南京裂爪螨危害对毛竹生理生化的影响研究

本文首次报道毛竹上重要害螨——南京裂爪螨Schizotetranychus nanjinensis Ma et Yan的危害对毛竹生理生化影响。研究结果表明：毛竹叶片受害程度与叶绿素含量,还原糖含量,总糖含量,含水量呈明显直线负相关关系,其模型分别：Y叶绿素2.10-0.268x(r=-0.96),Y总量=5.2721-0.2788x(r=-0.87),Y还原糖=-2.778-0.1766x(r=-0.99),Y含水量=2.472-2.783x(r=-0.81)。最后对毛竹叶螨暴发成灾及综合治理作了简述。     

烟草雄性不育的细胞形态学及生理生化研究进展(综述)

本文综述烟草雄性不育系及其同型保持系的花器官分化发育及形态特征、花药绒毡层特性、线粒体蛋白质差异及多种酶活性等细胞形态学和生理生化方面的研究进展。     

The influence of depth on a breath-hold diver: Predicting the diving metabolism of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Diving animals must endeavor to increase their dive depths and prolong the time they spend exploiting resources at depth. Results from captive and wild studies suggest that many diving animals extend their foraging bouts by decreasing their metabolisms while submerged. We measured metabolic rates of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) trained to dive to depth in the open ocean to investigate the relationships between diving behaviour and the energetic costs of diving. We also constructed a general linear model to predict the oxygen consumption of sea lions diving in the wild. The resultant model suggests that swimming distance and depth of dives significantly influence the oxygen consumption of diving Steller sea lions. The predictive power of the model was tested using a cross-validation approach, whereby models reconstructed using data from pairs of sea lions were found to accurately predict the oxygen consumption of the third diving animal. Predicted oxygen consumption during dives to depth ranged from 3.37 L min^− 1 at 10 m, to 1.40 L min^− 1 at 300 m over a standardized swimming distance of 600 m. This equated to an estimated metabolic rate of 97.54 and 40.52 MJ day^− 1, and an estimated daily feeding requirement of 18.92 and 7.96 kg day^− 1 for dives between 10 and 300 m, respectively. The model thereby provides information on the potential energetic consequences that alterations in foraging strategies due to changes in prey availability could have on wild populations of sea lions.     

园艺植物水分胁迫生理及耐旱机制研究进展

概述了园艺植物在水分胁迫下的生理生化,分子反应及耐旱机制研究进展,并指出尚需进一步研究的问题。     

豚草锈菌对三裂叶豚草叶片生理生化特性的影响

【背景】自20世纪50年代三裂叶豚草传入我国以来,迅速蔓延,已给我国农业生产、生态环境、人民健康造成巨大威胁。近年来发现的豚草锈菌对三裂叶豚草有一定的致病性,具备生物防治潜力。【方法】本文利用植物生理学技术研究了豚草锈菌对三裂叶豚草叶片生理生化特性的影响。【结果】锈菌侵染后,三裂叶豚草叶片的相对电导率随病级的增高和侵染时间的延长而上升,说明锈菌破坏了豚草叶片的细胞膜,导致其电解质外渗。同时,发病初期叶片内的丙二醛(MDA)与超氧自由基(O2.-)含量逐渐上升;当发病程度为3级时,O2.-含量达到最高;4级时,MDA含量达到最高。此外,锈菌侵染后,三裂叶豚草叶片抗坏血酸(AsA)含量持续上升,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量在发病后期下降,说明在三裂叶豚草与锈菌互作时,AsA含量虽然增加,但抗性并不明显,而Pro可能具有更为重要的作用。【结论与意义】豚草锈菌的侵入干扰了三裂叶豚草的生理生化反应,这将为深入研究豚草锈菌的致病机理、发挥其生物防治潜力奠定基础。     

近三年来国内昆虫生理生化与分子生物学重要研究进展评述

作者收集了近3年来国内科学家在国际刊物上发表的重要论文,对这些工作给予了简要的介绍和评论。最近两年我国的昆虫生理生化与分子生物学研究和过去相比,取得了长足的进步,特别在基因测序（基因组、表达序列标签）、基因组的分子标记和利用基因组序列开展相关研究等方面进步尤为显著。但是和国际水平相比差距依然很大,如在克隆新的、重要的基因方面远远落后,鉴定基因的功能方面比较薄弱等。通过比较,既看到了该领域国内工作取得的成绩,也清楚地看到和国际一流水平相比存在的巨大差距,期待我国科学家鼓足勇气,凝炼目标和方向,在今后的研究中取得更新、更大的进步。     

Energetics of breath-hold hunting: Modeling the effects of aging on foraging success in the Weddell seal

