椰心叶甲寄生蜂——椰甲截脉姬小蜂的生物学特性

椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Boucek是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）幼虫的重要内寄生蜂,2004年3月从越南引进到海南省。在实验室条件下,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、寄生潜能等生物学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,椰甲截脉姬小蜂在24℃±2℃,RH 75%±10%条件下,卵期平均为2.8天,幼虫期6.7天,蛹期(含预蛹期)7.5天;成蜂在没有营养补充的情况下,平均存活2.5天。椰甲截脉姬小蜂的寿命受温度和补充营养的影响,雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂寿命。雌蜂平均怀卵量为43粒,产卵高峰期在交配后的12 h内。椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫的功能反应属 HollingⅡ型,随自身密度的增加其寄生效果呈下降的趋势。     

三种农药亚致死剂量对椰甲截脉姬小蜂功能反应的影响

测定了氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒和椰甲清3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarumBoucˇek寄生椰心叶甲Brontispa logissima(Gestro)功能反应的影响。结果表明:亚致死剂量杀虫剂没有改变椰甲截脉姬小蜂功能反应模型的基本结构,但影响到了模型的各项参数。药剂处理后椰甲截脉姬小蜂的最大日捕食量降低,处理猎物时间延长,搜寻效应减弱。氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒的处理后瞬时攻击率减小,但椰甲清处理后瞬时攻击率高于对照。可见,在亚致死剂量下,氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒对椰甲截脉姬小蜂的寄生作用存在不良影响,椰甲清(30%杀虫单+15%啶虫脒)可提高其瞬时攻击率但减弱其搜索效应。     

入侵害虫椰心叶甲的研究进展

近30年来,椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)在亚太椰子产区扩散蔓延,成为棕榈植物上主要害虫。2002年,该害虫入侵我国海南并暴发成灾。化学防除是控制椰心叶甲危害的首要措施,其中包括挂药包等农药缓释技术,而生物防治是控制该虫扩散蔓延的经济有效措施。从感病椰心叶甲虫体上分离的微生物杀虫剂绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae被我国和其他多个国家应用。椰心叶甲天敌寄生蜂的引进利用是可持续控制该害虫发生的重要措施。幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae是椰心叶甲的两种重要天敌。2004年,椰甲截脉姬小蜂和椰心叶甲啮小蜂被引入到我国,经扩繁释放后,取得了良好的控害效果,其中有些地区的椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生率可达90%,椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率可达100%。连续放蜂,且椰心叶甲种群有合适虫龄被寄生蜂寄生是控害效果的关键。气候等生态因子也可能是影响寄生蜂控制靶标害虫效果的因素,应进一步加强研究。论文最后提出了未来椰心叶甲防控的研究的方向。     

引进天敌椰甲截脉姬小蜂防治椰心叶甲的可行性探讨

从2 0 0 2年海南省首次在海口市发现新入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima(Gestro)以来,现该虫已蔓延到海南省的1 1个市县。从地理纬度、气候条件、寄主分布范围等自然条件来看,椰心叶甲也完全有可能向高纬度的临近省份扩散。直接影响到种植业及旅游业的健康发展,因此防治该虫迫在眉睫。通过海南省的生态条件,椰心叶甲的寄主和天敌特点综合分析,认为引进天敌椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodeshispinarum防治该害虫是经济有效的方法。     

椰甲截脉姬小蜂野外种群与实验种群差异性比较

通过随机抽样,比较了椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Bou(c)ek林间种群与室内种群的雌雄比、出蜂量、未出蜂量、怀卵量的差异.t检验表明这些参数在2个种群间均存在显著的差异.野外种群和室内种群雌蜂比例分别占81.63%±2.54%和65.34%±1.80%,出蜂量分别是(25.13±1.17)头...     

温度对优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂率及性比的影响

为探明温度与优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂率、性比间的关系,明确繁殖时利于提高该蜂出蜂率、雌性比的温度,在18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃、33℃条件下,以橡胶盔蚧为寄主,测定了不同温度下优雅岐脉跳小蜂的出蜂率及性比。结果表明:18℃-33℃,随着温度的升高,优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂天数由14 d增加到22 d再降到0 d,21℃时出蜂天数最长;温度与出蜂天数呈线性关系。日出蜂率随温度升高呈现出先增加至峰值后减少的钟形曲线,24℃的日出蜂率最高为48.44%,33℃的最低为0;单雌出蜂量也表现为先增加后减少的趋势,由11.02头增加到峰值59.15头,然后减少到0,21℃时出现最大值。该蜂子代具偏雌性,18℃-30℃,雌性比随着温度的升高逐渐降低,由74.24%降至53.33%。33℃恒温条件下不会羽化出蜂。综合这两项指标,21℃-24℃是繁殖该蜂的适宜温度范围。     

