灵芝免疫调节蛋白(Lz-8)在毕赤酵母中的表达及其免疫活性鉴定

真菌免疫调节蛋白家族(Fungi immunoregulatory proteins,FIPs)各成员所具有的免疫调节和抗肿瘤活性已被广泛研究。本研究利用毕赤酵母表达系统对其成员Lz-8进行了重组表达。以毕赤酵母突变株GS115为表达宿主细胞,PCR和DNA测序结果均显示Lz-8的cDNA已被成功地整合入酵母基因组。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)和免疫学实验均被用于重组表达蛋白的检测。实验结果表明Lz-8在毕赤酵母表达系统中得到成功表达,在SDS-PAGE中可观察到分子量为14000D的单一条带,MALDI-TOF-MS的实验结果显示rLz-8的分子量为12722D。在相关的免疫学实验中,rLz-8可引起绵羊血红细胞凝集,但对人血4种血型的红细胞并没有凝集作用,rlz-8还可诱导巨噬细胞吞噬作用,均与其他报道中的实验结果吻合。以上结果表明,本实验已成功地利用毕赤酵母表达系统对Lz-8进行重组表达。     

X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy reveal that the N-lobe of human transferrin expressed in Pichia pastoris is folded correctly but is glycosylated on serine-32

The ferric form of the N-lobe of human serum transferrin (Fe(III)-hTF/2N) has been expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris. The Fe(III)-hTF/2N was crystallized in the space group P41212, and X-ray crystallography was used to solve the structure of the recombinant protein at 2.5 A resolution. This represents only the second P. pastoris-derived protein structure determined to date, and allows the comparison of the structures of recombinant Fe(III)-hTF/2N expressed in P. pastoris and mammalian cells with serum-derived transferrin. The polypeptide folding pattern is essentially identical in all of the three proteins. Mass spectroscopic analyses of P. pastoris- hTF/2N and proteolytically derived fragments revealed glycosylation of Ser-32 with a single hexose. This represents the first localization of an O-linked glycan in a P. pastoris-derived protein. Because of its distance from the iron-binding site, glycosylation of Ser-32 should not affect the iron-binding properties of hTF/2N expressed in P. pastoris, making this an excellent expression system for the production of hTF/2N.     

毕赤酵母外源基因表达系统研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris外源基因表达系统已经成功表达了很多胞间型和胞内型蛋白质。与酿酒酵母Saccharomyces ceresiviae相比,该系统所具有的很多优势使其应用越来越广泛。有关研究主要涉及以下几个方面：宿主菌株,表达载体,转化方法,外源基因整合,外源蛋白糖基化和高密度发酵培养等。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统在外源基因表达中的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母是目前应用最广泛的外源蛋白表达系统。分别从的菌株、载体、外源基因整合、表达产物糖基化和外源基因高效表达等方面综述了毕赤酵母表达系统的研究进展。     

Expression and analysis of the glycosylation properties of recombinant human erythropoietin expressed in Pichia pastoris

The Pichia pastoris expression system was used to produce recombinant human erythropoietin, a protein synthesized by the adult kidney and responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production. The entire recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) gene was constructed using the Splicing by Overlap Extension by PCR (SOE-PCR) technique, cloned and expressed through the secretory pathway of the Pichia expression system. Recombinant erythropoietin was successfully expressed in P. pastoris. The estimated molecular mass of the expressed protein ranged from 32 kDa to 75 kDa, with the variation in size being attributed to the presence of rhEPO glycosylation analogs. A crude functional analysis of the soluble proteins showed that all of the forms were active in vivo.     

Heterologous protein expression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

During the past 15 years, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has developed into a highly successful system for the production of a variety of heterologous proteins. The increasing popularity of this particular expression system can be attributed to several factors, most importantly: (1) the simplicity of techniques needed for the molecular genetic manipulation of P. pastoris and their similarity to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the most well-characterized experimental systems in modern biology; (2) the ability of P. pastoris to produce foreign proteins at high levels, either intracellularly or extracellularly; (3) the capability of performing many eukaryotic post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, disulfide bond formation and proteolytic processing; and (4) the availability of the expression system as a commercially available kit. In this paper, we review the P. pastoris expression system: how it was developed, how it works, and what proteins have been produced. We also describe new promoters and auxotrophic marker/host strain combinations which extend the usefulness of the system.     

