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1.
Changes in root size and distribution in relation to nitrogen accumulation during maize breeding in China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Xiaochao Chen Jie Zhang Yanling Chen Qian Li Fanjun Chen Lixing Yuan Guohua Mi 《Plant and Soil》2014,374(1-2):121-130
Background and aims
Modern maize breeding has increased maize yields worldwide. The changes in above-ground traits accompanying yield improvement are well-known, but less information is available as to the effect of modern plant breeding on changes in maize root traits.Methods
Root growth, nitrogen uptake, dry matter accumulation and yield formation of six maize hybrids released from 1973 to 2000 in China were compared. Experiments were conducted under low and high nitrogen supply in a black soil in Northeast China in 2010 and 2011.Results
While nitrogen accumulation, dry matter production and yield formation have been increased, modern maize breeding in China since 1990 has reduced root length density in the topsoil without much effect on root growth in the deeper soil. The efficiency of roots in acquiring N has increased so as to match the requirement of N accumulation for plant growth and yield formation. The responses of root growth, nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, and grain yield to low-N stress were similar in the more modern hybrids as in the older ones.Conclusions
Modern maize breeding has constitutively changed root and shoot growth and plant productivity without producing any specific enhancement in root responsiveness to soil N availability. 相似文献2.
Ying L. Chen Vanessa M. Dunbabin Johannes A. Postma Art J. Diggle Kadambot H. M. Siddique Zed Rengel 《Plant and Soil》2013,372(1-2):319-337
Background & Aims
Searching for root traits underpinning efficient nutrient acquisition has received increased attention in modern breeding programs aimed at improved crop productivity. Root models provide an opportunity to investigate root-soil interactions through representing the relationships between rooting traits and the non-uniform supply of soil resources. This study used simulation modelling to predict and identify phenotypic plasticity, root growth responses and phosphorus (P) use efficiency of contrasting Lupinus angustifolius genotypes to localised soil P in a glasshouse.Methods
Two L. angustifolius genotypes with contrasting root systems were grown in cylindrical columns containing uniform soil with three P treatments (nil and 20 mg P kg?1 either top-dressed or banded) in the glasshouse. Computer simulations were carried out with root architecture model ROOTMAP which was parameterized with root architectural data from an earlier published hydroponic phenotyping study.Results
The experimental and simulated results showed that plants supplied with banded P had the largest root system and the greatest P-uptake efficiency. The P addition significantly stimulated root branching in the topsoil, whereas plants with nil P had relatively deeper roots. Genotype-dependent root growth plasticity in response to P supply was shown, with the greatest response to banded P.Conclusions
Both experimental and simulation outcomes demonstrated that 1) root hairs and root proliferation increased plant P acquisition and were more beneficial in the localised P fertilisation scenario, 2) placing P deeper in the soil might be a more effective fertilisation method with greater P uptake than top dressing, and 3) the combination of P foraging strategies (including root architecture, root hairs and root growth plasticity) is important for efficient P acquisition from a localised source of fertiliser P. 相似文献3.
Measuring variation in potato roots in both field and glasshouse: the search for useful yield predictors and a simple screen for root traits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jane Wishart Timothy S. George Lawrie K. Brown Gavin Ramsay John E. Bradshaw Philip J. White Peter J. Gregory 《Plant and Soil》2013,368(1-2):231-249
Aims
Potatoes have an inadequate rooting system for efficient acquisition of water and minerals and use disproportionate amounts of irrigation and fertilizer. This research determines whether significant variation in rooting characteristics of potato exists, which characters correlate with final yield and whether a simple screen for rooting traits could be developed.Methods
Twenty-eight genotypes of Solanum tuberosum groups Tuberosum and Phureja were grown in the field; eight replicate blocks to final harvest, while entire root systems were excavated from four blocks. Root classes were categorised and measured. The same measurements were made on these genotypes in the glasshouse, 2 weeks post emergence.Results
In the field, total root length varied from 40 m to 112 m per plant. Final yield was correlated negatively with basal root specific root length and weakly but positively with total root weight. Solanum tuberosum group Phureja genotypes had more numerous roots and proportionally more basal than stolon roots compared with Solanum tuberosum, group Tuberosum genotypes. There were significant correlations between glasshouse and field measurements.Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that variability in rooting traits amongst commercially available potato genotypes exists and a robust glasshouse screen has been developed. By measuring potato roots as described in this study, it is now possible to assess rooting traits of large populations of potato genotypes. 相似文献4.
