塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态

采用样带调查法对塔里木河上游3个断面8.5 hm2天然胡杨林进行野外调查,绘制了胡杨种群年龄结构图和存活曲线,结合种群动态量化方法与时间序列预测,分析种群结构与动态特征。结果表明:塔里木河上游胡杨种群密度随径级增大而减小,自疏指数接近-3/2,个体胸径达24 cm后种群密度保持相对稳定。中、下段胡杨种群年龄结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级所占比例较大、林分年轻;存活曲线为Deevey C型,且动态指数0,为增长种群。受所处生境条件影响,上段不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异明显。阿瓦提县胡杨种群结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级比例高达77.2%,存活曲线属Deevey C型,为增长种群;南口镇与托海乡胡杨种群结构呈壶型,幼龄级比例极低、中大龄级比例高达84.7%,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为衰退种群;沙黑里克镇胡杨种群结构呈钟型,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为暂时稳定种群。种群数量动态与时间序列分析表明,中、下段胡杨更新资源丰富,未来种群能够稳定增长;上段南口镇、托海乡与沙黑里克镇幼龄级数量随时间推移减少,种群向大老龄级发展,未来种群将走向衰退。总之,上段胡杨种群因更新资源不足而趋于衰退,未来保持适当的人工辅助恢复措施和加强保护现有植株及其生境是保持胡杨种群自然更新和进行种群恢复的关键。     

石河子地区不同生境梭梭种群数量动态分析

对新疆石河子莫索湾地区阳坡、阴坡、坡脊、坡谷4个生境条件下的梭梭种群动态、大小结构等进行了实地调查研究,并编制静态生命表分析存活曲线和死亡曲线.结果表明,石河子地区的梭梭种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少.不同生境的种群密度存在差异,其中坡谷种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,Ⅴ、Ⅵ径级由于生理衰老死亡率上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同坡向的梭梭种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型.在石河子莫索湾地区,梭梭种群应以保护为主,适当抚育为辅,从而促进群落持续发育.     

黄土丘陵区不同生境沙棘种群数量动态分析

在黄土高原匠陵沟壑区对阳坡,半阳坡．半阴坡,阴坡四个生境条件下,列经过13年发育的沙棘种群动态、大小结构等进行了系统研究,编制了静态生命表,分析了仔活曲线和死亡曲线。结果表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同生境的沙棘种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少。不同生境的种群密度存在差异。其中阴坡种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加。死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅴ,Ⅵ径级．由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降：不同坡向的沙棘种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型。沙棘种群动态是环境因素与生物学特性共同作用的结果,其中土壤含水量、人为干扰、土壤有机质影响较大。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,沙棘人下种群应该以保护为主．适当抚育的措施。促进群落持续发育。     

武夷山米槠种群结构及谱分析

在武夷山自然保护区对米槠种群数量动态进行了系统研究,编制了静态生命表,分析了存活曲线和死亡曲线,同时应用谱分析方法分析种群数量的动态变化。结果表明,武夷山自然保护区米槠种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄级个体多,中老龄级个体少。不同海拔的种群密度存在差异,其中C种群密度最大;静态生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅳ、Ⅴ径级,由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同海拔的米槠种群的存活曲线均接近于Deevey Ⅲ 型。米槠种群自然更新过程存在明显的周期。     

塔里木河上游灰胡杨种群生活史特征与空间分布格局

灰胡杨是荒漠地区特有的珍稀渐危植物,主要分布在塔里木河流域,是塔里木荒漠生态系统的关键种之一。在塔里木河上游选择具有代表性群落设立5 hm²研究样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查,从年龄结构、生命表特征、存活曲线、生存分析以及种群不同发育阶段个体空间分布格局等方面研究了灰胡杨种群生活史动态特征与空间分布规律。结果表明:塔里木河上游灰胡杨种群结构整体上呈钟型,幼树个体较少,成年个体较多,属暂时稳定型种群;不同生境种群结构不同,随河流走向种群结构由稳定型转为衰退型。种群存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ,生存率呈单调下降趋势,中期(Ⅵ-Ⅸ)降幅较高;危险率呈上升趋势,于Ⅸ龄级出现危险率与死亡率、消失率高峰,生命期望单调下降,反映种群生存力下降的趋势。灰胡杨种群空间分布格局总体上为聚集分布,因生境不同空间格局发生变化,这是种群适应环境压力及与环境协同进化的结果;种群空间格局随发育进程而变化,从幼龄到中、大龄,种群分布格局的聚集强度减弱并逐渐转变为随机分布,这是种内竞争强度变化的结果。环境因子与种群分布多度的相关与逐步回归分析表明地下水位是影响种群分布的主要因素。可见,塔里木河上游灰胡杨种群结构与空间分布格局随生境和时间发生变化,环境因素和生物因素是影响灰胡杨种群生态特征的两个主要原因。     