Generation of diploid Pichia pastoris strains by mating and their application for recombinant protein production

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Yeast mating provides an efficient means for strain and library construction. However, biotechnological applications of mating in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris have been hampered because of concerns about strain stability of P. pastoris diploids. The aim of the study reported here is to investigate heterologous protein expression in diploid P. pastoris strains and to evaluate diploid strain stability using high cell density fermentation processes. RESULTS: By using a monoclonal antibody as a target protein, we demonstrate that recombinant protein production in both wild-type and glycoengineered P. pastoris diploids is stable and efficient during a nutrient rich shake flask cultivation. When diploid strains were cultivated under bioreactor conditions, sporulation was observed. Nevertheless, both wild-type and glycoengineered P. pastoris diploids showed robust productivity and secreted recombinant antibody of high quality. Specifically, the yeast culture maintained a diploid state for 240 h post-induction phase while protein titer and N-linked glycosylation profiles were comparable to that of a haploid strain expressing the same antibody. As an application of mating, we also constructed an antibody display library and used mating to generate novel full-length antibody sequences. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this study reports for the first time a comprehensive characterization of recombinant protein expression and fermentation using diploid P. pastoris strains. Data presented here support the use of mating for various applications including strain consolidation, variable-region glycosylation antibody display library, and process optimization.     

Construction of plasmid-based expression vectors for Bacillus subtilis exhibiting full structural stability

A series of plasmid-based expression vectors have been constructed allowing stable intracellular expression of recombinant proteins in Bacillus subtilis strains. These expression vectors are based on the recently described Escherichia coli-B. subtilis shuttle vector pMTLBS72 which replicates as theta circles. Besides the weak constitutive promoter P(lepA), we inserted three different controllable promoters: P(gsiB) which can be induced by heat and acid shock, and by ethanol, P(xylA) and P(spac) which respond to the addition of xylose and IPTG, respectively. The versatility of these expression vectors was demonstrated by fusing their promoters to a reporter gene and by overexpression of the HtpG protein with three of them. All recombinant vectors exhibited full structural stability.     

Cloning and characterization of the Pichia pastoris MET2 gene as a selectable marker

We describe the isolation and characterization of a new biosynthetic gene, MET2, from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The predicted product of PpMET2 is significantly similar to its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart, ScMET2, which encodes homoserine-O-transacetylase. The ScMET2 was able to complement the P. pastoris met2 strain; however, the converse was not true. Expression vectors based on PpMET2 for the intracellular and secreted production of foreign proteins and corresponding auxotrophic strains were constructed and tested for use in heterologous expression. The expression vectors and corresponding strains provide greater flexibility when using P. pastoris for recombinant protein expression.     

Challenges in the expression of disulfide bonded, threonine-rich antifreeze proteins in bacteria and yeast

Certain freeze-intolerant insects produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) during overwintering including the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) AFP gene families. However, only a few of the isoforms, encoded by their multiple-copy gene families, have been characterized. When expressed in bacterial systems the insect AFPs have to be denatured and refolded in vitro, a procedure that is not uniformly successful, presumably due to the beta-helix structure and the requirement for disulfide bonds. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, bacterial vectors and hosts that have been developed to produce soluble, folded proteins, as well as a yeast expression system (Pichia pastoris) were employed. Bacterial expression resulted in low quantities of active recombinant protein for certain isoforms. In contrast, both small and large-scale fermentation of recombinant AFP in Pichia yielded substantial protein production (100 mg/L) but functional ice binding activity of protein produced in three different transformed yeast strains (KM71, X33 or GS115) was low. Inappropriate O-linked glycosylation of the Thr-rich AFPs appeared to be partially reversed by mild chemical deglycosylation, but activity remained low. Substantial quantities, as well as activity were recovered when a fish AFP, with disulfide bonds, but without potential Thr glycosylation sites was expressed in the yeast system.     

Production of large quantities of isotopically labeled protein in Pichia pastoris by fermentation

Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris has many of the advantages of eukaryotic expression, proper folding and disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and secretion. Contrary to other eukaryotic systems, protein production from P.pastoris occurs in simple minimal defined media making this system attractive for production of labeled proteins for NMR analysis. P.pastoris is therefore the expression system of choice for NMR of proteins that cannot be refolded from inclusion bodies or that require post-translational modifications for proper folding or function. The yield of expressed proteins from P.pastoris depends critically on growth conditions, and attainment of high cell densities by fermentation has been shown to improve protein yields by 10–100-fold. Unfortunately, the cost of the isotopically enriched fermentation media components, particularly 15NH4OH, is prohibitively high. We report fermentation methods that allow for both 15N- labeling from (15NH4)2SO4 and 13C-labeling from 13C-glucose or 13C-glycerol of proteins produced in Pichia pastoris. Expression of an 83 amino acid fragment of thrombomodulin with two N-linked glycosylation sites shows that fermentation is more cost effective than shake flask growth for isotopic enrichment.     

