PICK1蛋白C端酸性区域对其功能的调节

蛋白激酶C相互作用蛋白1(protein interacting with Ckinase1,PICK1)是调节AMPA(alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)受体在细胞膜上的数量与分布,引起LTP与LTD现象的重要蛋白.本文利用基因克隆、荧光光谱以及免疫分析等方法,分析了PICK1蛋白C末端酸性区对BAR结构域与膜脂结合能力以及PICK1分子内BAR(Bin/amphiphysin/RVS)结构域与PDZ结构域相互作用的影响,研究了钙离子结合C末端酸性区后对上述相互作用的调节.结果显示,C末端酸性区的存在使BAR结构域与膜脂的结合能力减弱大约10倍,但PICK1分子内的BAR与PDZ结构域的相互作用与不含C末端的酸性区相比增强了大约4倍.另一方面,C末端酸性区的存在,伴随钙离子浓度的提高,有助于增强BAR与膜脂的结合,却削弱了PDZ和BAR结构域的作用.当钙离子浓度增加到500μmol/L时,BARC的脂质结合能力以及和PDZ的亲和力与不含酸性区相当.     

PICK1的结构与功能研究进展

PICK1蛋白是一个从线虫到人都高度保守膜周蛋白,在多种组织中表达,尤以脑和睾丸的表达最高.在细胞内,PICK1定位于核周区和诸如神经突触的特化细胞结构中.PICK1蛋白含一个PDZ结构域和一个BAR结构域,PDZ结构域能和许多膜蛋白结合.而BAR结构域能与脂质分子(主要为磷酸肌醇)相结合,通过这种机制PICK1可调节相关蛋白的亚细胞定位和膜表达.由于各蛋白与PICK1相互作用的PDZ结合基序不同,可利用与特定蛋白结合基序相同的PDZ结合多肤竞争性地结合PDZ结构域,特异性地阻断该蛋白的作用,从而特异性地增强或减弱PICK1在某组织中的作用,为PICK1的临床应用提供了药理基础.     

PICK1：一个功能多样的药靶蛋白

蛋白质是生命功能的执行者.生命体中某些关键蛋白的功能异常往往是导致疾病发生的根本原因.这些疾病相关蛋白极有可能成为药物靶点,为新药研发和疾病治疗提供重要线索. PICK1蛋白（protein interacting with Cα kinase 1）结合能力广泛、功能多样以及在多种重要疾病（如：癌症、精神分裂症、疼痛、帕金森综合症等）的发生发展过程中发挥潜在的作用,使其成为一个可能的药靶蛋白. PICK1与绝大多数配体蛋白的相互作用是通过其PDZ结构域与配体C末端区域的结合介导的,使PICK1的PDZ结构域成为一个潜在的药物靶点.因此,可以利用生物小分子物质特异性地结合PICK1的PDZ结构域,干扰或阻断PICK1与配体蛋白的天然相互作用,最终达到治疗相关疾病的目的.     

水稻OsGAP1 C2结构域中对钙离子的结合能力强于对钾离子

钙离子作为植物细胞的第二信使,广泛参与植物应对不同逆境胁迫的信号调控过程。水稻G蛋白促进蛋白1（Oryza sativa GTPase activating protein 1, OsGAP1）包含1个C2结构域,而含C2结构域的蛋白质是一类钙离子结合蛋白质,受钙信号的调控。本研究鉴定了水稻OsGAP1的由5个保守性天冬氨酸残基组成的阳离子结合区域。该区域可结合2个钙离子或者钾离子,且其结合钙离子的强度高于其结合钾离子的强度,但是不能结合镁离子。当将其中2个保守的天冬氨酸残基(Asp-23和Asp-28)突变为丙氨酸后,其对钙离子的结合能力减弱。对OsGAP1 C2结构域阳离子结合区域结合金属离子能力的研究,有助于加深对钙信号调控蛋白质的认识,为其在农业生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

