枝顶孢霉对毒光盖伞子实体形成的影响

报道枝顶孢霉Acremonium strictum对毒光盖伞Psilocybe venenata子实体形成的影响。拮抗试验结果表明它们之间存在着较弱的干扰竞争作用;人工培养时,毒光盖伞混合菌株产生大型、小型和畸形3种类型的子实体,推测毒光盖伞畸形子实体的形成可能是枝顶孢霉寄生的结果,为毒光盖伞的人工栽培和进一步合理利用、野生蕈菌的驯化提供了理论依据。     

从青杨天牛分离的几种致病真菌

从青杨天牛虫尸上分离出枝顶孢霉、球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌、轮状镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌5种病原真菌,其中枝顶孢霉为国内新记录。利用青杨天牛蛹对五种致病真菌进行了生物测定,5种病原菌的致病力顺序为:金龟子绿僵菌>球孢白僵菌>枝顶孢霉>尖孢镰刀菌>轮状镰刀菌。青杨天牛不同虫期对金龟子绿僵菌的易感性顺序为:1龄幼虫>蛹>老熟幼虫。利用金龟子绿僵菌和枝顶孢霉菌液田间防治青杨天牛幼虫,死亡率分别为95.56％及48.72％。     

条盖盔孢伞子实体及菌丝体中鹅膏毒素检测

条盖盔孢伞(Galerina sulciceps)是一种有毒蘑菇,近年来在中国南方发生了多起因误食该菌引起的中毒事件。在分离获得纯培养物的基础上,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测分析了条盖盔孢伞子实体和菌丝体中的鹅膏毒素。结果显示野生条盖盔孢伞子实体(干质量)含有α-amanitin和β-amanitin分别为868.32μg/g和406.56μg/g,液体发酵培养的菌丝体中未检测到α-amanitin和β-amanitin。     

从青杨天牛分离的几种致病翼菌

从青杨天牛虫尸上分离出枝顶孢霉、球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌、轮状镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌5种病原真菌,其中枝顶孢霉为国内新记录。利用青杨天牛蛹对五种致病真菌进行了生物测定,5种病原菌的致病力顺序为：金龟子绿僵菌>球孢白僵菌>枝顶孢霉>尖孢镰刀菌>轮状镰刀菌。青杨天牛不同虫期对金龟子绿僵菌的易感性顺序为：l龄幼虫>蛹>老熟幼虫。利用金龟子绿僵菌和枝顶孢霉菌液田间防治青杨天牛幼虫,死亡率分别为95．56％及48．72％o     

人工栽培蛹虫草的病原真菌

蛹虫草规模化栽培过程中,真菌病害普遍发生且危害严重。本研究对人工栽培蛹虫草中真菌病害进行调研,对病原真菌进行分离、纯化、鉴定及致病性检验,并分析病害发生的特点。结果发现引起蛹虫草病害的病原真菌主要有虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉。其中虫草生齿梗孢为引起蛹虫草侵染性病害的主要病原真菌。虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌和哈茨木霉主要为害蛹虫草子实体;淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉主要为害栽培料与蛹虫草菌丝体。镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌和粉红枝穗霉为引起蛹虫草病害的首次报道。本研究为蛹虫草病害防控奠定基础,以促进产业健康发展。     

环腺苷酸在灰盖鬼伞子实体发育中的效用研究

通过测试ｃＡＭＰ,子实体浸提液对灰盖鬼伞（Ｃｏｐｒｉｎｕｓ　ｃｉｎｅｒｅｕｓ）双核体菌丝的子实体诱导测试研究及通过用腺苷分别抑制ｃＡＭＰ在子实体发育各阶段的合成,对ｃＡＭＰ在灰盖克伞子实体发育中的影响进行了研究。结果表明：ｃＡＭＰ及子实体浸提液对灰盖鬼伞双核体菌丝的子实体形成并无诱导信号作用,阻止ｃＡＭＰ的合成延缓了子实体原基的发生,菌盖的形成,担孢子梗的形成,也延缓了质配和担孢子的发生,但菌柄的延长,子实体的成熟,担孢子的着色与释放则不受ｃＡＭＰ合成受阻的影响。     

白木香内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性

从白木香Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Gilg木质部的树脂形成部位和健康部位中共分离获得42株内生真菌,经初步鉴定,产孢的33株分属于3目4科7属,其余未产孢的9株暂归为无孢菌群。采用杯碟法和MTT法分别测定了各菌株的发酵上清液对3种病原菌的体外抑菌活性和2种肿瘤细胞的体外细胞毒活性。结果表明,白木香木质部健康部位内生真菌以枝顶孢霉属为优势属,而树脂形成部位的内生真菌种类比健康部位要多,且以青霉属为优势属。其中26株至少能抑制一种指示菌,占总数的61．9％;7株对指示瘤株具有细胞毒活性,占总数的16．7％。抑菌活性菌株主要分布在枝顶孢霉属和青霉属。枝顶孢霉属菌株抑菌活性较强,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究。     

