中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

青海湟水流域蝶类

1995～2003年调查并整理分析青海湟水流域的蝶类,有9科52属80种,其中凤蝶科1属2种,绢蝶科1属6种,粉蝶科8属22种,斑蝶科1属1种,眼蝶科12属13种,蛱蝶科15属18种,蚬蝶科1属3种,灰蝶科9属10种,弄蝶科4属5种.以古北界为主,青藏区最为丰富.     

An annotated update of the scale insect checklist of?Hungary (Hemiptera,Coccoidea)

The number of scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) known from Hungary has increased in the last 10 years by 39 (16.6 %), to a total of 274 species belonging to 112 genera in10 families. The family Pseudococcidae is the most species rich, with 101 species in 34 genera; Diaspididae contains 59 species in 27 genera; Coccidae contains 54 species in 27 genera; and the Eriococcidae contains 33 species in 8 genera. The other 6 coccoid families each contain only a few species: Asterolecaniidae (7 species in 3 genera); Ortheziidae (7 species in 4 genera); Margarodidae sensu lato (5 species in 5 genera); Cryptococcidae (3 species in 2 genera); Kermesidae (4 species in 1genus); and Cerococcidae (1 species). Of the species in the check list, 224 were found in outdoor conditions, while 50 species occurred only in indoor conditions. This paper contains 22 species recorded for the first time in the Hungarian fauna.     

Diversity and Coexistence of Ectoparasites in Small Rodents in a Tropical Dry Forest

To understand the mechanisms driving species diversity is central to community ecology. Here, we explored if habitat partitioning is associated with a species‐rich ectoparasite community in small rodents from a tropical dry forest in western Mexico. We trapped 199 mice in three 0.5 ha‐plots from eight small rodent species for every two months, from July 2011 to April 2012, and collected their ectoparasites. We identified 17 species of mites, two sucking lice species, two phoretic species, and one commensal species. The most abundant ectoparasite species was Steptolaelaps liomydis, representing 42 percent of all ectoparasites collected; seven ectoparasite species had < 10 individuals. Eighteen ectoparasite species (of 22 species) were collected from the most abundant rodent Liomys pictus. C‐score and the number of checkerboard species pairs were significantly higher against a random expectation. Ectoparasite species in L. pictus mice showed host microhabitat partitioning; Fahrenholzia ehrlichi and Fahrenholzia texana were found only in the anterior dorsal area, Ornithonysus sp. occurred along the dorsal part, Ixodes species were restricted to the ears, and Steptolaelaps liomydis was found throughout the body. We also identified ectoparasite communities with distinct species composition in two rodent species that use contrasting macrohabitats (L. pictus, strictly terrestrial; Peromyscus perfulvus, mostly arboreal). The remaining and low abundant rodent species showed a species‐poor ectoparasite community composition. We conclude that habitat partitioning at both macro and microhabitat scales appeared to characterize the species‐rich ectoparasite community. Conversely, most rodent host species with low abundances showed a species‐poor ectoparasite community.     

毛茛科金莲花亚科植物的地理分布

本文对毛茛科金莲花亚科各属的地理分布作了分析,该亚科植物除了少数属的一些种分布到南半球的温带地区,一些种分布或延伸到亚热带山地、非洲东部和北部的干旱、半干旱的地区外,绝大部分的属、种均分布于泛北极区域。根据其17个属的地理分布式样,把它们划分为8个分布区类型:(1)北温带分布类型4属;(2)北温带和非洲分布类型1属;(3)北半球温带和南半球间断分布类型1属;(4)欧洲和东亚间断分布类型1属;(5)西亚分布类型1属;(6)地中海分布类型3属;(7)欧亚和温带亚洲分布类型1属;(8)东亚分布类型5属。本文以形态特征为主,结合花粉和染色体的性状分析,认为东亚特有的鸡爪草属、Megaleranthis和铁破锣属可能分别是联系驴蹄草属和金莲花属,鸡爪草属和金莲花属以及金莲花族和升麻族的中间类型。另外,文中详细地统计了该亚科的不同等级分类群及特有种在各个植物区的分布,并从系统发育的观点讨论了各个植物区所具有的原始类群和进化类群,提出了如下论点,即东亚植物区(特别是中国西南部)不但是金莲花亚科植物分布的多度和多样性中心以及特有类群的分布中心,而且还是原始类群的保存中心,伊朗-土兰区及地中海周围是第二分布中心。     