Yoichiro Kato Ryosuke Tajima Koki Homma Akiko Toriumi Junko Yamagishi Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa Poonsak Mekwatanakarn Boonrat Jongdee 《Plant and Soil》2013,368(1-2):557-567
Background and aims
Rice plants alternately experience anaerobic and aerobic conditions during their life cycle in rainfed lowlands. Each condition affects root growth differently. Our objective was to clarify the specific rice root response to aerobic conditions in rainfed lowlands.Methods
At the Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center in northeastern Thailand, we obtained root samples from 17 ‘Surin1’ (Thai variety) BC3-derived lines and 7 CT9993-5-10-1-M × IR62266-42-6-2 doubled-haploid lines from flooded and non-flooded paddy fields at the reproductive stage in 2010 and 2011.Results
In the non-flooded trial, rice was grown aerobically by draining the perched water; soil moisture at a depth of 20 cm fluctuated between ?10 and ?30 kPa. Deep rooting was likely promoted under aerobic conditions, but slightly drier soils under longer dry spells seemed to restrict root penetration, as the topsoil rapidly hardened during dry spells of only a few days. Fine-root development in the topsoil was inhibited under aerobic conditions.Conclusions
Even without drought stress, rice roots respond significantly to the disappearance of standing water in rainfed lowlands via deep rooting and root branching. We identified one promising ‘Surin1’ BC3-derived line showing an adaptive response of deep rooting under aerobic conditions, which can be used as a breeding material for rainfed lowland rice in Thailand. 相似文献5.
Grassland cutting regimes affect soil properties, and consequently vegetation composition and belowground plant traits 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Maarten J. J. Schrama Verena Cordlandwehr Eric J. W. Visser Theo M. Elzenga Yzaak de Vries Jan P. Bakker 《Plant and Soil》2013,366(1-2):401-413
Background and aims
Machine mowing, mimicking the traditional hand mowing, is often used as a successful management tool to maintain grassland biodiversity, but few studies have investigated the long-term effects of traditional versus mechanical mowing of plant communities. Machine mowing as opposed to hand mowing causes soil compaction and reduction of soil aeration. In response, we expected strong effects on below-ground plant traits: root aerenchyma formation and superficial root growth, and no specific effects on aboveground traits. Effects were expected to be more pronounced in soils vulnerable to compaction.Methods
We evaluated the changes in above- and belowground plant traits in a long-term (38-year) experiment with annual hand-mowing and machine-mowing management regimes on two different soil types: a coarse structured sandy soil and a finer structured sandy-organic soilResults
Only on the organic soil, long-term machine mowing leads to lower soil aeration (more compacted soil) and a marked change in the belowground trait distribution of the plant community. Here we find a higher cover of superficially rooting species and marginally significant lower cover of species without morphological adaptations to soil hypoxia, but no effect on species with a high capacity of forming aerenchyma.Conclusion
Mowing with heavy machines on soils vulnerable to compaction affect the vegetation according to changes in soil physical conditions. This is reflected in a shift towards communities with greater proportion of superficially rooting species. Our results illustrate the sensitivity of grasslands to slight changes in the management regime. 相似文献6.
Effects of drip irrigation on deep root distribution, rooting depth, and soil water profile of jujube in a semiarid region 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Aims
Aimed to understand how soil water was depleted by deep roots, the effects of drip irrigation and stand age on the deep root distribution, rooting depth, and soil water profile dynamics were investigated in a jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill. CV. Lizao) plantation.Methods
A soil coring method with a LuoYang shovel was used for sampling until no more roots were found.Results
It showed that the maximum fine rooting depth (<2 mm in diameter) increased with stand age and it extended deep into the soil rapidly during the first 4 years, but more slowly in the subsequent 4 years. The maximum rooting depth reached 5 m in a 9-year-old jujube plantation, but it stabilized and did not increase thereafter. However, it was 10 m in a 12-year-old jujube plantation that lacked irrigation.Conclusions
We found that the application of 33.3 mm of irrigation water (equivalent to 7 % of the local annual precipitation) could halve the maximum rooting depth, thereby reducing deep soil water depletion. Our results showed that a low-volume water supply reduced the maximum rooting depth in jujube and prevented the depletion of the deep soil water. Appropriate drip irrigation is an effective water management strategy for sustainable artificial forest development in semiarid regions. 相似文献7.