PDZ支架蛋白 PDZK1通过PDZ1与PDZ3结构域与磷脂酶Cβ2羧基末端PDZ结合模块相互作用

磷脂酶C β (PLCβ)在G蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR)介导的细胞信号转导中发挥重要作用. 通过水解磷脂酰肌醇4,5二磷酸 (PIP2),磷脂酶C β可以产生3种重要的第二信使分子：二乙酰甘油 (DAG)、三磷酸肌醇 (IP3)和质子. 在果蝇中,磷脂酶C β通过它的羧基末端盘状同源区域结合模块 (PBM)与盘状同源区域 (PDZ)支架蛋白-失活无后电位D蛋白 (INAD)相互作用,从而调节果蝇的光信号传导 . 在哺乳动物中,磷脂酶C β家族有4个亚型,每1个亚型的羧基末端都有1个典型的盘状同源区域结合模块. 这一结构特点提示我们,磷脂酶C β可能通过其羧基末端的盘状同源区域结合模块与盘状同源区域支架蛋白相互作用,进而调节它们自身的细胞定位和功能. 然而,目前仍对哺乳动物磷脂酶C β家族的盘状同源区域结合蛋白知之甚少. 本文运用分析型凝胶过滤和等温滴定量热技术,系统地研究了不同磷脂酶Cβ亚型的羧基末端盘状同源区域结合模块与不同盘状同源区域蛋白质的结合. 结果表明,磷脂酶Cβ2的羧基末端盘状同源区域结合模块,可以特异地与含有4个盘状同源区域的支架蛋白-盘状同源区域蛋白1 (PDZK1）以2∶1的方式相互结合. 进一步的测定显示,磷脂酶C β2羧基末端盘状同源区域结合模块在盘状同源区域蛋白1上的结合位点为第1和第3个盘状同源区域,而它们与磷脂酶Cβ2的解离常数分别为11.8±3.4 μmol/L 和33.3±8.7 μmol/L.     

重组PICK1蛋白的多聚形式及其与Ca2+和Mg2+的结合

蛋白激酶Cα相互作用蛋白1(PICK1) 是从线虫到人的所有生物中非常保守的一类存在于细胞质中的膜结合蛋白,在蛋白质转运,以及细胞内信号转导过程中发挥重要作用.通过基因重组技术获得PICK1及其截短的 N-PDZ(1～110 残基)和 BAR-C(128～416残基)重组蛋白,结合变性与非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,以及分子排阻层析,表明溶液中的PICK1主要以二聚体形式存在.利用荧光光谱分析PICK1与金属离子Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的结合情况.结果表明,在0.02 mol/L Hepes, pH 7.2,随着2种金属离子的不断滴加,PICK1在338 nm 处的最大荧光强度逐渐降低,PICK1与Ca²⁺结合常数为Ka1=（2.34±0.20）×10.6 L/mol^-1,Ka2=(7.75±0.62)×10.5 L/mol^-1,而Mg²⁺结合常数为Ka=（5.00±0.40）×10.6 L/mol^-1.另外,对PICK1的N端区域N-PDZ和C端区域BAR-C的重组片段与金属离子Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺结合情况进一步分析表明,Ca²⁺既能与PICK1的N 端N-PDZ结合,又可与C端BARC结合,而Mg²⁺只结合在PICK1的N-PDZ区域.比较Ca²⁺或Mg²⁺对PICK1结合脂质的影响,显示Ca²⁺能明显增强蛋白和脂质的结合.     

