Extra- and intraorganic blood channel of the rabbit lumbar vertebrae in health and after cutting the segmentary arteries and veins

Extra- and intraorganic blood bed of the lumbar vertebrae has been investigated by means of the cast method and vital injection of the vessels with Indian ink-gelatin mixture and subsequent serial translucent preparations. Existence of constant topographo-anatomical relations has been stated between the segmentary arteries and veins with the lumbar vertebrae. Peculiarities in spatial organization of the microcirculatory bed have been revealed in different zones of the vertebral body, as well as peculiarity of blood supply of the epiphyseal osseous marginal plate. Topography and localization of changes in the intraorganic vertebral blood bed have been studied under conditions of bilateral crossing of the segmentary vascular fasciculi at the level of one, two and three vertebrae. Compensatory resources of the vertebral column blood bed are discussed, when large extra-organic trunks in the lumbar part are damaged.     

Structural features of the intrinsic venous bed of the human urinary bladder

The intraorganic veins of the human urinary bladder have been studied in a vast sectional material. The veins within the organ make an enormous multilayered plexus which is differently organized in various layers of its wall. Abundant anastomoses, multiplicated ways for outflow from every layer, manifested interactions between the venous plexuses are specific for the intraorganic venous bed of the urinary bladder. The structures for an active regulating the hemomicrocirculatory blood stream are widely presented in the urinary bladder. In its every tunic certain specific morpho-functional features for organization and adaptation of the intraorganic venous bed are revealed.     

Intraorganic venous bed of the stomach cardia in children during the first 3 years of life

The intraorganic venous bed of the gastric cardial part has been studied in 27 organs, obtained from children corpses of both sex beginning from birth up to three years of life. They died from causes that were not connected with gastric or vascular system pathology. The results of the investigation prove the presence of mucous, submucous, muscular and serous-subserous venous plexuses in the wall of the gastric cardial part in children of the first three years of life. Every membrane of the stomach wall has its specific structure of the venous link in the microcirculatory bed. In the stomach mucous membrane already in a newborn there are complexly built microcirculatory pathways. Age changes are mostly expressed in the venous link of the gastric mucous membrane; this is probably connected with functional activity of the given layer of the organ. The largest venous vessels are situated in the gastric submucous base. By the end of the newborn period and, especially fully, during the successive age periods immune protection of the gastric wall is formed as an accumulation of lymphoid tissue to an antigenic effect of food. In these age groups certain structural mechanisms of blood outflow from the gastric wall appear.     

Intraorganic blood vessels of the intestinal graft after its ortho- and heterotopic transplantation

In experiments, performed on 85 dogs of both sex ortho- and heterotopic total autotransplantation of the small intestine and extracorporal connection of the allogenic segments of the small intestine have been carried out. Certain dependency of morphological changes of the intraorganic blood bed on the operation model has been stated. Essential changes in the blood bed at the heterotopic autotransplantation depend on inadequate regional hemodynamics in the graft. Therefore, the heterotopic model should be considered less preferable than the orthotopic one. One of the peculiarities in reconstruction of the intraorganic vascular bed after ortho- and heterotropic transplantation of the small intestine is, evidently, opening of lympho-venular anastomoses.     

Age-related characteristics of the stromal-parenchymal relations of the human thymus

In 155 thymuses and in 57 capsules of the organ, distributed according to 12 age groups, beginning from fetuses of 5 months up to 90 years, age transformations of stromal-parenchymatous relations of the human thymus have been studied and quantitatively estimated. During the postnatal ontogenesis the thymic capsule and its intraorganic connective, tissue frame together with the parenchyma undergo certain phase reorganizations, specific for each age period. The greatest development of the thymic connective tissue frame reaches at the age of 1-3 years and during sex maturation period. The thymic lymphoepithelial tissue exists during all age periods. In the thymic adipose body foci of extramedullary lymphopoesis are revealed, beginning from the first mature up to the elderly age.     

