基于不同利益相关者的水电能源基地建设经济损益研究——以澜沧江干流为例

水电开发将在局地、区域以及全球尺度上产生一系列的影响,明确这些尺度上利益相关者的成本效益、合理分配水电开发利益是减少水电开发不利影响、促进水电资源可持续利用的关键。以澜沧江干流水电能源基地建设为背景,从开发企业、移民农户、澜沧江流域政府及全球利益相关者4个利益相关者角度,选取经济、生态环境和移民生计指标对水电开发的利益再分配进行评估,结果显示:尽管水电开发总体效益大于成本,比例为4.27∶1,且水电开发所涉及的开发企业、政府流域及全球利益相关者所获得的利益大于成本,成本效益比例分别为1∶3.93、1∶3.10、1∶13.11;但移民农户成本却大于效益,比例为1.48∶1。水电开发企业等利益主体应增加生态补偿强度,才能确保移民农户的净收益不降低。该研究表明:不同利益相关者分析有助于了解成本效益分配,清晰展示利益流向,减少开发项目中的不利影响,结果可为协调水电能源开发利用与流域可持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于生态足迹的大型水电工程建设生态补偿标准评价模型——以三峡工程为例

生态足迹作为重要的生态环境指标,已被广泛应用于可持续性分析中,但在生态补偿领域应用的较少。运用生态足迹思想,构建了6类大型水电工程建设的生态供给足迹与生态需求足迹模型,以此为基础,确立了大型水电工程建设的生态补偿标准评价模型;并进行了三峡工程案例研究。结果表明:(1)三峡工程建设6项正面影响的生态供给足迹为949.96×104hm2/a,换算成总经济价值为619.18×108元/a;三峡工程建设9项负面影响的生态需求足迹为188.98×104hm2/a,换算成总经济损失为123.18×108元/a。(2)发电产品、调蓄洪水和发电环境效益是三峡工程的主要正面影响,三者经济价值占总经济价值的95.06%;水库泥沙淤积和水库淹没是三峡工程的主要负面影响,两者经济损失占总经济损失的85.56%。(3)三峡工程建设的生态补偿标准为123.18×108元/a,水电开发业主、中央政府和地方政府是主要的生态补偿主体,两者承担了95.06%的生态补偿标准额度;河流生态系统和移民是主要的生态补偿对象,两者获得了91.39%的生态补偿额度。通过对比分析发现,构建的模型在三峡工程案例中得到了很好的验证。     

陕北黄土高原土地利用变化对第一性生产生态服务功能价值的影响

土地是一切陆地生态系统的载体,人类的一切活动同样离不开土地,在人类改造和利用自然的过程中不可避免地要影响各类生态系统的状况进而影响到它们为人类所提供的服务与功能。而第一性生产服务功能是生态系统服务功能主要特征之一。本文在地理信息系统的支持下,利用陕北黄土高原3期土地利用数据,估算了土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化,结果表明,1996年区域NPP生态系统服务功能价值比1986年增加了1·17×108元;2001年生态服务功能价值比1986年增加了3·37×108元。因此,实施退耕还林、还草、遏制景观破碎化过程,合理控制城镇建设用地的扩展,是提高区域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。     

栾城县农田生态系统服务功能正负效应综合评价

农田生态系统具有半自然半人工化特性,其既接受相邻生态系统提供的服务,也对其他生态系统产生正、负双面性影响.本文根据生态系统服务的内涵,建立了高产农田生态系统服务功能正负效应评价指标与方法体系,并利用环境经济学方法,对2008年栾城县农田生态系统服务功能的正负效应价值进行了综合评价.结果表明:1)栾城县农田生态系统服务功能的正、负效应价值分别为46.20×108元和4.05×108元;2)农产品生产功能价值为17.61×108元,是栾城县农田生态系统最主要的服务功能;3)不合理的农业活动造成农田生态系统服务功能整体效益的下降,扣除环境成本后的净效益值与农产品价值之比由扣除前的2.62∶1降低为2.39∶1;4)地下水资源紧缺是栾城县农田生态系统最突出的生态问题,其造成的环境成本占总环境成本的76.0％.     

怒江水电开发的生态影响

论述了发展水电对于减少燃煤、控制温室气体排放的作用,特别强调对于我国这样的燃煤大国所具有的重要环保意义.开发蕴藏丰富的怒江水电资源在全国能源格局中占据重要地位.指出怒江丰富的生物资源的原始性、自然性和独特性使其成为我国生物多样性和天然基因宝库,具有重要的经济价值、环境价值和美学价值.阐述了河流的“连续性概念”（continuumconcept）,指出河流的连续性,不仅包括水力学、水文学意义上的连续性,还包括营养物质输移、生物群落分布以及信息流的连续性.解决怒江水电开发问题的关键,应该是在可持续发展的原则下,寻找经济发展与生态保护之间的相对平衡点.需要正确面对大坝的生态胁迫问题,积极研究如何对生态系统实行补偿的技术和机制,建设与生态友好的大坝工程.在规划方面,需要合理掌握流域水电开发的程度.在工程技术方面,应研究开发降低大坝的胁迫效应以及对河流生态修复的技术措施.在管理政策方面,需要开展生态价值和自然资本的评估研究,建立生态补偿的合理机制.     

