鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC基因编辑株的构建

利用λRed重组系统和pBAD原核表达载体构建鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC质粒毒力基因修饰菌株,为深入探究沙门菌毒力基因spv的功能和致病机制及宿主抗感染免疫提供工具菌。以pKD4为模板,PCR扩增含spvBC同源臂的卡那霉素抗性基因以构建同源打靶片段,再将其电转入含有质粒pKD46的鼠伤寒沙门菌中进行同源重组,随后将质粒pCP20电转导入阳性转化子,消除卡那霉素抗性基因,PCR鉴定敲除株的构建。PCR扩增含酶切位点的spvBC基因片段,扩增产物与原核表达载体pBAD/gⅢ分别双酶切后连接构建pBAD-spvBC重组质粒,PCR筛选阳性菌落并测序鉴定。将构建成功的pBAD-spvBC重组质粒电转导入spvBC敲除株中,Western blot测定不同浓度L-阿拉伯糖诱导SpvB和SpvC蛋白表达情况。PCR结果表明鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC基因敲除成功;PCR及测序结果表明pBAD-spvBC重组质粒构建成功,Western blot结果表明13 mmol/L L-阿拉伯糖可诱导SpvB和SpvC蛋白正常表达。λRed重组系统可用于沙门菌质粒上大片段基因的敲除,pBAD原核表达载体可用于沙门菌质粒上大片段基因的回补,丰富了细菌质粒的基因修饰和编辑策略。     

用大肠杆菌同源重组获得克隆化重组腺病毒基因组

利用大肠杆菌细胞内质粒间同源重组获得克隆化重组腺病毒基因组 DNA,高效构建携带有外源基因的均一重组腺病毒 .将带有狂犬病毒糖蛋白 (GP)基因和加强型 GFP(enhanced GFP,EGFP)表达盒的重组穿梭质粒 p Ad- Track- CMV/ GP与腺病毒骨架载体质粒 p Ad Easy- 1一起同时电击共转化大肠杆菌 BJ51 83.在 BJ51 83细胞内 ,带有同源序列的重组穿梭质粒与骨架载体可进行同源重组 ,得到以质粒形式存在的克隆化重组腺病毒基因组 p Ad- GP’.以 p Ad- GP’为模板 ,经DNA测序确认 GP基因成功整合入此质粒中的腺病毒基因组 E1区外源基因表达盒中 .线形化的p Ad- GP’转染 2 93细胞后可得到基因组结构均一、在 E1区插入有 GP和 EGFP表达盒的重组腺病毒 ,病毒滴度可达 1× 1 0 8pfu/ ml.电镜下此重组病毒颗粒直径约为 70 nm,略呈球形 ,用荧光显微镜观察感染细胞有很强的 EGFP表达 .实验表明 :利用大肠杆菌同源重组获得克隆化的重组腺病毒基因组 DNA,可高效制备高滴度的均一重组腺病毒     

整合型vgb基因载体的构建和研究

运用染色体-质粒同源基因重组的方法将外源Vitreoscilla血红蛋白基因(vgb)整合在大肠杆菌JM105染色体的苏氨酸操纵子位置上,构建单拷贝的vgb表达载体VGl。VGl保持了vgb基因的生理功能,可在低氧条件下表达Citreoscilla血红蛋白使细胞适应贫氧环境;同时它克服了以质粒作为表达载体时vgb基因剂量和表达量过高带来的生理负担,因此可作为一种适于高密度培养的基因工程宿主菌。实验结果还显示vgb基因的表达使VGl与普通大肠杆菌相比在低氧条件下仍能维持较高的呼吸强度,说明vgb基因产物参与了细胞处于低氧水平时的代谢过程。     

Deletion and replacement of the mouse adult beta-globin genes by a "plug and socket" repeated targeting strategy.