Prenatal development of the intrinsic nerves of the muscles of the human foot

Myelogenesis and blood supply of the intraorganic nerves have been studied in 4-6- and 7-9-month-old human fetuses. At first, the intramuscular nerves are presented as very thick fasciculi (the diameter is more than 90), thick (the diameter is from 50 up to 90) and single muddle neural fasciculi (the diameter is from 30 up to 50 mcm). The microcirculatory blood bed is formed at the expense of branches of the blood vessel-satellites and the blood vessels of the surrounding tissues and is carried out, without any interruption, along the whole extent. In 7-9-month-old fetuses the neural apparatus becomes more complex. The number of the middle neural fasciculi appear. On the background of fine neural fibers in the fasciculi a small part of the middle neural fibers appears, and in the musculus flexor digitorum brevis--single thick neural fibers. The intramuscular nerves have their own hemocirculatory bed presented by microvessels that are on the perineurium surface, in its bulck and among neural fibers.     

Formation of primary microvessels in the early stages of prenatal human morphogenesis

By means of light and electron microscopy, the most general mechanisms of formation and development of primary blood microvessels in functionally different organs (adenohypophysis, thyroid, thymus, liver, spleen, small and large intestine) have been studied in human embryos 4-8 weeks of age. Ultrastructure of cells in the extra- and intraorganic mesenchyme is described; to the latter belongs the leading role in organization the pathways of the prevascular microcirculation. The primary microvessels are formed as a result of canalization of the intercellular clefts, lining with mesenchymal cells, that gradually transfer into primordial endotheliocytes. Basing on ultrastructural analysis, certain stages of differentiation of protocapillary endotheliocytes have been defined and described in different organs. The change of the prevascular microcirculation into the intraorganic protocapillary bed (the primary blood bed) is an essential and necessary stage of the organogenesis.     

Age-related characteristics of intraorganic vascular structures of the cerebral cortex, heart, kidneys and spleen in rats in the normal state and in arterial hypertension

The work has been performed on 40 normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats at the age of 6 months-1 year. In all the organs studied a direct dependence between the degree of changes in the intraorganic arterial walls and a relative content of the arterial vessels in the organ tissues has been revealed. The functional changes of the arterial bed of the organs mentioned in spontaneously hypertensive rats during hypertensive phase at the stage of stable hypertension, as a result of a prolonged adaptation transform into organic ones.     

Relation between the suitability of the pancreas for transplantation and the structure of its blood vessels

The pancreas from 111 corpses of persons, male and female, at the age of 16-92 years with various pathology has been investigated. The pancreatic blood vessels are injected with protacryl and undergone subsequent corrosion. The correlative and regressive analyses of the measurements reveal that age, height, character of pathology influence the state of the pancreatic blood vessels. It is recommended to observe the following conditions for choosing the donor of the pancreas graft: age under 35, middle height (especially for women), absence of corporal comotion and vast trauma, that essentially influence the vessels (causing spasm, disturbed integrity of the vascular wall), angiographic control conducted during washing or perfusion of the graft vascular bed.     

Development of the uterine microcirculatory bed in postnatal ontogeny

Age peculiarities of common structure of the microcirculatory pathways, specific volumes and amount of microvessels, zonal parameters of pericapillary microcirculation of metabolites, glycosamine glycans and glycoproteins contents, phosphatase and ATPase activity, collagen and elastic fibers of the microcirculatory bed vessels have been studied in 190 unchanged uteri, beginning from 36-week-old fetuses up to 35 years of age. The microcirculatory bed of myometrium during the period of postnatal ontogenesis investigated possesses a polymer-homonomous structural organization; its base make myoangiomas, including the terminal arteriole with precapillaries and collecting venule, that run from it. Similar structure of the myometrium microcirculatory pathways is already observed in fetuses of late antenatal period. In endometrium formed glanduloangionomas are revealed in the prepubertal age. Increase in glycosamine glycans contents is stated in the microvessel walls and in the uterine stroma during the process of its development. Compensatory-adaptive changes in the uterine microcirculatory bed are described during the newborn period up to the puberty. Functionally mature structures of the microcirculatory pathways in the submucosal and vascular layers of myometrium, endometrium and in the cervix uteri are found to be formed earlier than in other areas of the organ.     