Effects of biochar amendment on root traits and contaminant availability of maize plants in a copper and arsenic impacted soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aoife Brennan Eduardo Moreno Jiménez Markus Puschenreiter José Antonio Alburquerque Christine Switzer 《Plant and Soil》2014,379(1-2):351-360
Background and aims
Biochar has been proposed as a tool to enhance phytostabilisation of contaminated soils but little data are available to illustrate the direct effect on roots in contaminated soils. This work aimed to investigate specific root traits and to assess the effect of biochar amendment on contaminant availability.Methods
Amendment with two different types of biochar, pine woodchip and olive tree pruning, was assessed in a rhizobox experiment with maize planted in a soil contaminated with significant levels of copper and arsenic.Results
Amendment was found to significantly improve root traits compared to the control soil, particularly root mass density and root length density. Copper uptake to plants and ammonium sulphate extractable copper was significantly less in the biochar amended soils. Arsenic uptake and extractability varied with type of biochar used but was not considered to be the limiting factor affecting root and shoot development.Conclusions
Root establishment in contaminated soils can be enhanced by biochar amendment but choice of biochar is key to maximising soil improvement and controlling contaminant availability. 相似文献8.
Root foraging capacity depends on root system architecture and ontogeny in seedlings of three Andean Chenopodium species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ricardo Alvarez-Flores Thierry Winkel Anh Nguyen-Thi-Truc Richard Joffre 《Plant and Soil》2014,380(1-2):415-428
Aims
Morphological and ontogenetic variation in root system architecture holds ecological significance, particularly in low-resource habitats where soil rooting is critical for both seedling establishment and water and nutrient uptake. To assess this variation under contrasted agroecological backgrounds, root architecture and rooting patterns were compared in Andean populations of Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule and two ecotypes (wet- and dry-habitat) of Chenopodium quinoa.Methods
Seedlings were grown in rhizotrons under controlled water and nutrient availability. Root branching and elongation dynamics were characterized during 6 weeks after germination, while leaf area, above and below-ground biomass, and specific root length were determined at the end of the experiment.Results
Despite large differences in aboveground biomass, all populations showed similar herringbone root systems. The dry-habitat C. quinoa had generally the highest root trait values, with fast taproot elongation, thick roots and long root segments resulting in high total root length and deep root proliferation.Conclusion
Irrespective of their contrasting agroecological background, the studied chenopods displayed a similar root system topology. However, from very early development stages, they showed differential root foraging patterns with two extremes: fast and vigourous rooting at depth in the dry-habitat C. quinoa, and shallow and thin root system in C. pallidicaule adapted to shallow-soil and high-altitude habitats. 相似文献9.
Joachim Vansteenkiste Jelle Van Loon Sarah Garré Loïc Pagès Eddie Schrevens Jan Diels 《Plant and Soil》2014,375(1-2):75-88
Background and aims
Root length density (RLD) is a parameter that is difficult to measure, but crucial to estimate water and nutrient uptake by plants. In this study a novel approach is presented to characterize the 3-D root length distribution by supplementing data of the 3-D distribution of root intersections with data of root length density from a limited number of soil cores.Methods
The method was evaluated in a virtual experiment using the RootTyp model and a field experiment with cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. botrytis) and leek (Allium porrum, L.).Results
The virtual experiment shows that total root length and root length distribution can be accurately estimated using the novel approach. Implementation of the method in a field experiment was successful for characterizing the growth of the root distribution with time both for cauliflower and leek. In contrast with the virtual experiment, total root length could not be estimated based upon root intersection measurements in the field.Conclusions
The novel method of combining root intersection data with root length density data from core samples is a powerful tool to supply root water uptake models with root system information. 相似文献10.