A simulation model was developed to predict age-related changes in foraging energetics of individual Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddellii. Aging in diving animals is interesting because their characteristic cyclic sequence of apneustic hunting and eupnea should elevate oxidative stress, possibly accelerating aging. Such a hypothesis can be evaluated by modeling energetics of constrained, time-partitioned activities with well-defined costs. Three possible consequences of physiological aging in divers were specified and appraised. The model examined the potential impacts of age-related decline in muscle contractile ability, increased buoyancy, and reduced aerobic dive limit, alone and in combination, on a daily energy budget. A uniform age effect evident in model outputs is reduced foraging efficiency. The components of this net effect are exacerbated for sub-optimal behavioral-response settings or environmental conditions. The model predicts that with advancing age, efficiency declines increase for aging scenarios in the following order: simulated ‘young’ adults; ‘old’ seals with increased buoyancy; ‘old’ seals with reduced aerobic dive limit; ‘old’ seals having reduced muscle contractile efficiency; and, ‘old’ seals with all three conditions. The model indicates narrowed behavioral options to maintain positive energy balance in older animals, suggesting that behavioral plasticity may not allow older animals to compensate for age-related performance constraints.     

高温对昆虫影响的生理生化作用机理研究进展

温度是影响昆虫生命活动的重要因素,将其与某一时间的种群数量结合,可用于对昆虫未来种群数量进行预测预报。过高的环境温度常使昆虫的生长发育、生殖及存活等受到严重影响,对这种影响缺乏了解降低了害虫测报的准确性。探明高温对昆虫生理生化的作用机理是了解高温对昆虫生命活动影响的根本途径。总结了高温对昆虫生理生化的重要影响。高温使昆虫表皮的蜡质层瓦解,油脂融化,表皮渗透性增加,虫体大量失水。引起昆虫体内重要离子的浓度发生变化,改变许多重要大分子的电荷状态,使生物大分子的动力学能量增大,离子键、氢键和范德华力降低,分子间疏水作用增强,大分子保持形状的能力降低,空间构象发生改变,从而影响生物大分子行使其功能。高温使昆虫细胞骨架瓦解,细胞遭到破坏;细胞膜内磷脂组分比例改变,细胞膜流动性下降。虫体内重要遗传物质DNA和RNA复杂的二级结构和三级结构在高温下发生改变,对昆虫性状的稳定遗传造成严重影响。细胞内蛋白质的数量和种类组成均发生改变,原有常温下的蛋白质合成系统关闭,空间构象及功能发生变化,而产生耐热性物质（如热激蛋白）的蛋白质合成系统则开启。高温影响酶及酶促反应速率,对昆虫体内神经传导关键酯酶——乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响使昆虫无法进行正常的神经传递,丧失躲避不良环境的能力。高温影响脂质、低聚糖等物质的代谢。最后梳理了高温作用下昆虫各种生理生化指标发生变化之间可能存在的关联性,并提出高温对昆虫造成伤害的顺序过程假设。讨论了不同程度的高温对昆虫造成死亡的机理可能不同。指出了未来该领域研究的重点内容,如高温对昆虫造成损害的最初作用位点;高温伤害的完整生理生化路径;耐热性产生的生化基础;高温对昆虫不同发育阶段或生命过程的具体作用机制等。     

The influence of body size on the diving behaviour and physiology of the bimodally respiring turtle, Elseya albagula

In aquatic vertebrates that acquire oxygen aerially dive duration scales positively with body mass, i.e. larger animals can dive for longer periods, however in bimodally respiring animals the relationship between dive duration and body mass is unclear. In this study we investigated the relationships between body size, aquatic respiration, and dive duration in the bimodally respiring turtle, Elseya albagula. Under normoxic conditions, dive duration was found to be independent of body mass. The dive durations of smaller turtles were equivalent to that of larger individuals despite their relatively smaller oxygen stores and higher mass specific metabolic rates. Smaller turtles were able to increase their dive duration through the use of aquatic respiration. Smaller turtles had a relatively higher cloacal bursae surface area than larger turtles, which allowed them to extract a relatively larger amount of oxygen from the water. By removing the ability to respire aquatically (hypoxic conditions), the dive duration of the smaller turtles significantly decreased restoring the normal positive relationship between body size and dive duration that is seen in other air-breathing vertebrates.     