Tripterygiid Fishes of New Caledonia, with Zoogeographical Remarks

The Tripterygiidae of New Caledonia are revised and their zoogeographical relationships discussed. A total of 27 species is recognized from the territory; three species are recorded from New Caledonia for the first time [Enneapterygius howensis Fricke, 1997; Enneapterygius rhabdotus Fricke, 1994; Helcogramma trigloides (Bleeker, 1858)]. From Grande Terre, 26 species are known, with four species recorded for the first time. Seven species occur at the Ile des Pins (all new records); from the Chesterfield Islands, six species of tripterygiid fishes have been recorded; and from the Loyalty Islands, 17 species are known, with three species recorded from the island group for the first time: 15 species from Ouvéa, 11 species from Lifou (eight new records) and five species from Maré (three new records).     

内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属植物的形态和生理生态适应性

比较研究内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属(Caragana)中生种,旱生种和强旱生种的叶片形态结构、渗透调节、气孔调节和保护酶,目的是揭示锦鸡儿属不同类型植物的生态适应策略。中生种叶片平展,被稀疏绿色短柔毛;旱生种叶片平展或呈瓦状,被灰色柔毛;强旱生种叶片呈瓦状或卷成筒状,被直立或伏帖绢毛。叶片厚度强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,叶片面积、生物量和比叶面积(SLA)强旱生种<旱生种<中生种。叶片长宽比,强旱生种和旱生种大于中生种。这些形态结构导致保水能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,光能利用能力中生种>旱生种>强旱生种。渗透调节物质含量、细胞质离子浓度和细胞渗透势强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。渗透调节物质含量的差异主要表现在强旱生种可溶性糖和无机离子含量远高于旱生种,后者又远高于中生种。叶含水量、自由水含量、叶水势和气孔导度中生种>旱生种>强旱生种,束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水比值、POD和SOD活性正好相反,CAT活性旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些生理特性导致抗旱能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,但代谢速率正好相反。旱生种和中生种表现出较少的日水分亏缺,强旱生种水分亏缺从清晨到傍晚持续大幅增加。细胞膜相对透性和MDA含量强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。自由基含量表现为旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些数据说明虽然旱生种和强旱生种形成了多种特点来适应干旱环境,但仍然是不充分的。结论:(1)分布于半湿润至半干旱区的锦鸡儿属中生种依靠活跃的代谢、大量的水分消耗和快速生长使其在生物环境中取得竞争优势;生活在干旱地区和强干旱地区的旱生种和强旱生种依靠低代谢、节水和高抗旱性来抵抗苛刻的非生物环境。(2) 旱生种和强旱生种主要通过可溶性糖和无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Croatia

Improvement of morphological and molecular identification methods allows the detection of new species of mosquitoes. The mosquito fauna of Croatia currently includes 52 species, belonging to eight genera, including Anopheles (12 species), Aedes (24 species), Coquillettidia (one species), Culex (seven species), Culiseta (six species), Orthopodomyia (one species), and Uranotaenia (one species). This is an updated checklist, which includes five new species found in Croatian mosquito fauna. Two of these are invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) and Aedes japonicus (Theobald 1901), which are spreading across Europe and Croatia. The other three species, Culex laticinctus (Edwards 1913), Culex torrentium (Martini 1925), and Anopheles daciae (Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach 2004) are autochthonous species which haven't been recorded so far. Since there are several more invasive species spreading across Europe, we assume that this is not the final list.     

Photosynthetic Pathways,Life Forms,and Reproductive Types for Forage Species Along the Desertification Gradient on Hunshandake Desert,North China

Floristic compositions, life forms, reproductive types for forage species, and their responses to desertification in Hunshandake desert were studied. 164 species, in 30 families and 94 genera, were identified with C₃ (137 species), C₄ (25 species), and CAM (2 species) photosynthesis. Of the 25 C₄ species, 76 % were grasses and Chenopodiaceae species (hereafter chenopods). This suggests that the C₄ species mainly occurred in a few families in the desert region. The reduction of C₃ species and the increase of C₄ species with desertification indicated that C₄ species might have higher tolerance to environmental stresses (e.g. dry and poor soil). Relatively more hemicrytophyte and therophyte forms in the desert are related to the local temperate climate and vegetation dynamics. Relatively greater proportions of C₄/C₃ and clonal species/sexual species at mobile dune showed that the C₄ species and clonal species could make greater contribution to sand land restoration in the Hunshandake desert.     

