle was digested. All adult structures were functional 3 days before ecdysis. In young male as in female adults the mean value of the ecdysteroid levels corresponded to about 2.5 ng/tick. Finally, hydrolysis of tick whole extracts with esterase demonstrated a low increase of RIA-positive material, demonstrating the probable presence of natural ecdysteroid fatty-acid conjugates in this species.     

Profile of the ecdysteroid hormone and its receptor in the salivary gland of the adult female tick, Amblyomma hebraeum

We examined the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer (by radioimmunoassay) and profile of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR/USP; by [3H]ponasterone A binding, gel mobility shift assay, Western blot) in the salivary gland of the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) throughout the tick feeding period and first 6 days post-engorgement. Throughout the slow phase of feeding, the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer was approximately 18 pg/microliter. The titer peaked at approximately 52 pg/microliter during the rapid phase of feeding, falling back to approximately 22 pg/microliter on the day of engorgement. Ecdysteroid titer rose again to approximately 750 pg/microliter by day 6 post-engorgement. EcR was undetectable by any of the three assays in unfed ticks. Following the onset of feeding, there appeared both specific ponasterone A binding and two major EcR bands detected by Western blot analysis. Both measurements were sustained throughout the feeding period, but declined after detachment when the salivary glands were degenerating. After ticks reached about 100 mg (by which time most females are mated), a discrete DNA-binding band was shown by gel mobility shift assay using Drosophila hsp27 EcRE as a probe. Moreover, the band intensified when hemolymph ecdysteroid titer reached its peak during the rapid phase of feeding; it declined along with decreasing EcR/USP levels, and with specific ligand binding activity following engorgement. This study suggests a role for the small hemolymph ecdysteroid peak during the rapid phase of feeding in initiating salivary gland degeneration.     

QUANTITATIVE VARIATION OF ECDYSTEROIDS OF IXODID TICKS

Abstract  In order to explore the role of ecdysteroids in development and reproduction of ixodid ticks, we studied the quantitative variation of ecdysteroids in the hemolymph, synganglion, ovary and whole body of the female ixodid ticks, Dermacentor niveus and Haemaphysalis longicornis , before and after engorgement and oviposition by HPLC and RIA. The ecdysteroid content in eggs of these ticks was determined by HPLC. The results indicated that before engorgement the quantitative variation of ecdysteroids in the whole female body was not significant, but their levels increased rapidly after engorgement. The ecdysteroid titer in hemolymph was peaked on the 5th day after engorgement, which was one day prior to oviposition. It may be regarded as a singnal of oviposition. In the synganglion the peak of ecdysteroid level occurred also on the 5th day after engorgement. This is coincident with the secretory activity of neurosecretory cells of synganglion. From the 3rd day after engorgement until oviposition the ecdysteroid level in the ovary increased rapidly. Ecdysteroids were detected in eggs of H. longicornis too. They stem from ovary and accumulated with the process of embryonic development.