椰心叶甲蛹寄生蜂——椰心叶甲啮小蜂的生物学特性

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）蛹的重要内寄生蜂,2004年从台湾引入到海南。在实验室条件下,对椰心叶甲啮小蜂的形态、行为、发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明,雌蜂个体比雄蜂大,腹部明显可见产卵器。每头寄主蛹出蜂量平均为21.5头,其中雌蜂约占77.4%。椰心叶甲啮小蜂羽化不久即能交配,交配时间约为1～2 min。椰心叶甲啮小蜂的产卵高峰期在交配后的24 h内,且产卵量受温度的影响较大; 蜂蜜、蔗糖、葡萄糖均能有效地延长其成虫的寿命,并能提高其怀卵量和寄生率,其中以取食蜂蜜的效果最好。该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的适宜温度为20℃～28℃,低于16℃或高于30℃对其存活不利。利用16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、30℃下的发育历期和有效积温公式计算出椰心叶甲啮小蜂的发育起点温度（C）为9.6℃,有效积温（K）为324.9日·度。     

温度对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

通过观察副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang在18,21,24,27,30,33和36℃恒温条件下的生长发育情况,求得其世代发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.10℃和215.00日.度,建立世代发育历期预测式为N=[215.00±44.32]/[T-(13.10±3.24)],世代发育速率与温度之间的关系拟合为S形曲线V=-e(1.33+37.73/T),推算出该蜂在海南1年可发生18代。所设试验温度范围内,该蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)的寄生率在13.33%～20.00%范围内波动,30℃时寄生率最高;雌性比率在27℃时最大为70.03%。随着试验温度的升高,成蜂羽化相对集中,羽化持续时间逐渐缩短,羽化高峰提前。30℃条件下雌蜂终生产卵量最多,平均25.77粒。雌蜂寿命随试验温度的升高而逐渐缩短,同一恒温条件下补充20%蜂蜜水可显著延长雌蜂寿命。27～30℃可视为有利于副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育繁殖的适温范围,最适温度为30℃。     

不同品系椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生对2种寄主脂肪体组织的影响

【目的】探究不同品系椰扁甲啮小蜂(水椰八角铁甲繁育的Tb-On品系,椰心叶甲繁育的Tb-Bl品系)寄生对水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲蛹脂滴形态的影响,为解析该蜂调控靶标寄主脂肪体代谢过程提供科学依据。【方法】利用油红O染色观察椰扁甲啮小蜂幼体内脂滴以及被寄生的水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲蛹脂肪体组织结构的动态变化。【结果】在相同发育时段(在寄主体内分别发育至48、72和96 h)内,Tb-On品系与Tb-Bl品系幼体脂滴的形态及分布无明显区别,在发育早期仅头部及表皮可见少量脂滴,随着发育时间的延长,脂滴逐渐充满整个幼体体腔。不同品系椰扁甲啮小蜂分别寄生同一种类寄主时,不同处理寄主间的脂肪体组织结构变化无明显差异;但同一品系椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生不同寄主时,不同处理寄主间的脂肪体组织结构变化存在明显差异,水椰八角铁甲蛹被寄生后24 h脂滴逐步裂解,脂滴的染色面积上升而光密度值下降,而椰心叶甲蛹在被寄生后48 h其体内的脂滴才逐步裂解。随着寄生蜂幼体的不断发育,2种寄主蛹内脂滴染色面积和光密度值均呈持续下降趋势,脂滴着色逐渐变浅甚至消失。【结论】不同品系椰扁甲啮小蜂幼体脂滴的形态及分布在相同发育时段内无明显区别;被同一品系椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生后,水椰八角铁甲蛹脂肪体组织的裂解早于椰心叶甲,裂解出的脂滴可为椰扁甲啮小蜂幼体的生长发育提供脂类营养物质来源。     

低温贮存对椰心叶甲啮小蜂品质的影响

研究低温贮存椰心叶甲蛹Brontispa longissima(Gestro)和椰心叶甲僵蛹对椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere种群品质的影响。寄生10℃低温贮存1~4日龄椰心叶甲蛹结果表明,1日龄椰心叶甲蛹的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂率、单蛹出蜂数、后代寄生能力均优于其他日龄,其次为2、3日龄的椰心叶甲蛹,最差为4日龄的椰心叶甲蛹。1日龄椰心叶甲蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而降低,其中以5d和10d的净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较未经低温贮存的差异小。1~11日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹于10℃贮存10d的结果表明,8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹的雌蜂寿命、羽化率、单蛹出蜂数、寄生能力均优于其他日龄僵蛹。8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而显著低于对照。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.