Production of recombinant proteins by yeast cells

Yeasts are widely used in production of recombinant proteins of medical or industrial interest. For each individual product, the most suitable expression system has to be identified and optimized, both on the genetic and fermentative level, by taking into account the properties of the product, the organism and the expression cassette. There is a wide range of important yeast expression hosts including the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica and Arxula adeninivorans, with various characteristics such as being thermo-tolerant or halo-tolerant, rapidly reaching high cell densities or utilizing unusual carbon sources. Several strains were also engineered to have further advantages, such as humanized glycosylation pathways or lack of proteases. Additionally, with a large variety of vectors, promoters and selection markers to choose from, combined with the accumulated knowledge on industrial-scale fermentation techniques and the current advances in the post-genomic technology, it is possible to design more cost-effective expression systems in order to meet the increasing demand for recombinant proteins and glycoproteins. In this review, the present status of the main and most promising yeast expression systems is discussed.     

HPV18晚期蛋白L1在毕赤酵母菌中的表达及鉴定

目的:用毕赤酵母胞内表达载体构建含人乳头瘤病毒18型(HPV18)L1基因质粒,诱导表达并进行鉴定。方法:按照毕赤酵母密码子偏爱性原则,合成全长L1基因,然后克隆到pAO819表达载体上,在体外分别构建含一个拷贝和二个拷贝的L1基因载体。线形化后转化到GS115酵母细胞,经G418抗性筛选,获高拷贝重组子并经甲醇诱导表达,表达产物采用化学发光Western blot鉴定,一抗为抗HPV18L1蛋白鼠抗血清。结果:在55kDa处有诱导蛋白免疫印迹出现,并在电镜下观察到HPV18的病毒样颗粒(VLPs),证明该表达系统能表达出HPV18 L1蛋白。结论:本实验构建的毕赤酵母表达菌株,可经甲醇诱导表达HPV18L1晚期蛋白,为进一步研制人乳头瘤病毒18型基因工程疫苗打下基础。     

快速筛选高效表达重组蛋白毕赤酵母菌株新方法的建立及评价

毕赤酵母是当前应用最为广泛的重组蛋白表达系统之一,文中建立了一种快速筛选高效表达重组蛋白的毕赤酵母菌株的新方法。首先,对内质网转膜蛋白Sec63融合表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白EGFP的改造菌株GS115-E表达重组蛋白的能力进行检测;之后将携带不同拷贝数的植酸酶phy基因或木聚糖酶xyn基因的质粒转化进入GS115-E中,得到具有不同植酸酶或木聚糖酶表达水平的重组菌株,分别检测不同菌株的EGFP与重组蛋白的表达水平;最后,利用分选型流式细胞仪,根据绿色荧光值的高低对包含不同植酸酶表达水平的重组菌株的菌群进行分选。结果显示重组菌株中EGFP的荧光值与重组蛋白的活性表达水平之间具有良好的线性相关性(0.8|R|1),且利用流式细胞仪可高效地从混合菌群中筛选得到高产菌株,所分选得到的高荧光菌株在摇瓶发酵120 h时植酸酶表达水平是低荧光菌株的4.09倍。本方法通过检测菌株的EGFP荧光值代替检测重组蛋白的表达水平和活性,从而实现高表达菌株的筛选,大大提高了其应用的便捷性及通用性。与流式细胞仪、液滴微流控等高通量筛选仪器或技术结合将进一步提高筛选的速度与通量,为筛选获得高效表达重组蛋白的毕赤酵母菌株提供了简便、快速的新途径。     

Production of recombinant human erythropoietin from Pichia pastoris and its structural analysis

AIMS: To design and investigate a recombinant expression system producing a therapeutically important glycoprotein, human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), by Pichia pastoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: EPO cDNA was cloned into pPICZalphaA for expression under control of AOX1 promoter and fused, on the amino-terminal end, with a polyhistidine tag for rapid purification. A target site for factor Xa protease was also introduced, such that cleavage in vitro produced a mature form of rHuEPO having the native N- and C-termini. RHuEPO was characterized as to the extent and nature of N-linked glycosylation using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and western blotting. The rHuEPO produced was approximately 30 kDa. All three N-linked glycosylation sites were occupied dominantly by Man(17)(GlcNAc)(2). N-glycanase-treated rHuEPO purified but not digested with factor-Xa-protease, showed a spectral peak centered about m/z 20400 Da. CONCLUSIONS: The native polypeptide form of human EPO (c. 18 kDa) was obtained for the first time in P. pastoris expression system, after affinity purification, deglycosylation and factor-Xa-protease digestion. The amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate used prior to deglycosylation was found to be crucial in determining the dominant form of glycan in glycoproteins. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The novel approaches to protein expression and purification system and structural analysis presented, would be important especially for therapeutic proteins expressed in P. pastoris.     

