通过分子的修饰进行Chla分子功能基团的研究

众所周知,叶绿素A（Chla）是植物的最重要的光合作用色素.Chla的分子结构主要是由卟啉环和叶绿醇组成的,在卟啉环的中心络合了镁离子.在光合作用过程中Chla的哪个基团起到光合功能的作用？为此我们从海带里提取Chla,然后采用分子修饰的方法对Chla分子进行一步步修饰分别生成脱镁叶绿素A和脱镁叶绿素甲酯一酸A（Pha）.通过对新鲜菜叶和在实验室制备的相关样品溶液包括Chla、脱镁叶绿素A和脱镁叶绿素甲酯一酸A（Pha）的激发谱和荧光谱进行探测分析,并与原卟啉水溶液中卟啉的光谱进行比较.结果发现这些样品的光谱均与卟啉的光谱相似,在红光波段有较强的发射带,从而表明光合作用过程中Chla的功能团是卟啉环.     

陆地碳循环研究中植物生理生态过程模拟进展

植物生理生态过程的模拟是陆地碳循环模型研究中的关键过程之一,就与碳循环过程密切相关的3个关键的植物生理生态过程;光合作用,碳分配和物候等过程的数学模式进行分类：（1）光合作用模式,根据光合作用模式基础的不同把光合作用模式分为：半经验模式;机理模式和使用卫星遥感资料的模式等;（2）植物碳分配模式介绍了功能平衡模式;运输-阻力模式;光合作用与生长模式;环境反应模式和大尺度生态系统模式等5类。（3）植被物候模式;根据观测和参数化方法的不同可以将现有的物候数值模式分为两类;观测统计模式和使用卫星遥感资料的物候模式,对各类模式的主要控制方程,研究进展和应用分别进行了简要评述。     

光系统Ⅱ核心复合物的化学修饰及其光谱性质研究

光系统II核心复合物的化学修饰及其光谱性质研究 李淑芹 陈耀东 唐崇钦 李良璧 匡廷云 （中国科学院植物研究所光合作用研究中心,北京100093）     

植物反射光谱对水分生理变化响应的研究进展

实时、无损伤地探测植物的水分及生理变化是高光谱遥感的深层次应用。由水分胁迫引发的植物一系列反射光谱响应体现了碳-氮-水耦合作用的结果。以往的研究大多集中于单一因素的响应, 而忽略了多因素交互作用。该文综述和分析了植物水分状况变化引起的直接和间接光谱响应机制, 包括植物水分含量、色素、养分状况、光合作用和叶绿素荧光指标的光谱响应及其内在的关联, 探讨了反射光谱在探测植物水分生理活动应用中的主要方法与最新技术, 并指出碳-氮-水多指标、多时空尺度的综合分析对于估测植被生产力及其对气候变化的响应具有重要意义。     

基于光子学技术研究弱光胁迫早期拟南芥光合损伤机理

弱光限制植物的光合作用,降低了光合作用效率,造成农业产量下降.本文主要研究了弱光处理早期,拟南芥光合作用相关指标的变化.研究中发现在弱光处理的早期,植株生长表型和最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）没有明显变化,实际光化学效率Y（Ⅱ）以及光系统电子传递效率（ETR）下降较明显.此外,弱光处理原生质体,利用2 ＇,7＇-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酯（dichlorofluorescin diacetate,H2DCF-DA）染色,共聚焦显微镜观察,发现细胞中有较明显的活性氧（ROS）合成,且定位于叶绿体.该研究结果为植物弱光耐受性的研究提供理论依据.     