基于GIS的山西省矿产资源规划环境影响评价

基于目前我国矿产资源规划编制过程中的环境评价,提出了一种基于GIS(Geographic Information System)技术,实现矿产资源规划环境影响定量评价方法。在对规划区环境现状进行大尺度综合评价的基础上,利用GIS的空间分析功能,有针对性的实现规划区敏感环境保护目标的筛选、环境影响范围的确定和矿产资源开发对环境保护目标影响程度的定量表达。结合山西省矿产资源规划方案,根据山西省各区域资源开发对敏感保护目标的影响特征,在定量计算各区域环境现状综合评价分级的基础上,分别对其生态环境、水环境、地质环境等方面的影响进行评价和预测,结果显示:山西省矿产资源规划空间布局总体合理,不会对敏感环境保护目标造成严重破坏,但部分矿产资源开采区距离保护目标较近,需要在矿产资源规划实施中加以保护。提出的评价方法较好地兼顾矿产资源开发与区域环境保护,可以有效地提高矿产资源规划环境评价结果的准确性和科学性;该方法可以综合地、定量地评价矿产资源规划对不同环境保护目标的影响程度和范围,为矿产资源规划方案的修订提供有价值的参考。     

颗石藻与环境

全球海洋中颗石藻(coccolith)的年产量估计为536800×108～5368000×108t,为食植性动物提供食物531432×108～5314320×108t,产生碳酸盐约12.8×108t,固定碳2000×108t,从大气圈和水圈中吸收CO27333×108t(为世界CO2年排放量的32倍).光合作用放出氧6943×108t.在海洋生物中居重要地位,对维护地球表面生态平衡起重要作用.     

中国水稻生产的环境成本估算——湖北、湖南案例研究

水稻是中国农业生产中的一种重要作物,其对中国GDP的直接贡献大约2000亿元,占全国农业总产值的10％,然而如同其它农业活动一样,水稻生产也带来了一些环境问题,其成本并未得到全面的评价,也未体现于政策制订中,研究选定湖南和湖北两个省,分别对水稻生产的环境成本作了估算和评价。经过估算,两个省1995年的环境成本为25－110亿元,约为农业总产值的1％－4．5％,考虑目前水稻生产的发展趋势以及国家环境政策变化,这些成本在2020年将可能达到3倍以上。     

九万山自然保护区森林植被涵养水源效益的初步研究

研究与分析了广西九万山自然保护区森林植被在涵养水源方面的生态效益。结果表明,该保护区森林通过林地土壤根际层、枯落物层和林冠层等三个水文层次,贮蓄的雨量为18 368.07×104m3／a,直接或间接带来的生态社会效益价值为2.44亿元;水源涵养效益显著,对维护地方生态安全极为重要。     

不同环境条件下粳型杂交稻米碾磨品质性状的遗传效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子遗传模型,对粳型杂交稻稻米碾磨品质性状进行了遗传研究.结果表明:各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子直接效应、细胞质效应和母体效应等遗传主效应外,还明显受到各基因型×环境互作效应的影响.其中糙米率性状以遗传主效应为主,而精米率、整精米率性状以基因型×环境互作效应为主.在遗传主效应中,糙米率性状主要受种子直接加性效应、母体加性效应的控制;在基因型×环境互作效应中,精米率和整精米率性状都是以种子直接加性×环境互作效应和母体加性×环境互作效应为主,细胞质×环境互作效应也起着较为重要的作用.大部分稻米碾磨品质性状的狭义遗传率均较高,其中糙米率性状以普通狭义遗传率为主,而精米率和整精米率性状则以互作狭义遗传率为主.另外,根据性状的遗传效应预测值对各亲本的育种利用价值作了评价.     

Farm characteristics and the vegetative diversity of grasslands in the North of England: a policy perspective

A survey of 36 fields across 11 farms in the North of England was conducted to record the plant species diversity of grassland communities under various base conditions. Data pertaining to topographical advantage, farm management strategy and soil type were also collected for each field site. The relationship between management inputs and base environmental conditions and the resultant diversity of flora were identified through ordination techniques. The results show a total of 111 species being observed across the sample and some expected relationship emerge, but they also suggest that complementary management techniques can have opposing or conflicting effects on species prevalence. The study argues that provision or use of such information should be paramount within environmental policy formulation where site-specific management plans are used to produce environmental goods.     