We describe a two-step strategy to alter any mouse locus repeatedly and efficiently by direct positive selection. Using conventional targeting for the first step, a functional neo gene and a nonfunctional HPRT minigene (the "socket") are introduced into the genome of HPRT- embryonic stem (ES) cells close to the chosen locus, in this case the beta-globin locus. For the second step, a targeting construct (the "plug") that recombines homologously with the integrated socket and supplies the remaining portion of the HPRT minigene is used; this homologous recombination generates a functional HPRT gene and makes the ES cells hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine resistant. At the same time, the plug provides DNA sequences that recombine homologously with sequences in the target locus and modifies them in the desired manner; the plug is designed so that correctly targeted cells also lose the neo gene and become G418 sensitive. We have used two different plugs to make alterations in the mouse beta-globin locus starting with the same socket-containing ES cell line. One plug deleted 20 kb of DNA containing the two adult beta-globin genes. The other replaced the same region with the human beta-globin gene containing the mutation responsible for sickle cell anemia.     

New method for generating deletions and gene replacements in Escherichia coli.

We describe a method for generating gene replacements and deletions in Escherichia coli. The technique is simple and rapid and can be applied to most genes, even those that are essential. What makes this method unique and particularly effective is the use of a temperature-sensitive pSC101 replicon to facilitate the gene replacement. The method proceeds by homologous recombination between a gene on the chromosome and homologous sequences carried on a plasmid temperature sensitive for DNA replication. Thus, after transformation of the plasmid into an appropriate host, it is possible to select for integration of the plasmid into the chromosome at 44 degrees C. Subsequent growth of these cointegrates at 30 degrees C leads to a second recombination event, resulting in their resolution. Depending on where the second recombination event takes place, the chromosome will either have undergone a gene replacement or retain the original copy of the gene. The procedure can also be used to effect the transfer of an allele from a plasmid to the chromosome or to rescue a chromosomal allele onto a plasmid. Since the resolved plasmid can be maintained by selection, this technique can be used to generate deletions of essential genes.     

I-SceI-mediated double-strand break does not increase the frequency of homologous recombination at the Dct locus in mouse embryonic stem cells

Targeted induction of double-strand breaks (DSBs) at natural endogenous loci was shown to increase the rate of gene replacement by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. The gene encoding dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) is specifically expressed in melanocytes and their precursors. To construct a genetic tool allowing the replacement of Dct gene by any gene of interest, we generated an embryonic stem cell line carrying the recognition site for the yeast I-SceI meganuclease embedded in the Dct genomic segment. The embryonic stem cell line was electroporated with an I-SceI expression plasmid, and a template for the DSB-repair process that carried sequence homologies to the Dct target. The I-SceI meganuclease was indeed able to introduce a DSB at the Dct locus in live embryonic stem cells. However, the level of gene targeting was not improved by the DSB induction, indicating a limited capacity of I-SceI to mediate homologous recombination at the Dct locus. These data suggest that homologous recombination by meganuclease-induced DSB may be locus dependent in mammalian cells.     

Recycling selectable markers in mouse embryonic stem cells.

As a result of gene targeting, selectable markers are usually permanently introduced into the mammalian genome. Multiple gene targeting events in the same cell line can therefore exhaust the pool of markers available and limit subsequent manipulations or genetic analysis. In this study, we describe the combined use of homologous and CRE-loxP-mediated recombination to generate mouse embryonic stem cell lines carrying up to four targeted mutations and devoid of exogenous selectable markers. A cassette that contains both positive and negative selectable markers flanked by loxP sites, rendering it excisable by the CRE protein, was constructed. Homologous recombination and positive selection were used to disrupt the Rep-3 locus, a gene homologous to members of the mutS family of DNA mismatch repair genes. CRE-loxP-mediated recombination and negative selection were then used to recover clones in which the cassette had been excised. The remaining allele of Rep-3 was then subjected to a second round of targeting and excision with the same construct to generate homozygous, marker-free cell lines. Subsequently, both alleles of mMsh2, another mutS homolog, were disrupted in the same fashion to obtain cell lines homozygous for targeted mutations at both the Rep-3 and mMsh2 loci and devoid of selectable markers. Thus, embryonic stem cell lines obtained in this fashion are suitable for further manipulation and analysis involving the use of selectable markers.     