以“光合助手”计算光合参数的一些问题

随着科学研究的深入和现代光合测定仪器的推广,越来越多的植物生理学和植物生态学以及农学、林学、园艺学和遗传学的研究均涉及叶片光合作用的测定（许大全2006）。对测定的光响应数据进行处理是人们深入研究植物光合特性,判断环境对植物影响的基础。     

调光生态膜对蔬菜品质的影响

调光生态膜能将太阳辐射中不能被植物光合作用利用的光谱成分通过其中的荧光转光剂转换为光合作用有效光谱,其功效不仅是在低温寡照季节促进植物生长,提高产量,也会对植物中各种营养成分的含量产生影响。本文通过用国标法对光生态膜和对照膜苫盖下的番茄、黄瓜、甜椒中可溶性总糖、维生素C、可滴定酸度、粗蛋白等营养成分的定量测定和对比分析,得出了调光生态膜对这些蔬菜营养成分的改善提高比。     

黑石顶森林群落光能的时空变化与利用效率

分析了黑石顶森林群落各高度层光合有效辐射（ＰＡＲ）的季节变化,昼夜变化垂直空间方面的变化规律及其对植物光合作用的影响。研究表明,光量子通量密度（ＰＦＤ）从群落第一层至第四层呈指数形式减少,群落第四层常小于１．０ｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｄ＾－１群落中植物叶片净光合作用速率（ＮＰＲ）是：第一层〉第二层〉第三层〉第四层。同一高度层植物叶片ＮＰＲ比较接近,但了在物种间的差异,ＰＦＤ是影响植物光合作用的最主要因子     

植物叶片花青素的光破坏防御机制研究进展

植物花青素广泛分布在植物的根、茎、叶、花和果实等器官中,是植物形态建成过程中或响应逆境而产生的一种次生代谢物质.植物叶片中的花青素具有特殊的化学结构和光谱特性,在光破坏防御机制方面发挥了重要的作用,已经成为植物光合生理生态的研究热点.本文综述了近年来植物叶片花青素与光合作用的研究进展,从叶片花青素的分布、光谱特性及其与光合色素的关系等方面说明花青素对植物光合作用的影响,重点介绍了叶片花青素通过光吸收、抗氧化剂和渗透调节等在植物光破坏防御机制方面的作用,展望了今后的主要研究方向     

海南染木树茎的化学成分研究(Ⅰ)北大核心CSCD

研究海南染木树茎的化学成分,采用硅胶、Sehadex LH-20、ODS、HPLC等色谱技术对海南染木树茎乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部位进行分离和纯化,结合光谱数据和理化性质鉴定化合物的结构,分别为：4-甲基苯并喹啉-5,10-二酮（1）、白兰花碱（2）、鹅掌楸碱（3）、吲哚-3-甲醛（4）、羽扇豆醇（5）、霍烷-3,30-二醇（6）、熊果酸（7）、白桦酯酸（8）、30-羟基羽扇豆醇（9）、豆甾醇（10）、3β-乙酰基齐墩果醛（11）。其中,化合物4、7为首次从染木树属植物中分离得到,5、6、8、9-11为首次从该植物中分离得到。首次对化合物2的碳谱数据进行了归属。     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the floral dip method

Collective efforts of several laboratories in the past two decades have resulted in the development of various methods for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Among these, the floral dip method is the most facile protocol and widely used for producing transgenic Arabidopsis plants. In this method, transformation of female gametes is accomplished by simply dipping developing Arabidopsis inflorescences for a few seconds into a 5% sucrose solution containing 0.01-0.05% (vol/vol) Silwet L-77 and resuspended Agrobacterium cells carrying the genes to be transferred. Treated plants are allowed to set seed which are then plated on a selective medium to screen for transformants. A transformation frequency of at least 1% can be routinely obtained and a minimum of several hundred independent transgenic lines generated from just two pots of infiltrated plants (20-30 plants per pot) within 2-3 months. Here, we describe the protocol routinely used in our laboratory for the floral dip method for Arabidopsis transformation. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants can be obtained in approximately 3 months.     

THE USE OF A MULTIPLE-TRANSFER METHOD IN PLANT VIRUS TRANSMISSION STUDIES—SOME STATISTICAL POINTS ARISING IN THE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

The frequency of success of attempts to transmit a virus disease from one plant to another has long been used to measure the effects of any of the factors which influence transmission. Samples are taken from the population under test (e.g. vectors, diseased plants, etc.), and usually one sample is tested on each test plant; this is binomial sampling. However, in the procedure we name the 'multiple-transfer method' more than one sample may be tested on each test plant. This increases the number of samples tested without increasing the number of test plants used, and errors due to heterogeneity in the population under test are therefore minimized. Results from experiments using the multiple-transfer method may be evaluated by using the maximum likelihood estimator. The method is particularly reliable when the proportion of infected samples being studied is small, but can lead to considerable over-estimation when the proportion is high.     