准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群结构与动态研究

通过样地调查和数据统计分析,对准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群现状绘制径级结构图,编制生命表、分析存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:种群整体结构属于增长型,但梭梭种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目.存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关;环境因素和人为干扰的影响,梭梭在Ⅲ～V龄级死亡率较高,种群在第Ⅳ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大;时间序列分析表明,在未来第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持梭梭种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键.     

桂林岩溶石山阴香种群的年龄结构

研究了阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)种群的年龄结构及其年龄与胸径的关系,绘制了阴香种群的存活曲线和年龄结构图。结果表明阴香种群的年龄与胸径呈明显的线性相关,种群幼龄个体较多,中老龄个体较少,年龄结构呈增长型和稳定型两类,存活曲线呈现出DeeveyⅢ型和DeeveyⅡ型。生境条件和人为干扰是影响阴香种群年龄结构和动态的重要因素。因此,对于阴香群落要加强保护、减少人为干扰和加强抚育管理。     

暗针叶林下华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）对岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群动态的影响

通过不同华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）环境中岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群生命表及存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群动态趋势,并根据野外取样分析华西箭竹对岷江冷杉幼龄植株生物量分配的影响。结果表明：在暗针叶林下,岷江冷杉幼龄植株总的种群结构呈明显的金字塔型,存活曲线DeeveyⅢ型,幼苗个体丰富,死亡率高,进入小树阶段后有较高的生命期望。小密度华西箭竹增大了岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树的死亡率,该环境下的岷江冷杉幼龄植株种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,而无竹环境为DeeveyⅢ型。大密度华西箭竹环境中岷江冷杉小幼苗叶重比显著增大,异速生长显著增高。过于密集的华西箭竹严重抑制了岷江冷杉幼苗的定居,而小密度华西箭竹的存在对岷江冷杉的更新并非完全不利。     

甘肃祁连山青海云杉种群数量动态的初步研究

用生存分析和静态生命表研究方法,在祁连山国家级自然保护区调查了16个(20 m×20 m)样地,分析青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)种群数量动态和年龄结构.结果表明,不同种群年龄结构不同,属顶级群落的苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林表现为衰退型种群;灌木-青海云杉林、马先蒿-青海云杉林为增长型种群.1～5龄级存活曲线较陡,种群死亡率较高;5龄级以后存活曲线相对平缓,死亡率较低.采用指数方程和幂函数对生存曲线的类型进行检验,苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林和标准化青海云杉林的生存曲线符合DeeveyⅢ型曲线;灌木-青海云杉林、马先蒿-青海云杉林的生存曲线符合DeeveyⅡ型曲线.种群数量变化的回归分析和青海云杉生态寿命与环境因子相关性分析表明,青海云杉种群存活数变化和生态寿命与种群密度有关.     

灵空山辽东栎种群年龄结构与动态

利用生存分析理论,分析了山西灵空山自然保护区辽东栎种群的年龄结构,以及树高与胸径的关系,绘制了静态生命表和存活曲线.结果表明： 辽东栎种群年龄结构金字塔呈两头小中间大的纺锤型,处于稳定状态.辽东栎种群的树高和胸径的相关关系可用一元线性方程拟合.辽东栎种群的最高生命期望值出现在死亡率最高的龄级之后,且极大值与死亡密度最小值相对应,说明在经过自然筛选和种内竞争后,存活下来的幼苗幼树具有较强的生命期望寿命.辽东栎种群的存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅱ型,为稳定种群.辽东栎种群动态表现为前期衰退、中期增长、后期稳定.
     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.