rpsL+: a dominant selectable marker for gene replacement in mycobacteria

Molecular genetic manipulations in mycobacteria would benefit from procedures which efficiently select for double-crossover events by homologous recombination. Here we describe a vector-host system for gene replacement in mycobacteria, the utility of which was investigated using functional inactivation of the pyrF gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis as a model. This system is based on the expression of the wild-type rpsL gene coding for ribosomal protein S12 in a streptomycin-resistant host. Owing to the absence of a mycobacterial origin the plasmids are unable to replicate autonomously in mycobacteria. The first selection for maintenance of cloned sequences is conferred by the kanamycin-resistance gene. The second simultaneous selection by streptomycin is against maintenance of cloned sequences which contain the gene encoding the streptomycin-sensitive allele of the rpsL gene. By placing the gene for positive selection and that used for negative selection within and outside the target gene of interest, respectively, gene replacement is obtained. A one-step double selection procedure provides a means to distinguish strictly between gene replacement by double crossover versus homologous recombination by single crossover events. The system should have considerable potential for genera or species where single-crossover events or even illegitimate recombination are the predominant recombination mechanisms. It should also be of wide use for the construction of mutants without a selectable phenotype.     

pcDNA3.1(+)-CTGF真核表达质粒构建及其在人成骨样细胞SaOS-2细胞中的表达*

目的:构建结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)的pcDNA3.1(+)真核表达质粒(pcDNA3.1(+)-CTGF),并检测其在人成骨样细胞SaOS-2中的表达,为进一步研究CTGF基因在骨发育和骨修复中的机制提供技术支撑。方法:采用PCR方法体外克隆CTGF基因全序列,将其用同源重组技术连接到线性pcDNA3.1(+)载体上,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-CTGF真核表达质粒,并对该质粒进行测序鉴定;鉴定无误后转染至SaOS-2细胞中,观察其48 h的表达情况。结果:基因测序证实pcDNA3.1(+)-CTGF真核表达重组质粒构建成功,与对照组相比,转染SaOS-2细胞48 h后的CTGF表达水平显著上调,达到对照组的4.8×10⁵倍(P＜0.01)。结论:成功构建了pcDNA3.1(+)-CTGF真核表达质粒,并能在人成骨样细胞SaOS-2中稳定表达,为深入研究CTGF基因对骨生成的调控机制奠定了基础。     

High-efficiency gene inactivation and replacement system for gram-positive bacteria.

A system for high-efficiency single- and double-crossover homologous integration in gram-positive bacteria has been developed, with Lactococcus lactis as a model system. The system is based on a thermosensitive broad-host-range rolling-circle plasmid, pG+host5, which contains a pBR322 replicon for propagation in Escherichia coli at 37 degrees C. A nested set of L. lactis chromosomal fragments cloned onto pG+host5 were used to show that the single-crossover integration frequency was logarithmically proportional to the length of homology for DNA fragments between 0.35 and 2.5 kb. Using random chromosomal 1-kb fragments, we showed that homologous integration can occur along the entire chromosome. We made use of the reported stimulatory effect of rolling-circle replication on intramolecular recombination to develop a protocol for gene replacement. Cultures were first maintained at 37 degrees C to select for a bacterial population enriched for plasmid integrants; activation of the integrated rolling-circle plasmid by a temperature shift to 28 degrees C resulted in efficient plasmid excision by homologous recombination and replacement of a chromosomal gene by the plasmid-carried modified copy. More than 50% of cells underwent replacement recombination when selection was applied for the replacing gene. Between 1 and 40% of cells underwent replacement recombination when no selection was applied. Chromosomal insertions and deletions were obtained in this way. These results show that gene replacement can be obtained at an extremely high efficiency by making use of the thermosensitive rolling-circle nature of the delivery vector. This procedure is applicable to numerous gram-positive bacteria.     