Patterns of richness across forest beetle communities—A methodological comparison of observed and estimated species numbers

1. Species richness is a frequently used measure of biodiversity. The compilation of a complete species list is an often unattainable goal. Estimators of species richness have been developed to overcome this problem. While the use of these estimators is becoming increasingly popular, working with the observed number of species is still common practice.
2. To assess whether patterns of beetle communities based on observed numbers may be compared among each other, we compared patterns from observed and estimated numbers of species for beetle communities in the canopy of the Leipzig floodplain forest. These patterns were species richness and the number of shared species among three tree species and two canopy strata.
3. We tested the applicability of the asymptotic Chao1 estimator and the estimate provided by the nonasymptotic rarefaction–extrapolation method for all tree species and both upper canopy and lower canopy. In the majority of cases, the ranking patterns of species richness for host tree species and strata were the same for the observed and estimated number of species. The ranking patterns of the number of species shared among host tree species and strata, however, were significantly different between observed and estimated values.
4. Our results indicate that the observed number of species under‐represents species richness and the number of shared species. However, ranking comparisons of published patterns based on the number of observed species may be acceptable for species richness but likely not reliable for the number of shared species. Further studies are needed to corroborate this conclusion. We encourage to use estimators and to provide open access to data to allow comparative assessments.

     

Floristic configuration and ecological characteristics of plants of Koh-e-Safaid range,northern Pakistani-afghan borders

The floristic study carried out during 2015–2018 revealed that the flora of Koh-e-Safaid Range comprised of 654 species, 401 genera from 116 families. Leading families were Poaceae 72 species (11.07%), Asteraceae 56 species (8.61%), Rosaceae 43 species (6.61%), Lamiaceae 41 species (6.25%), Papilionaceae 38 species (5.84%), Brassicaceae 32 species (4.92%), Ranunculaceae 17 species (2.61%), Apiaceae and Polygonaceae each with 16 species (2.41%). The largest genera were: Prunus (9 species), Potentilla and Astragalus (8 species each), Artemisia, Allium (7 species) Euphorbia and Amaranthus (6 species each), Lepidium, Nepeta and Cotoneaster (5 species each). Therophytes with 257 species (39.23%) were the dominant life form, followed by nanophanerophytes 104 species (15.92%), geophytes 100 species (15.31%), hemicryptophytes 98 species (15.00%). Cuscuta reflexa, Viscum album and Viscum articulatum were three of the shoot parasites. The leaf spectrum was dominated by nanophylls 246 species (37.67%) followed by microphylls 140 species (21.43%) and mesophylls 128 species (19.54%). Eleven species (1.68%) were aphyllous. Majority of the species (459 species, 70.29%) had simple lamina while seven species (1.07%) had spiny leaves. Present report also listed the some of the endemic species while Cleome amblycarpa and Salvia reflexa are reported as a new addition to the list of Flora of Pakistan.     

Evaluating the DNA barcodes for identification of butterflies from Western Himalayas,Uttarakhand, India

DNA barcodes in species tagging have become a popular tool for taking inventories of species from different groups worldwide. The present study aimed to generate DNA barcodes of butterfly species from the Western Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India. The Indian Western Himalayan region (IWHR) has been explored to a limited extent about butterfly species’ diversity. However, the IWHR is prone to environmental change, and slight variations in climatic conditions can influence species diversity and change butterflies' range. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was first used to generate the DNA barcode for butterflies from this region on a broad scale. 28 morphologically identified species, consisting of 102 sequences, were finally grouped into 26 species, with only two species showing ambiguity in species identification. These species had < 3% sequence variations from their neighboring relatives, suggesting cryptic species diversity. Generated sequences were also compared with the GenBank data of conspecific geographical locations, which showed intraspecies variation ranging from 1.3% to 7.3%. It was also noted that butterfly species have both intra and interspecies sequence divergence. In the phylogenetic-based species identification, a total of 28 species belonging to 4 families of butterflies were successfully discriminated, and two species at the genus level, which had high intra-specific divergence (0.025), were considered. However, the high intra-species sequence divergence observed may represent the presence of hidden species.     