关于我国国民环境的态度调查

2004年10月随机抽取了北京、上海、河北、河南、湖南、陕西六省市对5000余位国民做了环境态度问卷调查.了解我国民众的生态观念、制约因素、以及潜在的保护环境的动机.调查结果显示,91%的被访者感到我国环境已严重恶化,78%的被访者支持政府耗资3000多亿元人民币开展退耕还林项目.居民的环境意识同经济收入、受教育水平、年龄、职业、居住环境有着密切关系,其中经济收入和受教育水平是影响居民环境意识变化的首要因素.区域差异分析结果表明,我国现阶段的环境压力主要集中在贫困的边远山区和快速崛起的城市周边地区,把发展经济、改善教育、提高居民的生活质量与环境修复有机地结合起来,是生态政策管理的根本途径.     

Tidal power and the aquatic environment of La Ranee

The Ranee basin, on the northern coast of Brittany, is the only site where a full-scale evaluation of the ecological impact of a tidal power scheme, after 20 years of operation, has been made. The isolation of the estuary, during the construction phase, was particularly damaging to the environment. Gradually, after the scheme was put into service, an increasingly diverse flora and fauna became established. The patterns of distribution of this flora and fauna, their groupings into ecological units and the nature of their interrelationships, indicate a variable degree of biological adjustment to the new environmental conditions. Migratory organisms are able to pass via sluice gates and turbines. However, the new ecological equilibrium, established in the space of 10 years, remains fragile and, being linked to the degree of stability of abiotic conditions, depends to a large extent on the operating conditions of the power station.     

Exploring the Social Dynamics of Proenvironmental Behavior Change

This article explores the intrinsic role of context in shaping the course and outcomes of interventions aimed at changing environmentally significant behavior in home and workplace settings. Drawing on sociological theories of symbolic interactionism, we evaluate the social dynamics and mechanisms of two similar, team-based behavior change interventions at work (Environment Champions) and at home (EcoTeams). The analysis shows that the interventions open up different levels of opportunity for reviewing and renegotiating new environmentally friendly behaviors against the reactions and expectations of the immediate peer group, existing workplace or domestic roles, and the situation-specific definitions of what counts as appropriate behavior in the home and the workplace. We argue that policy studies should pay greater attention to the processes of behavior change, or the contextually sensitive relationship between interventions and outcomes, as a step toward refining or streamlining interventions aimed at changing environmentally significant behavior.     

植物气孔导度的环境响应模拟及其尺度扩展

气孔导度是衡量植物和大气间水分、能量及CO2平衡和循环的重要指标,探讨气孔导度与环境因子的关系及其模拟,以及气孔导度在叶片、冠层及区域尺度间的尺度转换及累积效应,对更好地认识植被与大气间的水热运移过程,合理评价植被在陆面过程中的地位和作用都具有重要意义。从植物气孔导度与环境因子的关系、气孔导度模拟以及尺度扩展三个方面,对前人的研究成果进行了概括总结。从叶片和冠层两个尺度出发,归纳总结了前人对于不同植物气孔导度与环境因子关系的研究成果,发现由于不同植物的遗传特性、测定时的环境、时间尺度的不同,以及未考虑各个环境因子的相互作用对气孔导度的影响,由此得到的气孔导度与环境因子之间的关系也不尽一致。对各单一环境因子与气孔导度的关系,给出了生理学解释,从根本上说明了环境因子变化对气孔导度的影响,而研究环境因子对气孔导度的综合影响时,应对各环境因子进行系统控制与同步观测。模拟计算植物气孔导度的模型主要有Jarvis模型和BWB模型两类,这些模型的模拟能力随着研究对象、试验区域、环境条件的改变而存在一定的差异,在具体使用时应结合实际情况选择最优模型进行模拟。除上述常用模型外,还总结了其他学者分别从不同角度提出的新的模型,对现有气孔导度模型进行了全面的总结。从叶片-冠层、冠层-区域两个方面归纳总结了前人关于气孔导度尺度扩展的研究成果,发现叶片-冠层的尺度扩展研究较成熟而冠层-区域的尺度扩展在模拟精度的验证方面存在困难。针对以下几个方面提出了今后气孔导度的研究重点:(1)结合研究对象所在的区域及环境条件,选择最优模型进行模拟;(2)综合考虑环境因子之间的相互作用及其对气孔导度的累积影响;(3)BWB模型与光合模型的耦合;(4)提高大尺度范围内的气孔导度模拟精度。     