High-throughput construction of expression system using yeast Pichia pastoris, and its application to membrane proteins

The well-established method for high-throughput construction of an expression system of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses homologous recombination between an expression plasmid and a target gene (with homologous regions of the plasmid on both ends added by PCR). This method has been widely used for membrane proteins using plasmids containing GFP, and has been successfully used to investigate the cellular localization and solubilization conditions of the proteins. Although the methanol-utilizing yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an excellent expression host, a method for high-throughput construction of an expression system like that in S. cerevisiae has not been reported. In this study, we have attempted to construct expression systems via homologous recombination in P. pastoris. The insertion of genes into a plasmid could be easily checked by colony-PCR. Expression systems for seven membrane proteins of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) and yeast (S. cerevisiae) were constructed, and the expression of proteins was analyzed by fluorescence spectra, fluorescence microscopy, and SDS-PAGE (in-gel fluorescence detection).     

Modification of human beta-globin locus PAC clones by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli

We report here modifications of human beta-globin PAC clones by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli DH10B, utilising a plasmid temperature sensitive for replication, the recA gene and a wild-type copy of the rpsL gene which allows for an efficient selection for plasmid loss in this host. High frequencies of recombination are observed even with very small lengths of homology and the method has general utility for introducing insertions, deletions and point mutations. No rearrangements were detected with the exception of one highly repetitive genomic sequence when either the E.COLI: RecA- or the lambdoid phage encoded RecT and RecE-dependent recombination systems were used.     

产生无标记农杆菌突变体方法的建立及优化

农杆菌已经用作许多生物过程研究的模型细菌,为了解析这些生物过程的分子机理,对农杆菌的某些基因进行突变就显得非常重要．以自杀性基因sacB作为反向可选择性标记基因,利用同源重组的原理,建立了一种可对农杆菌基因进行准确插入、删除和位点置换的突变方法,所获突变体不带任何不需要的外源DNA序列．通过详细研究同源序列的长度对农杆菌同源重组效率和突变体产生概率的影响,以及对农杆菌中的同源重组机理的分析,提出了优化该突变体产生方法的方案,即通过设计不等长的上下游同源序列和选择其中一种类型的单交换重组体来筛选二次交换重组体的方法,可以显著地提高理想突变体的产生概率．研究结果对如何提高突变体的产生概率和减少突变体筛选的工作量具重要的参考价值．利用该方法成功地获得了两个基因被同时删除而且不含抗性标记的农杆菌突变株．     

Engineering EGFP reporter constructs into a 200 kb human beta-globin BAC clone using GET Recombination

GET Recombination, a simple inducible homologous recombination system for Escherichia coli, was used to target insertion of an EGFP cassette between the start and termination codons of the beta-globin gene in a 200 kb BAC clone. The high degree of homology between the promoter regions of the beta- and delta-globin genes also allowed the simultaneous generation of a delta-globin reporter construct with the deletion of 8.8 kb of intervening sequences. Both constructs expressed EGFP after transient transfection of MEL cells. Similarly, targeting of the EGFP cassette between the promoter regions of the gamma-globin genes and the termination codon of the beta-globin gene enabled the generation of reporter constructs for both (A)gamma- and (G)gamma-globin genes, involving specific deletions of 24 and 29 kb of genomic sequence, respectively. Finally the EGFP cassette was also inserted between the epsilon- and beta-globin genes, with the simultaneous deletion of 44 kb of intervening sequence. The modified constructs were generated at high efficiency, illustrating the usefulness of GET Recombination to generate large deletions of specific sequences in BACs for functional studies. The establishment of stable erythropoietic cell lines with these globin constructs will facilitate the search for therapeutic agents that modify the expression of the individual globin genes in a physiologically relevant manner.     

Insertion of modifications in the beta-globin locus using GET recombination with single-stranded oligonucleotides and denatured PCR fragments

We describe the use of the GET recombination system with oligonucleotides or single-stranded polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments to insert modifications in the human beta-globin locus without counterselection. The method involves recombination between oligonucleotides or denatured PCR fragments and homologous sequences in the beta-globin gene in a clone of 205-kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), based on the inducible expression of the recE, recT, and gam genes. In this method, oligonucleotides or denatured PCR fragments are electroporated directly into cells carrying both the globin BAC and the pGETrec plasmid, after induction of the GET recombination system. Recombinant BAC clones are identified by PCR, using allele-specific amplification for the mutated sequences. We have used this approach to insert a unique restriction site as well as a common thalassemia mutation (stop codon 39, C-->T) into the human beta-globin locus. We have observed the frequency of recombinant clones to be as high as 1 in 100-200 clones. Therefore, this approach provides a simple and efficient method for introducing point mutations and other fine modifications into BACs, and should greatly facilitate the use of BACs for functional studies and therapeutic applications.     