膜联蛋白A1生理功能的研究进展

膜联蛋白（Annexins）是一类结构相关钙依赖的磷脂结合蛋白超家族,在结构上均具有保守中心结构域和承担独特功能的N端结构域,中心结构域延伸为C-末端结构,由4组（在Annexin A6为8组）、每组70个氨基酸残基组成的重复序列,每个重复序列均含有钙离子和磷脂结合位点[1]。Annexins按在生物界的分布分为5组,脊椎动物为A组,     

抑癌蛋白PTEN及PDZ蛋白对其的调节

pten基因是迄今为止发现的第1个具有双特异性磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因,该基因的编码产物PTEN蛋白,是具有蛋白与脂质磷酸酯酶活性的双特异性磷酸酯酶,作为1种重要的信号分子参与细胞增殖、分化、黏附、迁移、凋亡以及基因转录的调控. 最近,关于PTEN在信号转导中的作用以及细胞内PTEN的调节机制研究较多,尤其是PDZ蛋白对PTEN的调节作用. PTEN蛋白包括1个氨基端（N端）磷酸酯酶区域,1个与脂质结合的C2区域和1个含有PDZ结合序列的羧基端（C端）区域. PDZ结构域通过识别目标蛋白羧基端PDZ结合序列与目标蛋白相互作用,调控多种重要的细胞生理过程和信号传导途径.本文就抑癌基因pten编码产物PTEN蛋白的结构、PTEN的生物学功能和PDZ蛋白对PTEN调节的研究进展进行综述.     

Mdfic与Rhox5蛋白相互作用的关键结构域鉴定

Mdfic（MyoD family inhibitor domain containing）是一个新发现的含有MyoD抑制素结构域（I-mfa domain）的转录调控因子,可能在肌细胞的分化过程中发挥重要作用. 小鼠Rhox5为同源异型框基因,隶属于Rhox基因簇（reproductive homeobox on the X chromosome genes cluster）β亚簇.在前期证实Mdifc能结合Rhox5蛋白的基础上,进一步鉴定两者相互作用的关键结构域.生物信息学分析Mdfic 的氨基酸序列,PCR方法扩增Mdfic A截短型片段（第72～247位氨基酸残基）,含保守的I-mfa结构域; 双向酵母双杂交和体外GST-Pull down结果表明,该截短型片段可以与Rhox5蛋白结合,且结合力度较完整的Mdfic蛋白强; 将Mdfic A片段划分为两段: Mdfic B（72～191 aa, 不含I-mfa结构域）和Mdfic C（191～247 aa, 含I-mfa结构域）.结果表明,含保守I-mfa结构域的Mdfic C截短型片段丧失了与Rhox5蛋白结合的能力,而不含I-mfa结构域的Mdfic B截短型片段可以结合Rhox5蛋白. 鉴于Mdfic蛋白的非I-mfa结构域在Rhox5/Mdfic结合中发挥关键作用, Rhox5与Mdfic的结合可能进一步调控由Mdfic的I-mfa结构域参与的其他转录因子（如MyoD）的调控,三者形成一个复杂的调控网络,共同参与肌细胞发生及分化的调控.     

水稻OsGAP1 C2结构域中对钙离子的结合能力强于对钾离子北大核心CSCD

钙离子作为植物细胞的第二信使,广泛参与植物应对不同逆境胁迫的信号调控过程。水稻G蛋白促进蛋白1(Oryza sativa GTPase-activating protein 1,OsGAP1)包含1个C2结构域,而含C2结构域的蛋白质是一类钙离子结合蛋白质,受钙信号的调控。本研究鉴定了水稻OsGAP1的由5个保守性天冬氨酸残基组成的阳离子结合区域。该区域可结合2个钙离子或者钾离子,且其结合钙离子的强度高于其结合钾离子的强度,但是不能结合镁离子。当将其中2个保守的天冬氨酸残基(Asp-23和Asp-28)突变为丙氨酸后,其对钙离子的结合能力减弱。对OsGAP1 C2结构域阳离子结合区域结合金属离子能力的研究,有助于加深对钙信号调控蛋白质的认识,为其在农业生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