W. R. Whalley I. C. Dodd C. W. Watts C. P. Webster A. L. Phillips J. Andralojc R. P. White W. J. Davies M. A. J. Parry 《Plant and Soil》2013,364(1-2):171-179
Background and aims
The role of the root system in mediating crop yields has recently been emphasised, resulting in several laboratory approaches for phenotyping root traits. We aimed to determine the existence of, and reasons for, genotypic variation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root penetration of strong wax layers.Methods
Three contrasting groups (UK elite lines, CIMMYT lines and near-isogenic lines of cv Mercia containing dwarfing and semi-dwarfing Rht alleles) comprising 18 different genotypes with contrasting phenologies were studied. We determined the ability of roots of these genotypes to penetrate strong wax layers and the angular spread of the root systems.Results
There were no intrinsic differences in root system ability to penetrate strong wax layers (consistent with the similar root diameter of all lines) since greater root penetration was simply related to more root axes. Recording root penetration of concentric zones of the wax layer demonstrated that cv. Battalion had a root system with a smaller angular spread than cv. Robigus, which had the root system with the greatest angular spread.Conclusions
There was limited genotypic variability in root penetration of strong layers within the wheat cultivars studied. A key challenge will be to determine the physiological and agronomic significance of the variation in root angular spread. 相似文献11.
Background and aims
The root reinforcement (RR) models commonly used in slope stability modelling can be simply explained as a single soil additional cohesion parameter estimated with simple analytical functions of root traits. We have simulated 3D direct shear tests using the standard implicit Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM), aiming to (i) evaluate the RR models and (ii) compare the two numerical approaches.Methods
In homogeneous soil with low cohesion, 36 straight, non-branched and thin root models were implanted in three parallel lines. Root traits, including orientation relative to the shear direction (45°, 90° and ?45°), longitudinal modulus of elasticity (10 MPa and 100 MPa), and bending and compressive behaviours (beam, truss and cable) were investigated.Results
Compared to the FEM, the DEM achieved consistent results and avoided convergence problems, but required longer computation time and used parameters potentially difficult to identify. Root reinforcement did not occur until significant plastic deformation of soil. The RR values estimated by the shear tests were much lower than those estimated by the usual RR models and were significantly dependent upon root traits.Conclusions
Ignoring the effect of root traits in RR models might lead to an important bias when using slope stability models. 相似文献12.
Effect of species, root branching order and season on the root traits of 13 perennial grass species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Catherine Picon-Cochard Rémi Pilon Emilie Tarroux Lo?c Pagès Jean Robertson Lorna Dawson 《Plant and Soil》2012,353(1-2):47-57
Aims
Inter-specific comparisons of plant traits may vary depending on intra-specific variation. Here we examine the impact of root branching order and season on key functional root traits for grass species. We also compare root traits among co-existing grass species as a step towards defining root trait syndromes.Methods
Monocultures of 13 grass species, grown under field conditions and subjected to intensive management, were used to record root trait values for coarse roots (1st order, >0.3?mm), fine roots (2nd and 3rd orders, <0.2?mm) and mixed root samples over three growing seasons.Results
Branching order and species had a significant effect on root trait values, whereas season showed a marginal effect. The diameter of coarse roots was more variable than that of fine roots and, as expected, coarse roots had higher tissue density and lower specific root length values than fine roots. Principal component analysis run on eight root traits provided evidence for two trait syndromes related to resource acquisition and conservation strategies across grass species.Conclusions
Our data show that root branching order is the main determinant of root trait variation among species. This highlights the necessity to include the proportion of fine vs coarse roots when measuring traits of mixed root samples. 相似文献13.
Background and Aims
Root system development is affected by soil conditions. The effects of bulk density, water content and penetration resistance on root development processes were investigated in peach trees.Methods
Peach tree rootstocks were grown in various soil conditions, combining two bulk densities (1.2 and 1.5?g soil.cm-3) and three water contents (0.14, 0.17 and 0.20?g.g-1soil). Root parameters (tip diameter, length of apical unbranched zone, branching density and diameters of main and lateral roots) and plant growth (leaves, branches, trunk, root dry mass) were measured. Root growth processes (elongation, branching) were studied using relationships between root parameters.Results
The proportion of biomass allocated to each plant compartment was similar whatever the soil conditions. Variations in root development were best explained by the variation in penetration resistance, rather than other soil properties. Increased soil penetration resistance reduced the root elongation rate, especially for thick roots. In addition, the branching pattern was affected. In soil with a high penetration resistance, the root system shape differs from a typical herringbone pattern.Conclusions
These results allow quantification of the root system plasticity, and improve our understanding of the interactions between root development and soil properties. 相似文献14.