Homologous Recombination in Zebrafish ES Cells

Targeted insertion of a plasmid by homologous recombination was demonstrated in zebrafish ES cell cultures. Two selection strategies were used to isolate ES cell colonies that contained targeted plasmid insertions in either the no tail or myostatin I gene. One selection strategy involved the manual isolation of targeted cell colonies that were identified by the loss of fluorescent protein gene expression. A second strategy used the diphtheria toxin A-chain gene in a positive-negative selection approach. Homologous recombination was confirmed by PCR, sequence and Southern blot analysis and colonies isolated using both selection methods were expanded and maintained for multiple passages. The results demonstrate that zebrafish ES cells have potential for use in a cell-mediated gene targeting approach.     

结核分枝杆菌EF4敲除菌株的构建

EF4是一个由 lepA 基因编码的与蛋白质翻译密切相关的延伸因子,在细菌中高度保守,但其确切功能和分子机制尚不清楚,在结核分枝杆菌中的功能至今未见报道。为探索EF4在结核分枝杆菌中的功能,需构建一株结核分枝杆菌 lepA 基因敲除株。本研究以结核分枝杆菌H37Ra全基因组DNA为模板,设计并通过聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增 lepA 基因左、右臂,连接到p0004S质粒,构建同源重组质粒p0004S-Δ lepA 。然后,通过噬菌体体外包装,将p0004S-Δ lepA 质粒连接到phAE159质粒,构建phAE159-Δ lepA 噬菌体包装质粒。在耻垢分枝杆菌mc 2155中大量扩增噬菌体并受结核分枝杆菌侵染进行同源重组,筛选阳性克隆,从基因组和蛋白质表达水平检测该突变株中 lepA 基因及EF4蛋白表达。PCR结果显示,敲除株基因组中 lepA 基因已被潮霉素抗性基因成功替换,蛋白免疫印迹结果显示该敲除株中无EF4表达,表明其为成功构建的Ra Δ lepA 。生长曲线分析显示,正常培养条件下,结核分枝杆菌野生株与敲除株生长趋势一致。敲除株与野生株在菌落形态上有一定差异,相比于野生株,Ra Δ lepA 菌落颜色发黄,凸起偏厚,生长过程中生物膜皱褶较少。耐胁迫能力分析显示,与野生株相比,Ra Δ lepA 耐热、抗去垢剂、抗氧化能力无显著差异,但耐酸性环境能力明显增强。本研究利用噬菌体介导的重组法成功构建了结核分枝杆菌 lepA 基因敲除株,为后续研究结核分枝杆菌EF4的功能提供了重要基础。     

mazF as a counter-selectable marker for unmarked genetic modification of Pichia pastoris

In this study, we demonstrate a novel method for unmarked genetic modification of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris , in which the Escherichia coli toxin gene mazF was used as a counter-selectable marker. mazF was placed under the tightly controlled AOX1 promoter, and the induced expression of MazF in P. pastoris halted cell growth. A modular plasmid was constructed in which mazF and a Zeocin resistance gene acted as counter-selectable and active-selectable markers, respectively, and the MazF-ZeoR cassette was flanked by two direct repeats for marker recycling. Linearized delivery vectors constructed from the modular plasmid were integrated into the P. pastoris genome via homologous recombination, introducing genetic modifications. Upon counter-selection with methanol medium, which induces the AOX1 promoter, the markers were recycled efficiently via homologous recombination between the direct repeats. We used this method successfully to knock-out the ARG1 and MET2 genes, knock-in a green fluorescent protein expression cassette, and perform site-directed mutagenesis on the ARG1 gene, all without introducing unwanted selection markers. The novel method allows repeated use of the selectable marker gene for multiple modifications and will be a useful tool for P. pastoris studies.