台湾虫草子实体人工培养条件的初步研究

目的研究人工培养条件对台湾虫草子实体形成的影响。方法通过黄山被毛孢的液体摇瓶培养,确定摇瓶种子的最佳培养时间,并研究了在人工诱导下台湾虫草子实体的形成条件,即子实体形成与营养液pH、营养液量、培养温度及光照时间之间的关系。结果黄山被毛孢液体摇瓶最佳培养时间为12 d,人工固体培养子实体所需营养液最佳pH为6.0,营养液量为40 mL,培养温度为25℃,菌丝培养阶段为完全黑暗培养,原基出现后给予光照,可获得较多的子实体。结论人工培养条件对台湾虫草菌丝体生长、原基形成、子实体产量具有显著影响。     

陕西红脂大小蠹天敌种类调查

对陕西红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte危害区的天敌种类调查表明,寄生于红脂大小蠹的病原真菌共有5种,其中幼虫期有头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和拟卵孢霉Ovulariopsis sp.,成虫期有球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.、头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、木霉Trichoderma sp.4种,其中以球孢白僵菌和枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.的致病能力最为显著。捕食性天敌昆虫主要有西岳蛇蛉Agulla xiyue Yang et Chou、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japionicus Mayr、中华红林蚁Formica sinensis Wheeler、蚁形郭公甲Thanasimus formicarius(L.)及纤细阎甲Platysoma attenuata(LeConte),它们对红脂大小蠹均有较明显的控制作用。寄生性天敌主要有1种寄生蝇和1种茧蜂。     

中国叶围煤污菌初探——Ⅲ.黄瓜叶围煤污菌的研究

对山东省黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶围煤污菌种群组成、分布、演替和对黄瓜的生理影响的研究结果表明;8个地市黄瓜叶面真菌有15属21种,其中属煤污菌的有6属10种:链格孢(Alternaria alternata Karst.),出芽短梗霉[Aureobasidium pullulans(deBary)Arn.],芽枝状枝孢[Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fres.)de Vries]尖孢枝孢(C.oxysporum Berk.＆Curt.)大孢枝孢(C.macarocarpum Preuss),多主枝孢[C.herbarum(Pers.)Link.],球孢枝孢(C.sphaerospermum Perz.),灰腐质霉(Humicola grisea Traaen.),紫附球菌(Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb.ex Wallr.)和弯孢霉[Curvularia lunala (Walk.)Boed.].链格孢和枝孢霉(Cladosporium spp.)是各地区主要种群.黄瓜叶面真菌的种类和密度与苗龄、叶面可溶性糖和氨基酸组分含量成极显著正相关.随着苗龄的增长,真菌的密度和种类增多.用两个主要种群的分生孢子悬浮液接种黄瓜叶面,形成明显的煤污,导致叶面光合作用降低,呼吸作用升高,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾作用下降.穗状德氏霉(Drechsleraspicifer R.Nelson)和核茎点霉(Phoma pulaminum Speg.)是国内的新记录.     

两种枝顶孢霉胞内细菌的分离鉴定及种群演替

分离、鉴定了枝顶孢霉(Acremonium strictum Gams.)2种胞内细菌,探讨了细菌在其宿主真菌菌丝细胞内的种群演替规律。结果表明,2种胞内细菌分别为不动杆菌Epbas6菌株(Acinetobacter sp.Epbas6)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。镜检分析和原始分离物菌落统计表明,不动杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的比例为77.5∶1;然而,4℃保藏6个月的真菌分离物中不动杆菌的数量大大减少,地衣芽孢杆菌占据优势,二者的比例变为1∶50.45;而保藏12个月的真菌分离物中只有地衣芽孢杆菌。根据2种细菌的16SrDNA保守序列设计引物,分别扩增了保藏6个月和12个月的枝顶孢霉分离物,发现保藏6个月的分离物能够扩增出2种细菌的保守序列,而保藏12个月的分离物只能扩增出地衣芽孢杆菌保守序列。研究结果说明在枝顶孢霉人工培养和菌种保藏过程中,2种细菌在其宿主真菌菌丝细胞内发生着复杂的生态互作,存在着动态种群演替过程。     