K. B. Hebbar J. Rane S. Ramana N. R. Panwar S. Ajay A. Subba Rao P. V. V. Prasad 《Plant and Soil》2014,378(1-2):99-112
Objectives
To identify parameters that can be used for the analysis of natural variation in leaf senescence of wheat; and to understand the association between the onset and progression of leaf senescence with N uptake and root traits.Methods
Chlorophyll content and the proportion of yellow leaves were used as senescence indicators and their relation with other morphological and physiological traits were measured in contrasting early senescing (ES) and late senescing (LS) wheat lines.Results
There were significant genotype effects on the onset and progress of senescence. The ES lines in which leaf senescence commenced early had significantly lower root biomass and N uptake than LS lines. The strong negative association between the extent of leaf senescence with root biomass and N uptake indicated that the poor root growth induced N limitation caused the early senescence of ES lines.Conclusions
The leaf senescence development in ES lines was precocious and constitutive as the trait expressed even under optimal growth conditions suggesting they could be useful in understanding the genetic regulation of senescence under different abiotic stress situations. Accelerated leaf senescence in wheat could be a mechanism to compensate for limitations in the root system that tend to restrict nutrient uptake. 相似文献15.
Sandra Spielvogel Jörg Prietzel Jana Leide Michael Riedel Julian Zemke Ingrid Kögel-Knabner 《Plant and Soil》2014,376(1-2):95-110
Background and aims
The rhizosphere, the soil immediately surrounding roots, provides a critical bridge for water and nutrient uptake. The rhizosphere is influenced by various forms of root–soil interactions of which mechanical deformation due to root growth and its effects on the hydraulics of the rhizosphere are the least studied. In this work, we focus on developing new experimental and numerical tools to assess these changes.Methods
This study combines X-ray micro-tomography (XMT) with coupled numerical simulation of fluid and soil deformation in the rhizosphere. The study provides a new set of tools to mechanistically investigate root-induced rhizosphere compaction and its effect on root water uptake. The numerical simulator was tested on highly deformable soil to document its ability to handle a large degree of strain.Results
Our experimental results indicate that measured rhizosphere compaction by roots via localized soil compaction increased the simulated water flow to the roots by 27 % as compared to an uncompacted fine-textured soil of low bulk density characteristic of seed beds or forest topsoils. This increased water flow primarily occurred due to local deformation of the soil aggregates as seen in the XMT images, which increased hydraulic conductivity of the soil. Further simulated root growth and deformation beyond that observed in the XMT images led to water uptake enhancement of ~50 % beyond that due to root diameter increase alone and demonstrated the positive benefits of root compaction in low density soils.Conclusions
The development of numerical models to quantify the coupling of root driven compaction and fluid flow provides new tools to improve the understanding of plant water uptake, nutrient availability and agricultural efficiency. This study demonstrated that plants, particularly during early growth in highly deformable low density soils, are involved in active mechanical management of their surroundings. These modeling approaches may now be used to quantify compaction and root growth impacts in a wide range of soils. 相似文献16.
Background and aims
Soil compaction strongly affects water uptake by roots. The aim of the work was to examine soil—plant interactions with focus on the impact of distribution of compacted soil layers on growth and water uptake by wheat roots.Methods
The growth-chamber experiment was conducted on wheat growth in soil with compacted soil layers. The system for maintaining constant soil water potential and measurement of daily water uptake from variously compacted soil layers was used.Results
Layered soil compaction differentiated vertical root distribution to higher extent for root length than root mass. The propagation rate of a water extraction front was the highest through layers of moderately compacted soil. The root water uptake rate was on average 67 % higher from moderately than heavily compacted soil layers. Correlations between water uptake and the length of thick roots were increasing with increasing level of soil compaction.Conclusions
The study shows that root amount, water uptake, propagation of water extraction and shoot growth strongly depend on the existence of compacted layers within soil profile. The negative effects of heavily compacted subsoil layer on water uptake were partly compensated by increased uptake from looser top soil layers and significant contribution of thicker roots in water uptake. 相似文献17.