贡嘎山石松类和蕨类植物的多样性与海拔分布（附表）

贡嘎山是横断山脉海拔最高的一座大山,是研究山地植物多样性和海拔分布的理想地区。为了探讨贡嘎山地区石松类和蕨类植物多样性组成及海拔分布特点,该研究基于野外考察、标本采集鉴定及文献考证,对贡嘎山地区石松类和蕨类植物进行统计和分析。结果表明:(1)贡嘎山地区有石松类植物3科4属25种,蕨类植物有23科56属291种。(2)主要的珍稀濒危植物有6种,分别是高寒水韭(Iso tes hypsophila)、松叶蕨(Psilotum nudum)、桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)、小叶中国蕨(Aleuritopteris albofusca)、玉龙蕨(Polystichum glaciale)和扇蕨(Lepisorus palmatopedatus)。(3)优势科为鳞毛蕨科(Dryopteridaceae)75种、水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)56种、凤尾蕨科(Pteridaceae)54种和蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)37种;优势属为耳蕨属(Polystichum)45种、鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris)24种、蹄盖蕨属(Athyrium)24种和瓦韦属(Lepisorus)19种。(4)区系以温带成分为主,有286种(93.77%)。随着海拔的上升,石松类和蕨类的物种多样性逐渐增加,2000~3000 m海拔段的物种多样性最高,为20科46属192种,3000 m以上物种多样性逐渐下降,4500 m以上仅分布有4种蕨类植物。此外,该研究还发现,随着海拔的升高,中国-喜马拉雅成分逐渐增加。     

SPECIES RECOGNITION AND PATTERNS OF POPULATION VARIATION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF A DAMSELFLY GENUS

The selection pressures imposed by mate choice for species identity should impose strong stabilizing selection on traits that confer species identity to mates. Thus, we expect that such traits should show nonoverlapping distributions among closely related species, but show little to no variance among populations within a species. We tested these predictions by comparing levels of population differentiation in the sizes and shapes of male cerci (i.e., the clasper structures used for species identity during mating) of six Enallagma damselfly species. Cerci shapes were nonoverlapping among Enallagma species, and five of six Enallagma species showed no population variation across their entire species ranges. In contrast, cerci sizes overlapped among species and varied substantially among populations within species. These results, taken with previous studies, suggest that cerci shape is a primary feature used in species recognition used to discriminate conspecific from heterospecifics during mating.     

Latitudinal variation of diversity in European freshwater animals is not concordant across habitat types

Aim   We analysed the variation of species richness in the European freshwater fauna across latitude. In particular, we compared latitudinal patterns in species richness and β-diversity among species adapted to different habitat types.
Location   Europe.
Methods   We compiled data on occurrence for 14,020 animal species across 25 pre-defined biogeographical regions of European freshwaters from the Limnofauna Europaea . Furthermore, we extracted information on the habitat preferences of species. We assigned species to three habitat types: species adapted to groundwater, lotic (running water) and lentic (standing water) habitats. We analysed latitudinal patterns of species richness, the proportion of lentic species and β-diversity.
Results   Only lentic species showed a significant species–area relationship. We found a monotonic decline of species richness with latitude for groundwater and lotic habitats, but a hump-shaped relationship for lentic habitats. The proportion of lentic species increased from southern to northern latitudes. β-Diversity declined from groundwater to lentic habitats and from southern to northern latitudes.
Main conclusions   The differences in the latitudinal variation of species richness among species adapted to different habitat types are in part due to differences in the propensity for dispersal. Since lentic habitats are less persistent than lotic or groundwater habitats, lentic species evolved more efficient strategies for dispersal. The dispersal propensity of lentic species facilitated the recolonization of central Europe after the last glaciation. Overall, we stress the importance of considering the history of regions and lineages as well as the ecological traits of species for understanding patterns of biodiversity.     

Annotated checklist of the Hydraenidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea) recorded from Iran

According to our analysis of literature sources on the family Hydraenidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea) of Iran, it is represented by 67 species and three genera: Hydraena Kugelann, 1794 (21 species), Limnebius Leach, 1815 (six species) and Ochthebius Leach, 1815 (40 species). Twenty-two species are supposed to be endemic to Iran. Here, for the first time, we summarize species distribution data in Iranian provinces and present them in a checklist of Iranian Hydraenidae. We also present two additional species lists: one with incorrect records (one species and one subspecies) and the other with unidentified species.     

An integrative approach to species delineation incorporating different species concepts: a case study of Limnadopsis (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)