基于环境DNA宏条形码技术的秦淮河生物多样性研究

秦淮河是南京的母亲河,其生物多样性受城市化进程影响面临严重威胁,而物种资源调研是生物多样性保护的基础。环境DNA宏条形码技术较形态学监测是一种简单高效、灵敏度高的新型监测技术。为探究秦淮河浮游生物、底栖动物及鱼类的生物多样性,于2019年7月,采用环境DNA宏条形码技术对其进行了探究,并分析了秦淮河上下游间的差异及环境因子对其群落结构的影响。结果表明:秦淮河共监测到浮游动物13属22种407个操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units, OTUs),浮游植物85属60种4445个OTUs,底栖动物16属17种212个OTUs,鱼类53属44种1663个OTUs。其中浮游动物以游泳轮虫目(Ploima)和双甲目(Diplostraca)为主,共占浮游动物63.37%,浮游植物以隐藻门(Cryptomonas)和褐藻门(Ochrophyta)为主,共占浮游植物88.11%,底栖动物中节肢动物门(Arthropoda)占比最高,达91.67%,鱼类中鲤形目(Cypriniformes)占比最高,达69.99%。与秦淮河历史形态学监测数据相比,环境DNA宏条形码技术在...     

Market Failure and the Environmental Policies of Firms: Economic Rationales for "Beyond Compliance" Behavior

This paper is an inquiry into the circumstances under which the voluntary provision of environmental public goods might be sensible from a firm's point of view. If environmental externalities were the only departure from the economic assumptions of perfect competition, and if no firms had preferential access to superior (low-cost) stocks of natural resources, firms that volunteered to internalize costs could not survive. But because externalities coexist with other departures from the competitive paradigm, such as asymmetric information and oligopoly competition, firms may find it in their shareholders' interests to provide environmental public goods to a greater degree than required by law. A number of firms, especially in Europe and North America, assert that they are pursuing "beyond-compliance" environmental policies. From the perspective of a firm's shareholders, it makes sense to pursue such policies if they increase the firm's expected value or if they appropriately manage business risk.
This paper discusses economically rational explanations for such policies. It analyzes the ways in which a firm's chances of financial success in pursuing any one of them are influenced by the firm's market position and organizational capabilities and by the basic structure of the industry in which it competes.     

The Impact of Energy Management Control Systems on Energy Efficiency in the German Manufacturing Industry

Although previous studies point to much (untapped) potential for energy efficiency enhancement in industry, empirical research that adapts findings of environmental control to the context of energy management remains widely neglected. Specifically, previous environmental research suggests that the implementation of energy management control systems (EnMCS) could be an effective lever for companies to enhance their production systems and operations toward energy efficiency. Yet, empirical evidence for this theoretical proposition is rather missing; thus, debate continues regarding whether the high investments to set up a comprehensive EnMCS pay off in the long run. Based on a sample of 236 German manufacturing companies, this study combines primary data that capture the configuration of EnMCS with secondary data that were used to calculate energy efficiency. The results provide evidence that the extent of EnMCS implementation positively relates to firms’ energy efficiency. Findings from additional moderation analysis suggest that companies might enhance the relationship of EnMCS and energy efficiency performance by establishing a full‐time energy manager or by using external energy consulting support.     

Elements of Environmental Problem-Solving

This debate series paper argues that the scientific and socio-economic dimensions of environmental problems are inherently inseparable. The author proposes that understanding this inseparability is the foundation of successful environmental problem-solving, and a prerequisite to the effective use of formal decision-making tools.     

Biofilm transplantation in the deep sea

A gold rush is currently going on in microbial ecology, which is powered by the possibility to determine the full complexity of microbial communities through next‐generation sequencing. Accordingly, enormous efforts are underway to describe microbiomes worldwide, in humans, animals, plants, soil, air and the ocean. While much can be learned from these studies, only experiments will finally unravel mechanisms. One of the key questions is how a microbial community is assembled from a pool of bacteria in the environment, and how it responds to change – be it the increase in CO₂ concentration in the ocean, or antibiotic treatment of the gut microbiome. The study by Zhang et al. ( 2016 ) in this issue is one of the very few that approaches this problem experimentally in the natural environment. The authors selected a habitat which is both extremely interesting and difficult to access. They studied the Thuwal Seep in the Red Sea at 850 m depth and used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to place a steel frame carrying substrata for biofilm growth into the brine pool and into the adjacent normal bottom water (NBW). Biofilms were allowed to develop for 3 days, and then those that had been growing in the brine pool were transported to normal bottom water and stayed there for another 3 days, and vice versa. The ‘switched’ biofilms were then compared with their source communities by metagenome sequencing. Strikingly, both ‘switched’ biofilms were now dominated by the same two species. These species were able to cope with conditions in both source ecosystems, as shown by assembly of their genomes and detection of expression of key genes. The biofilms had adapted to environmental change, rather than to brine pools or NBW. The study shows both the resilience and adaptability of biofilm communities and has implications for microbial ecology in general and even for therapeutic approaches such as transplantation of faecal microbiomes.