Physiological properties of a drought-resistant wild soybean genotype: Transpiration control with soil drying and expression of root morphology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thomas M. Seversike Shannon M. Sermons Thomas R. Sinclair Thomas E. Carter Jr. Thomas W. Rufty 《Plant and Soil》2014,374(1-2):359-370
Aims
Wild soybean accession PI 468917 [Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.)] was examined for traits that could potentially be beneficial for development of drought resistant soybean cultivars.Methods
Water use was examined in controlled environment chambers at three temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C). Root morphology of plants grown in hydroponics was analyzed using digital imaging software.Results
Wild soybean had lower transpiration efficiency in producing mass than the domesticated soybean cultivar Hutcheson at all temperatures. As soil dried, wild soybean decreased transpiration earlier (at a higher soil water content) than domesticated soybean, but only at 25 °C. Wild soybean had much greater root length than the modern soybean when grown at 25 or 30 °C in hydroponics, with the increase observed in the 0.25 to 0.50 mm diameter class. Wild soybean’s advantages dissipated at higher growth temperatures.Conclusions
Wild soybean populations, potentially, can offer useful traits for improving drought resistance of modern soybean. Sensitive transpiration control in response to soil drying would contribute to ‘slow-wilting’ strategies known to be advantageous for drought resistance, and greater root length would enhance water acquisition from the soil profile. Use of the traits in breeding programs will require extending the temperature range for trait expression. 相似文献18.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi shift competitive relationships among crop and weed species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daisog Hideliza Sbrana Cristiana Cristani Caterina Moonen Anna-Camilla Giovannetti Manuela Bàrberi Paolo 《Plant and Soil》2012,354(1-2):395-405
Aims
Because plants cannot change their environmental circumstances by changing their location, they must instead adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions, especially soil conditions. One of the most effective ways for a plant to adapt to a given soil condition is by modifying its root system architecture. We aim to identify the genetic factors controlling root growth angle, a trait that affects root system architecture.Methods
The present study consisted of a genetic analysis of the seminal root growth angle in wheat; the parental varieties of the doubled haploid lines (DHLs) used in this study exhibited significantly different root growth directions. Using the ‘basket’ method, the ratio of deep roots (DRR; the proportion of total roots with GA > 45 degrees) was observed for evaluating deep rooting.Results
We were able to identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the gravitropic and hydrotropic responses of wheat roots. Moreover, we detected one QTL for seminal root number per seedling (RN) on chromosome 5A and two QTLs for seminal root elongation rate (ER) on chromosomes 5D and 7D.Conclusions
Gravitropic and hydrotropic responses of wheat roots, which play a significant role in establishing root system architecture, are controlled by independent genetic factors. 相似文献19.
Aims
The mechanisms of belowground competition are not well understood. Addressing literature reports on competition-induced changes in tree fine root morphology, we conducted a growth experiment with tree saplings to investigate competition effects on important root morphological and functional traits in a root order-focused analysis.Methods
European beech and European ash saplings were grown for 34 months in containers under greenhouse conditions in monoculture (2 conspecific plants), in mixture (1 beech and 1 ash) or as single plants. The root system was fractionated according to root orders and eight morphological and functional properties were determined.Results
Root order was the most influential factor affecting the fine root traits (except for root diameter and δ13C); a significant species identity effect was found for root diameter, tissue density, N concentration and δ13C. Ash fine roots were thicker, but had lower tissue densities, contained more N and had systematically higher δ13C values than beech roots. The competition treatments had no significant effect on morphological root traits but altered δ13C in the 2nd root order.Conclusion
Neither intra- nor interspecific root competition affected fine root morphology significantly suggesting that competition-induced root modification may not be a universal phenomenon in temperate trees. 相似文献20.
Yingchun Liao M. Luke McCormack Houbao Fan Huimin Wang Jianping Wu Jie Tu Wenfei Liu Dali Guo 《Plant and Soil》2014,381(1-2):225-234