蛇毒素蛋白毕赤酵母表达进展

蛇毒是许多具有独特生物活性的蛋白质与酶的混合物,在基础科学研究和临床上有重大应用价值,但是通过从蛇毒中分离获取活性组分具有局限性。巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统是最为常用的真核表达系统之一,其真核加工、折叠、翻译后修饰等能力使得所表达的重组蛋白具有与天然蛋白近似的生物活性,因而该系统在富含二硫键或糖基化的蛇毒素蛋白表达中被广为采用。迄今为止,已经有12个属的25种蛇毒素蛋白(包括蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶、金属蛋白酶/去整合素、L-氨基酸氧化 酶、C-型凝集素和神经毒素、血管收缩因子、神经生长因子等家族)在毕赤酵母中获得成功表达,蛇毒富半胱氨酸蛋白、缓激肽增强肽(BPP)等至今尚未见酵母表达的报道。毕赤酵母表达蛇毒素蛋白失败的原因可能在于,有关密码子偏爱性、目的基因转录出的RNA二级结构特征、糖基化程度不均一及糖型差异、所表达毒素对酵母细胞的毒性等方面,并对解决的方法进行了讨论。     

A recombinant group 1 house dust mite allergen, rDer f 1, with biological activities similar to those of the native allergen

Serum IgE directed against Der f 1, a protease found in the feces of Dermatophagoides farinae, correlates well with allergic sensitization to house dust mite in humans and is a risk factor for developing asthma. Native Der f 1 (nDer f 1) is produced as a pre-pro form and processed to an approximately 25-kDa mature form. We have expressed recombinant forms of Der f 1 (rDer f 1) in Pichia pastoris using AOX1-promoter expression vectors. Fusion of either the pro-enzyme form or the mature form to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha factor pre-pro sequence resulted in secretion of the mature form of the protein from P. pastoris. The secreted protein was heterogeneously glycosylated at a single N-glycosylation site and had an apparent molecular mass of 35-50 kDa. Both the alpha factor signal peptide and the pro-enzyme region were efficiently processed during secretion. A version of the pro-enzyme with a mutated consensus N-linked glycosylation site was secreted from P. pastoris as a mature, unglycosylated, approximately 25-kDa protein. The IgE binding activity of this unglycosylated rDer f 1 was similar to that of glycosylated forms produced by P. pastoris and to nDer f 1 obtained from mites. Thus, oligosaccharides are not required for secretion from P. pastoris or for IgE binding in vitro. Recombinant and native versions of Der f 1 displayed protease activity on casein zymogram gels. The availability of a highly purified recombinant Der f 1 will facilitate experimental and clinical studies of mite allergy.     

Expression of glycosylated haloalkane dehalogenase LinB in Pichia pastoris

Heterologous expression of the bacterial enzyme haloalkane dehalogenase LinB from Sphingomonas paucimobilis UT26 in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is reported. The haloalkane dehalogenase gene linB was subcloned into the pPICZalphaA vector and integrated into the genome of P. pastoris. The recombinant LinB secreted from the yeast was purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized. The deglycosylation experiment and mass spectrometry measurements showed that the recombinant LinB expressed in P. pastoris is glycosylated with a 2.8 kDa size of high mannose core. The specific activity of the glycosylated LinB was 15.6 +/- 3.7 micromol/min/mg of protein with 1,2-dibromoethane and 1.86 +/- 0.36 micromol/min/mg of protein with 1-chlorobutane. Activity and solution structure of the protein produced in P. pastoris is comparable with that of recombinant LinB expressed in Escherichia coli. The melting temperature determined by the circular dichroism (41.7+/-0.3 degrees C for LinB expressed in P. pastoris and 41.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C expressed in E. coli) and thermal stability measured by specific activity to 1-chlorobutane were also similar for two enzymes. Our results show that LinB can be extracellularly expressed in eukaryotic cell and glycosylation had no effect on activity, protein fold and thermal stability of LinB.     

A system for dual protein expression in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli

We have constructed a novel Pichia pastoris/Escherichia coli dual expression vector for the production of recombinant proteins in both host systems. In this vector, an E. coli T7 promoter region, including the ribosome binding site from the phage T7 major capsid protein for efficient translation is placed downstream from the yeast alcohol oxidase promoter (AOX). For detection and purification of the target protein, the vector contains an amino-terminal oligohistidine domain (His6) followed by the hemaglutinine epitope (HA) adjacent to the cloning sites. A P. pastoris autonomous replicating sequence (PARS) was integrated enabling simple propagation and recovery of plasmids from yeast and bacteria (1). In the present study, the expression of human proteins in P. pastoris and E. coli was compared using this single expression vector. For this purpose we have subcloned a cDNA expression library deriving from human fetal brain (2) into our dual expression T7 vector and investigated 96 randomly picked clones. After sequencing, 29 clones in the correct reading frame have been identified, their plasmids isolated and shuttled from yeast to bacteria. All proteins were expressed soluble in P. pastoris, whereas in E. coli only 31% could be purified under native conditions. Our data indicates that this dual expression vector allows the economic expression and purification of proteins in different hosts without subcloning.