The unambiguous delineation and identification of species remain central problems in systematic and taxonomic studies. Species delineation depends on the data utilized and the species concept applied. In recent years, morphology‐based species delineation has been complemented by DNA sequence data, leading to an integrative taxonomy. Such integrative approaches, however, are hampered by the partial incongruence of the various data types with certain species concepts. In this study, we delineated Australian Limnadopsis species employing one mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI) and one nuclear (elongation factor 1α, EF1α) marker and a morphological character apparently part of the specific mate recognition complex, and therefore potentially indicative of reproductive isolation. By integrating the data over various species concepts (e.g. the ‘biological’, ‘Hennigian’, ‘recognition’, ‘phylogenetic’ and ‘evolutionary’ species concepts), the delineation of most species becomes straightforward and unambiguous. Conflicts are particularly interesting as they reveal different aspects of speciation considering the various species concepts. Our study emphasizes the benefits of a truly integrative approach to taxonomy. By combining molecular data with morphological characters indicative of reproductive isolation, it is possible to delineate species integrating not only different data types, but also different underlying species concepts. Overall, 11 Limnadopsis species could be delineated, including all eight currently recognized species, and three so far undescribed species. Most species were congruently delineated under all species concepts. A strict application of the evolutionary species concept, however, would have further split L. parvispinus into two species on the basis of the COI data. In addition, Limnadopsis tatei is consistently split into two sympatrically occurring species under all applied species concepts. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 575–599.     

Picking holes in traditional species delimitations: an integrative taxonomic reassessment of the Parmotrema perforatum group (Parmeliaceae,Ascomycota)

Accurate species delimitation is important as species are a fundamental unit in ecological, evolutionary and conservation biology research. In lichenized fungi, species delimitation has been difficult due to a lack of taxonomically important characteristics and due to the limits of traditional, morphology‐based species concepts. In this study we reassess the current taxonomy of the Parmotrema perforatum group, which recognizes six closely related species divided into three species pairs, each pair comprising one apotheciate (sexual) and one sorediate (asexual) species. Each pair is further characterized by a distinct combination of secondary metabolites. It was hypothesized that the three apotheciate species are reproductively isolated sibling species and that each sorediate species evolved once from the chemically identical apotheciate species. In this study, species boundaries were re‐examined using an integrative approach incorporating morphological, chemical and molecular sequence data to delimit species boundaries. Phylogenetic trees were inferred from a seven‐locus DNA sequence dataset using concatenated gene tree and coalescent‐based species‐tree inference methods. Furthermore, we employed a multi‐species coalescent method to validate candidate species. Micromorphological measurements of conidia were found to be congruent with phylogenetic clusters. Each approach that we applied to the P. perforatum group consistently recovered four of the currently circumscribed species (P. perforatum, P. hypotropum, P. subrigidum and P. louisianae), whereas P. preperforatum and P. hypoleucinum were consistently combined and are thus interpreted as conspecific.     

DNA barcode reveals candidate species of Scinax and Ololygon (Anura: Hylidae) in Atlantic Forest

Molecular species delimitation methods are efficient tools to identify species, including the discovery of new taxa and cryptic organisms, thus being useful to biodiversity studies. In the present work, 16S mitochondrial sequences and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were used to evaluate the richness of species in the genus Scinax and Ololygon from a biodiversity hotspot in Atlantic Forest. A total of 109 specimens formally belonging to eight species of Scinax and three species of Ololygon were collected in 13 localities along the state of Bahia (northeastern Brazil) and one site in Espírito Santo (southeastern Brazil). Of the Scinax species collected in this study, three were morphologically differentiated from other described species and identified as putative new species (Scinax sp.1, Scinax sp.2 and Scinax sp.3). The species delimitations were inferred using three different methods: ABGD, PTP and mPTP which allowed recognizing 11 Scinax species and five Ololygon species. Scinax sp. 1, Scinax sp. 2 and Scinax sp. 3, have been confirmed as new putative species and Ololygon argyreornata possibly contains cryptic species. We suggest additional studies, including morphological and bioacoustic data to validate these new putative species.     

The consequence of species loss on ecosystem nitrogen cycling depends on community compensation

Repercussions of species loss on ecosystem processes depend on the effects of the lost species as well as the compensatory responses of the remaining species in the community. We experimentally removed two co-dominant plant species and added a ¹⁵N tracer in alpine tundra to compare how species’ functional differences influence community structure and N cycling. For both of the species, production compensated for the biomass removed by the second year. However, the responses of the remaining species depended on which species was removed. These differences in compensation influenced how species loss impacted ecosystem processes. After the removal of one of the co-dominant species, Acomastylis rossii, there were few changes in the relative abundance of the remaining species, and differences in functioning could be predicted based on effects associated with the removed species. In contrast, the removal of the other co-dominant, Deschampsia caespitosa, was associated with subsequent changes in community structure (species relative abundances and diversity) and impacts on ecosystem properties (microbial biomass N, dissolved organic N, and N uptake of subordinate species). Variation in compensation may contribute to the resulting effects on ecosystem functioning, with the potential to buffer or accelerate the effects of species loss.