植物对开放式CO2 浓度增高(FACE)的响应与适应研究进展

开放式CO2浓度增高(FACE)系统是近年研究植物对高CO2浓度响应和适应的新手段,它比以往密闭和半密闭系统对实验植物生长环境的干扰少.利用FACE系统进行研究更有助于正确地预测未来大气CO2浓度增高对植物的影响.该文结合作者的研究工作简要评介了FACE系统与以往密闭和半密闭式CO2浓度增高实验系统的不同之处以及近年来利用FACE系统所作的最新研究进展.     

Direct and indirect climate change effects on photosynthesis and transpiration

Climate change affects plants in many different ways. Increasing CO(2) concentration can increase photosynthetic rates. This is especially pronounced for C(3) plants, at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. Increasing temperature also affects photosynthesis, but plants have a considerable ability to adapt to their growth conditions and can function even at extremely high temperatures, provided adequate water is available. Temperature optima differ between species and growth conditions, and are higher in elevated atmospheric CO(2). With increasing temperature, vapour pressure deficits of the air may increase, with a concomitant increase in the transpiration rate from plant canopies. However, if stomata close in response to increasing CO(2) concentration, or if there is a reduction in the diurnal temperature range, then transpiration rates may even decrease. Soil organic matter decomposition rates are likely to be stimulated by higher temperatures, so that nutrients can be more readily mineralised and made available to plants. This is likely to increase photosynthetic carbon gain in nutrient-limited systems. All the factors listed above interact strongly so that, for different combinations of increases in temperature and CO(2) concentration, and for systems in different climatic regions and primarily affected by water or nutrient limitations, photosynthesis must be expected to respond differently to the same climatic changes.     

Femaleness in breeding glasshouse cucumbers

In growing parthenocarpic cucumber varieties the occurrence of bullnecks due to pollination by bees is a problem. To prevent the formation of these bullnecked cucumbers the possibilities of breeding female-flowered varieties were explored. Use was made of material derived from the gynoecious line MSU 713-5. Femaleness is caused by the gene Acr, which accelerates the production of female flowers. Within the type which, genetically, must be regarded as female, a variation occurs from total absence of male flowers to rather numerous axils with male flowers, mainly on the lower part of the stem. On the one hand this variation is also genetically controlled, and we may speak of “weakly” female and “strongly” female. On the other, environmental factors play an important part. The formation of male flowers in preponderantly female-flowered material is promoted by a long day, high night temperature and particularly, at least with our material, low light intensity; furthermore by a low pH of the soil and rich dressings of nitrogen. In order to be able to distinguish during selection between the weakly and strongly female plants, the environmental conditions should be favourable for the formation of male flowers. The maintenance of female plants is possible, because the formation of male flowers can be induced by spraying with gibberellin, after which selfing can be practised. Old plants respond less readily to gibberellin than young plants. Also, the response from strongly female plants is less pronounced than that from weakly female ones, which offers another possibility of selection. The extent to which male flowers may occur when growing female varieties depends on the cultivation method used. With the conventional method fruiting is forced to begin mainly on the laterals and any male flowers, if confined to the main stem, could be removed early. However, in view of fluctuations caused by the environment a rather pronounced female character will be desirable. Other cultivation methods are conceivable, e.g. short-term cultivation of larger numbers of plants per area unit, allowing the plants to come into bearing rapidly. The total absence of male flowers is then indispensable. With the aid of the femaleness it is also possible to simplify the production of hybrid seed, as hand pollination can be replaced by bee pollination. The combination gynoecious × monoecious, which in itself is the most favourable for this purpose, has the drawback that the resulting hybrid is usually insufficiently female. Therefore, use will generally have to be made of the combination gynoecious × gynoecious, spraying the latter parent with gibberellin.     