Circulatory status and architectonics of the vascular bed of the leg after lengthening it following double-distraction epiphysiolysis

In 6-7-month-old puppies of mongrel dogs under anesthesia by means of G. A. Ilizarov apparatus double epiphysiolysis of the tibia has been performed. The activity of metabolic processes, the state of blood and lymphatic circulation have been studied in the shin at its lengthening by radioisotopic, angiographic and histological methods. Beginning from the first postoperative days, an essential increase of metabolic processes is observed in the osseous tissue, in the blood circulation at the areas of distraction and in the shin as a whole. Blood supply of the regenerates, when the magistral and intraosseous blood stream is remained intact, is performed via the nutritional, metaphysial and epiphyseal arteries. The preservation of the magistral blood stream ensures formation of a normal blood bed in the red bone marrow (arterioles, closed system of the sinuses).     

Ultrastructural regularities of new growth of secondary micro blood vessels in the prenatal period of human morphogenesis

By means of transmissive electron microscopy structural aspects of new formation of secondary blood microvessels in functionally different organs have been studied during fetal period of the human development. Growth buds appear on the basal surface of the endothelial lining of the blood microvessels predominantly in those areas of the vascular wall, where pericytes and adventitial cells are absent. The first stage in formation of the growth bud is separating of small compartments in the lumen of the maternal vessel. Then, connected by means of specialized contacts, endothelial cells of such a compartment move one by one towards periphery of the vessel and form the growth bud, protruding outside. In the area of the growth bud local destruction of the basal membrane is observed. Newly formed microvessels, anastomising, form vascular loops. Further processes in differentiation of separate segments of the newly formed capillary network into links of the hemomicrocirculatory bed are analogous to those, observed in the course of differentiation of the primary protocapillary network into the secondary intraorganic blood bed.     

Microcirculatory bed in the capsules of certain glands]

The capsules of the thyroid, submaxillary salivary, pancreatic gland of adults and the thymus of children were studed. The preparation were impregnated with silver nitrate after Kuprijanov and stained with haematoxiline-eosin. Different constructions of them microcirculatory bed depending on the character of the tissue and the functional activity of the organ were found. The value of the total cross section of the vessels of the microcirculatroy bed calculated in the capillary link allowed a comparisonof the degree of blood supply of the sheaths. The vascular bed of the sheaths served as anadditional way for the blood supply of the organ, a distribution basin and the site ofcollection of the blood, flowing from the parenchyma through collateral vessels.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the intrinsic arterial vessels of the kidney in healthy subjects and in various cardiovascular diseases

The investigation has been performed in 132 kidneys of corpses of persons at various ages, 96 of them died from some cardiovascular diseases and 36--from mechanical asphyxia. Injection, macro-microscopical, histological, biometrical and variational-statistic methods have been used. The total section areas of the arterial vessels is determined, it characterizes the vascular bed capacity of the renal cortical and medullary parts. At atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiac ischemia an essential decrease in the vascular bed capacity in the cortical part and its increase in the medullary part of the kidney is observed. An increasing diameter of the juxtamedullary glomeruli is supposed to intensify the juxtamedullary blood stream. The greatest changes in architectonics and capacity of the renal arterial bed is observed at hypertension combined with atherosclerosis, and the least--at a chronic cardiac ischemia.     

Blood vessels of the epiphysis in comparative-anatomical aspect]

The structure of the epiphysis and its inner blood vessels were studied in the representatives of nine orders of placental mammals and in man by means of injection of stained masses into the arteries and veins and subsequent preparation of histological sections. Not only form and topography of the organ differ in the representatives of different orders, but histological picture of the epiphysis is specific for each of them. In insectivores and chiroptera the loops of the inner three-dimensional capillary network are stretched along the longitudinal axis of the organ. In the epiphysis of carnivores, ungulata and monkey, the intraorganic vessels are situated in stromal trabeculae and the loops of the capillary network have polygonal shape. The intraepiphyseal vessels in man are arranged in peculiar baskets which envelope parenchymal lobules. The intraorganic veins beginning from the loops of the capillary network do not follow the arteries penetrating into the organ, but independently go to different surface parts of the organ where they flow into extraorganic veins.     