中国的球盖菇科(四)裸盖菇属

通过观察吉林农业大学菌物研究所标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、广东省微生物研究所标本馆(HMIGD)及作者野外采集的共37份标本的宏观及微观形态结构,对中国裸盖菇属[Psilocybe(Fr.)Kumm.]进行了分类学研究,对已知的10个种进行了形态学描述,并编写了分种检索表。报道了采自内蒙古的1个新种:蒙古裸盖菇(Psilocybe mongolica Sarentoya et Tolgor);3个中国新记录种:鳞柄裸盖菇(Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith)、拟变蓝裸盖菇(Psilocybe wayanadensis K.A.Thomas,Manim & Guzmán)、越南裸盖菇(Psilocybe yungensis Singer & Smith);4个省级新记录种:内蒙古新记录种喜粪生裸盖菇[Psilocybe coprophila(Bull.ex Fr.)Kumm.]、广东省新记录种古巴裸盖菇[Psilocybe cubensis(Earle)Sing.]、广西省新记录种黄裸盖菇(Psilocybe fasciata Hongo)和西藏新记录种毒裸盖菇[Psilocybe venenata(Imai)Imazeki & Hongo]。     

Mycoparasitism of Acremonium strictum BCP on Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold pathogen

A fungal strain BCP, which parasitizes Botrytis cinerea gray mold pathogen, was isolated and identified as Acremonium strictum. BCP strain overgrew the colonies of B. cinerea and caused severe lysis of the host hyphae. Frequent penetration and hyphal growth of A. strictum BCP inside the mycelia of B. cinerea were observed under light microscopy. In addition, some morphological abnormalities such as granulation and vacuolation of the cytoplasm were observed in mycelia and spores of B. cinerea. In dual culture test, A. strictum BCP strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of several plant pathogenic fungi as well as B. cinerea. To our knowledge, this is the first report on mycoparasitism of Acremonium species on B. cinerea.     

Microbiological 1 alpha-hydroxylation of norethisterone.

Acremonium strictum and Acremonium kiliense converted norethisterone predominantly into its 1α-hydroxyl derivative. Chemical and spectroscopic /UV, IR, PMR, MS, ORD, CD/ methods were used in establishing the structure and stereochemistry of the product. The 1α-hydroxyl group is shown to be axially oriented in the preferred, normal half-chair ring A conformation.     

Microbial hydroxylation of progesterone with Acremonium strictum

Microbial hydroxylation of progesterone occurred in the culture of Acremonium strictum PTCC 5282 to produce two hydroxylated pregnene-like steroids. The metabolites were purified and characterized using spectroscopic methods and identified as 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 15alpha-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone.     

Mycoflora and Potential for Mycotoxin Production of Freshly Harvested Black Bean from the Argentinean Main Production Area

A mycological survey was carried out, for the first time, on black bean samples from the northwestern Argentinean province of Salta in the 1999 harvest season. Ten varieties of black beans were evaluated at three locations. Species of the genus Alternaria were the most prevalent component of the black bean mycoflora. Species of Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia and Acremonium were also recorded. The predominant species of the genera isolated were Alternaria alternata, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium semitectum and Acremonium strictum. An analysis of variance was applied to determine possible differences between black bean varieties. Variety FT88/519 was the most susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotinia infection, while the variety DOR 604 was the least susceptible. As toxigenic species were recovered, Alternaria toxins, zearalenone and trichothecenes may pose a contamination risk for black bean.     

南极淡水分离出的菌物

本文报道从南极乔治王岛所采11个水样中分离出的菌物98株,初步鉴定出17属21种,其中6属(Acremonium,Arthrinium,Gliocladium,Phoma,Scopulariopsis,Ulocladium)13种为南极新记录,后者是:桃色顶孢Acremonium persicinum(Nicot)W.Gams,密顶孢A.strictum W.Gams,构巢曲霉Aspergillus nidulans(Eidam)Winter,聚多曲霉Asp.sydowii(Bainier & Sart)Thom & Church,芽枝状枝孢Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fries)de Vries,长孢被孢霉Mortierella elongata Linnemann,桔灰青霉Penicillium aurantiogriseum Dierckx,平滑青霉Pen.glabrum(Wehmer)Westling,鲜绿青霉Pen.viridicatum Westling,白瓶霉Phialophora alba v.Beyma,帚状瓶霉Ph.fastigiata(Lagerberg & Melin)Conant,纸状葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys chartarum(Ehrenberg ex Link)Hughes,和葡萄状单隔霉Ulocladium botrytis Preuss。温度试验表明:这些菌虽多为世界广布种,但已适应南极地区寒冷的气候。     

Microbial transformation of hydrocortisone by Acremonium strictum PTCC 5282

The ability of a genus of cephalosporium-like fungus isolated from soil, Acremonium strictum PTCC 5282, for hydrocortisone biotransformation has been investigated. This potential had not been previously examined. The fermentation yielded 11beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, 11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and 21-acetoxy-11beta,17alpha,20-trihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. Each microbial metabolite was purified and characterized using spectroscopic methods.