Neotyphodium endophyte transmission to Lolium multiflorum seeds depends on the host plant fitness

Frequency and distribution of symbiosis in nature depend both on the direct symbiont effect on the host fitness and on its efficiency to spread within host populations (transmission). For vertically transmitted Neotyphodium fungi, the attention has been centered on the endophyte effect on host grass plants but little is known about the controls of transmission. Environmental and genetic factors have been suggested as important controls of transmission efficiency. We studied the effect of these two factors on the transmission efficiency of the Neotyphodium endophyte in Lolium multiflorum plants. Plant genotype of a host population naturally endophyte-infected (95%) was manipulated by conducting controlled crosses with genetically distant plant populations. The resulting progeny was subjected to two types of factors, resource shortage and oxidative stress induced by an herbicide. Irrespective of plant genotype, high resource level increased seed yield per plant by 26-fold, spike-to-seed transmission by 12%, and plant-to-seed transmission by 10% (not significant). Although herbicide effects could be mediated indirectly by changes in plant density or directly by oxidative stress, neither plant fitness nor transmission efficiency was affected. An interesting pattern between transmission efficiency and seed yield per plant was revealed when plants (from both experiments) were plotted together. Low yielding plants, that is plants that grew under low resource level at high plant density, showed high transmission failures whereas high yielding plants, that is plants growing at low density with and without herbicide treatment, showed high transmission rates. Transmission failures may be a consequence of the endophyte cost for host plants growing under restrictive conditions, suggesting that lower transmission efficiency may partially explain previous evidence showing lower endophyte infection frequency for grasses under stressful conditions. Host plants could be penalizing the endophyte through a competition-like mechanism, instead of depressing their own fitness.     

Genetic diversity in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario detected by RAPD analysis

Genetic diversity within North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario was investigated at the DNA level using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 420 random decamers were initially screened against DNA from four ginseng plants and 78.8% of them generated RAPD fragments. Thirty-six of the decamers that generated highly repeatable polymorphic RAPD markers were selected for further RAPD analysis of the ginseng population. With these primers, 352 discernible DNA fragments were produced from DNA of 48 ginseng plants, corresponding to an average of 9.8 fragments per primer, of which over 45% were polymorphic. The similarity coefficients among the DNA of ginseng plants analyzed were low, ranging from 0.149 to 0.605 with a mean of 0.412, indicating that a high degree of genetic diversity exists in the ginseng population. Lower levels of genetic diversity were detected among 3-year-old ginseng plants selected on the basis of greater plant height than among the plants randomly selected from the same subpopulation or over the whole population, suggesting that genetic factors at least partly contribute to morphological variation within the ginseng population and that visual selection can be effective in identifying the genetic differences. The significance of a high degree of genetic variation in the ginseng population on its potential for improvement by breeding is also discussed.     

共转化法及其在植物基因工程中的应用

共转化法是实现多基因在同一受体植株中转化的非常有效的方法.它在植物多基因代谢途径和获得去选择标记转基因植株研究中具有巨大的应用前景,现今已经形成以基因枪和农杆菌介导两大方法为主体的共转化系统.全面介绍了这两种方法在共转化研究中的应用进展,同时分析了转化过程中存在的问题和影响转化效率的因素.     

BVOCs: plant defense against climate warming?

Plants emit a substantial amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) into the atmosphere. These BVOCs represent a large carbon loss and can be up to approximately 10% of that fixed by photosynthesis under stressful conditions and up to 100gCm(-2) per year in some tropical ecosystems. Among a variety of proven and unproven BVOC functions in plants and roles in atmospheric processes, recent data intriguingly link emission of these compounds to climate. Ongoing research demonstrates that BVOCs could protect plants against high temperatures. BVOC emissions are probably increasing with warming and with other factors associated to global change, including changes in land cover. These increases in BVOC emissions could contribute in a significant way (via negative and positive feedback) to the complex processes associated with global warming.