Morphology of the microcirculatory bed of the vascular coat of the human eye]

Recently ophthalmologists got interested in microcirculatory bed of the choroid (the main collector of blood in the eye) because of the vascular layer was studied in 25 eyes of persons who had died suddenly and had no eye pathology during their lives. The age was from 11 to 70 years. V. V. Kuprianov's method of impregnation was used. Structural peculiarities of the choroid microcirculatory bed were presented; its changes were stated to depend on functional importance of the given segment of the eyeground and on the age of the patient. The data obtained could facilitate in studying different pathologic conditions in the eye in order to clarify the role of the choroid microcirculatory bed in genesis of ophthalmic diseases.     

Viability of the kidney following autovenoplasty of its artery]

A segment of one of the renal arteries of the dog was substituted for a piece of the femoral vein of the same dog. Along the site of vascular anastomoses the kidney was excluded from general blood circulation. The results of the vessel plastics were not always favourable. Inspite of the independence of anastomoses in the course of operation, the lumen of the substituted piece of the renal artery underwent deformity in a number of experiments, the circulation of the kidney was disturbed, the parenchyma of the organ was injured, a part of renal bodies and tubules were atrophied, intraorganic vessels, especially glomeruli were reconstructed. The alterations were of focal character. In general the structure of the kidney was preserved. In most experiments the substitution of the renal artery for the own vein did not cause any disorders. The wall of the transplanted vein was soon reconstructed--artealized, the renal parenchyma kept normal structure. The success of vascular plastics and the full value of blood circulation was controlled by removing the twin organ. Animals with one kidney lived practically unlimited time without obvious disorders, the content of nitrogen in the blood was normal, no alterations were found in intraorganic vessels and the renal parenchyma.     

Development of the female mammary gland at young ages (morphometric data)

By means of a developed method of histotopographical sections cartograms, 146 preparations obtained from female persons at the age of 8-25 years have been studied. The organ is intensively developing not only at 12-16 years of age, but at 22-25 years, as well. A close correlation is noted at 10-11 years of age between the mammary gland mass and the degree of its parenchyma (glandular tree) development. Subsequently, the connection between these indices becomes essentially weaker. At the age of 15-25 years, according to the variability and standard deviation quantile classes reflecting stages in the organ formation (the degree of the glandular tree development), five types of the mammary gland are distinguished: weak, low middle, middle, high middle and high. During transition of the mammary gland from the weak to the high type, at first the glandular tree is intensively developing in the periphery and in the internal parts, and then in the external squares and in the center of the organ. The degree of uneven development in the glandular tree increases when the middle type is reached. Subsequently, it decreases up to the initial level.     

The blood microcirculatory bed of the tunica muscularis of the human esophagus in postnatal ontogeny]

The analysis of morphological and morphometrical data of the muscular membrane and its blood microcirculatory bed has demonstrated that their development during the postnatal ontogenesis advances unevenly. An intensified growth and development of the muscular membrane morphological structures, including its blood microcirculatory bed occurs from 3 up to 30 years of life. Their maximal growth is noted from 12 up to 30 years of age. The stages of intensified development of the muscular membrane and its blood microcirculatory bed change into stages of retarded growth, where processes of involutive character preponderate. This is especially noticeable from 60 and more years of age. The stages noticed in the muscular membrane development and its blood microcirculatory bed are characterized both by general and topographical morphofunctional peculiarities specific for every stage of organogenesis.     

Morphofunctional changes in the pineal gland during adaptation to hypothermia

The influence of hypothermal stress (+4 degrees during 3 h) on the ways of serotonin metabolism in pineal gland and its structure has been studied in dynamics on adult male Wistar rats. It has been revealed that melatonin-producing epiphyseal function suffers from phase changes in dynamics of adaptation--significant rising during 15 min. after beginning of the experiment, rehabilitation up to normal--in 30 min, and fast suppressing--in 3 hrs. Suppressing of the functional pineal activity is not due to switched serotonin metabolism with melatonin and new indoles release, but to a partial pinealocytes breaking from their active function.