Foraging energetics of arctic cormorants and the evolution of diving birds

Efficient body insulation is assumed to have enabled birds and mammals to colonize polar aquatic ecosystems. We challenge this concept by comparing the bioenergetics of cormorants ( Phalacrocorax carbo ) living in temperate and arctic conditions. We show that although these birds have limited insulation, they maintain high body temperature (42.3 °C) when diving in cold water (1–10 °C). Their energy demand at these times is extremely high (up to 60 W kg⁻¹). Free-living cormorants wintering in Greenland (water temperature −1 °C) profoundly alter their foraging activity, thus minimizing time spent in water and the associated high thermoregulatory costs. They then meet their daily food demand within a single intense dive bout (lasting 9 min on average). Their substantial energy requirements are balanced by the highest predatory efficiency so far recorded for aquatic predators. We postulate that similar behavioural patterns allowed early diving birds (Cretaceous) to colonize cold coastal areas before they evolved efficient insulation.     

新型甲氧苄啶耐药二氢叶酸还原酶DfrB7的生化分析与宿主菌耐药机制研究

【目的】分析新型甲氧苄啶获得性耐药蛋白DfrB7的生化性质,探究其与B家族代表性的二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)对甲氧苄啶获得性耐药的生化基础。【方法】构建系统进化树分析B家族DHFRs与新型DfrB7的进化关系。将dfr基因分别构建到pACYC184和pET15b(+)载体并转化到相应大肠杆菌中。使用微量肉汤稀释法确定克隆菌株对甲氧苄啶的耐药性。测定DHFRs使用NADPH作为质子供体催化二氢叶酸还原的酶活反应参数。通过等温滴定量热法测定甲氧苄啶的解离常数。【结果】克隆到大肠杆菌中的新型dfrB7基因表现出对甲氧苄啶的高耐药表型。系统进化树确定了dfrB7编码B家族的DHFRs。检测并比较DfrB7和代表性DHFRs的酶活性质、抑制剂的亲和力,与染色体上DHFR相比,DfrB7与DfrB1均表现出显著降低的催化活性,通过生化实验证实B家族二氢叶酸还原酶对甲氧苄啶结合力极差。【结论】新型dfrB7基因编码的DfrB7具有B家族二氢叶酸还原酶的普遍特征。B家族二氢叶酸还原酶赋予宿主菌对甲氧苄啶的获得性耐药与该酶对甲氧苄啶的低亲和力有关。     

The evolution of stereopsis and the Wulst in caprimulgiform birds: a comparative analysis

Owls possess stereopsis (i.e., the ability to perceive depth from retinal disparity cues), but its distribution amongst other birds has remained largely unexplored. Here, we present data on species variation in brain and telencephalon size and features of the Wulst, the neuroanatomical substrate that subserves stereopsis, in a putative sister-group to owls, the order Caprimulgiformes. The caprimulgiforms we examined included nightjars (Caprimulgidae), owlet-nightjars (Aegothelidae), potoos (Nyctibiidae), frogmouths (Podargidae) and the Oilbird (Steatornithidae). The owlet-nightjars and frogmouths shared almost identical relative brain, telencephalic and Wulst volumes as well as overall brain morphology and Wulst morphology with owls. Specifically, the owls, frogmouths and owlet-nightjars possess relatively large brains and telencephalic and Wulst volumes, had a characteristic brain shape and displayed prominent laminae in the Wulst. In contrast, potoos and nightjars both had relatively small brains and telencephala, and Wulst volumes that are typical for similarly sized birds from other orders. The Oilbird had a large brain, telencephalon and Wulst, although these measures were not quite as large as those of the owls. This gradation of owl-like versus nightjar-like brains within caprimulgiforms has significant implications for understanding the evolution of stereopsis and the Wulst both within the order and birds in general.     

蜡梅花被片维管束变黑的细胞结构及生理生化研究

对蜡梅（Chimonanthus praecox（L.）Link）花被片维管束变黑的细胞显微结构和超微结构变化进行观察,测定和研究其生理生化指标。结果显示,中度变黑的花被片即出现维管束细胞液泡边界模糊,颗粒状物质增加,质体凝结堵塞等现象,随着维管束功能逐渐丧失,基本组织细胞失水,但表皮细胞相对饱满,以维持花朵基本功能。随着维管束变黑程度加剧,过氧化物酶（POD）活性及游离氨基酸含量持续升高,可溶性糖含量持续降低,符合花朵衰老生理特点,但丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及可溶性蛋白质含量未显著下降,表明蜡梅花朵自身对逆境的适应力较强,膜脂过氧化程度不高,大部分细胞的膜结构及内部结构受损不大。本实验可为此现象形成机理的深入研究并最终解决此问题提供一定的理论依据。     

Bridging the gap between chemistry, physiology, and evolution: quantifying the functionality of sperm whale myoglobin mutants

This work merges a large set of previously reported thermochemical data for myoglobin (Mb) mutants with a physiological model of O₂-transport and -storage. The model allows a quantification of the functional proficiency of myoglobin (Mb) mutants under various physiological conditions, i.e. O₂-consumption rate resembling workload, O₂ partial pressure resembling hypoxic stress, muscle cell size, and Mb concentration, resembling different organism-specific and compensatory variables. We find that O₂-storage and -transport are distinct functions that rank mutants and wild type differently depending on O₂ partial pressure. Specifically, the wild type is near-optimal for storage at all conditions, but for transport only at severely hypoxic conditions. At normoxic conditions, low-affinity mutants are in fact better O₂-transporters because they still have empty sites for O₂, giving rise to a larger [MbO₂] gradient (more varying saturation curve). The distributions of functionality reveal that many mutants are near-neutral with respect to function, whereas only a few are strongly affected, and the variation in functionality increases dramatically at lower O₂ pressure. These results together show that conserved residues in wild type (WT) Mb were fixated under a selection pressure of low P_O2.     

钙渗入抑制翠冠梨果实衰老软化作用的生理生化机制

以翠冠梨为试材,研究了采后浸钙对翠冠梨果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明：(1)钙处理可明显降低果实腐烂率,增加果实中钙的含量;(2)翠冠梨采后衰老时,硬度下降,膜脂过氧化物丙二醛含量增多,质膜透性增大,果实硬度与丙二醛含量呈负相关,钙处理可抑制果实的膜脂过氧化作用,降低质膜透性、呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率,延长了翠冠梨货架寿命。其中采后浸10％CaCl2处理延缓果实衰老软化效果最好。     

Carotenoids of dragonflies,from the perspective of comparative biochemical and chemical ecological studies

Carotenoids of 20 species of dragonflies (including 14 species of Anisoptera and six species of Zygoptera) were investigated from the viewpoints of comparative biochemistry and chemical ecology. In larvae, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and fucoxanthin were found to be major carotenoids in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera. These carotenoids were assumed to have originated from aquatic insects, water fleas, tadpoles, and small fish, which dragonfly larvae feed on. Furthermore, β-caroten-2-ol and echinenone were also found in all species of larvae investigated. In adult dragonflies, β-carotene was found to be a major carotenoid along with lutein, zeaxanthin, β-caroten-2-ol, and echinenone in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera. On the other hand, unique carotenoids, β-zeacarotene, β,ψ-carotene (γ-carotene), torulene, β,γ-carotene, and γ,γ-carotene, were present in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera dragonflies. These carotenoids were not found in larvae. Food chain studies of dragonflies suggested that these carotenoids originated from aphids, and/or possibly from aphidophagous ladybird beetles and spiders, which dragonflies feed on. Lutein and zeaxanthin in adult dragonflies were also assumed to have originated from flying insects they feed on, such as flies, mosquitoes, butterflies, moths, and planthoppers, as well as spiders. β-Caroten-2-ol and echinenone were found in both dragonfly adults and larvae. They were assumed to be metabolites of β-carotene in dragonflies themselves. Carotenoids of dragonflies well reflect the food chain during their lifecycle.     

干湿交替下草地生态系统土壤呼吸变化的微生物响应机制研究进展

草地是陆地生态系统中最重要、分布最广的生态系统类型之一,对全球碳循环和气候调节有着重要的作用和效应.我国拥有极为丰富的草地资源,是巨大的陆地碳储存库,也是全球碳循环重要组成部分.干湿交替是土壤中普遍发生的自然现象,这种现象的发生可能会加速土壤的碳矿化过程、激增土壤呼吸以及影响微生物的活性和群落结构等.在全球变化日趋显著的背景下,降雨量、降雨强度以及降雨频率的变化将会加速土壤干湿交替进程,进而带来微生物活性、群落结构以及土壤呼吸的变化,并对全球碳循环过程产生重要影响.本文综述了近十年来国内外的相关文献,对干湿交替条件下,土壤释放CO₂消耗碳源、土壤呼吸随时间的动态变化趋势以及土壤呼吸与微生物量、微生物活性和微生物群落结构之间的关系进行了分析和总结,以期为更好地理解干湿交替过程中草地生态系统土壤呼吸的微生物学响应机制,更准确地预测和评估未来的全球陆地生态系统的碳收支与气候变化提供一定的理论基础.     

医学院校中生物化学与分子生物学实验课教学的改革实践

为进一步提高生物化学与分子生物学实验课的教学质量,培养学生的综合素质和创新能力,在生物化学与分子生物学实验教学中开展了一系列改革,取得了很好的效果。对改革教学法、丰富教学内容、编订新教材、开放实验室及建立完善综合考核制度等方面改革的必要性及近年来在这些方面实施改革的特色性进行总结,为医学院校实验课教学提供参考。