Structure and function of PICK1

PICK1 is a peripheral membrane protein conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to the human. It is expressed in many tissues with high levels in brain and testis. Inside cells, PICK1 is localized at the perinuclear region as well as specialized structures such as synapses of neurons. PICK1 contains a PDZ domain and a BAR domain. The PDZ domain of PICK1 binds to a large number of membrane proteins, especially proteins with C-terminal type II PDZ-binding motifs. The BAR domain of PICK1 binds to lipid molecules, mainly phosphoinositides. While the PDZ domain and the linker region of PICK1 enhance BAR domain's lipid binding, the C-terminal region of PICK1 inhibits its lipid binding. PICK1 regulates the subcellular localization and surface expression of its PDZ-binding partners. Lipid binding of PICK1's BAR domain is important for this regulation. With its PDZ domain interacting with membrane proteins and its BAR domain binding to lipids, the unique structure of PICK1 enables it to couple membrane proteins to protein-trafficking machinery.     

Serine 77 in the PDZ domain of PICK1 is a protein kinase Cα phosphorylation site regulated by lipid membrane binding

PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase 1) contains an N-terminal protein binding PDZ domain and a C-terminal lipid binding BAR domain. PICK1 plays a key role in several physiological processes, including synaptic plasticity. However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms governing the activity of PICK1 itself. Here we show that PICK1 is a substrate in vitro both for PKCα (protein kinase Cα), as previously shown, and for CaMKIIα (Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα). By mutation of predicted phosphorylation sites, we identify Ser77 in the PDZ domain as a major phosphorylation site for PKCα. Mutation of Ser77 reduced the level of PKCα-mediated phosphorylation ~50%, whereas no reduction was observed upon mutation of seven other predicted sites. Addition of lipid vesicles increased the level of phosphorylation of Ser77 10-fold, indicating that lipid binding is critical for optimal phosphorylation. Binding of PKCα to the PICK1 PDZ domain was not required for phosphorylation, but a PDZ domain peptide ligand reduced the overall level of phosphorylation ~30%. The phosphomimic S77D reduced the extent of cytosolic clustering of eYFP-PICK1 in COS7 cells and thereby conceivably its lipid binding and/or polymerization capacity. We propose that PICK1 is phosphorylated at Ser77 by PKCα preferentially when bound to membrane vesicles and that this phosphorylation in turn modulates its cellular distribution.     

Clustering and synaptic targeting of PICK1 requires direct interaction between the PDZ domain and lipid membranes

Protein interacting with c kinase 1 (PICK1) regulates the trafficking of receptors and ion-channels such as AMPA receptors. Traditionally, the PICK1 PDZ domain is regarded as an adaptor capable of binding to receptors trafficked by PICK1, and the lipid-binding BAR domain functions to tether PICK1 directly to membranes. Here, we show that the PICK1 PDZ domain can directly interact with lipid membranes. The PDZ domain and lipid membrane interaction is mediated by both a polybasic amino-acid cluster and a conserved 'Cys-Pro-Cys' motif located away from the peptide ligand-binding groove. Disruption of the PDZ and lipid membrane interaction totally abolished synaptic targeting of PICK1. Although mutation of the CPC motif did not affect the interaction between PICK1 and AMPA receptors, the mutant PICK1 was unable to cluster the GluR2 subunit of the receptor. In neurons, PICK1 containing the same mutation displayed dramatically compromised capacity in the trafficking of AMPA receptors. Taken together, our findings not only uncovered the novel lipid membrane-binding property of the PICK1 PDZ domain, but also provided direct evidence supporting the functional relevance of the PDZ-lipid interaction.     

Zinc binding site in PICK1 is dominantly located at the CPC motif of its PDZ domain

PICK1 ( p rotein i nteracting with C k inase 1) containing a PDZ domain, a BAR domain, and two short acidic regions is as an adaptor protein that plays an important role in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor trafficking, cell morphology and migration, as well as in some diseases such as cancer, schizophrenia and pain. To better understand the physiological function of PICK1, we expressed the recombinant PICK1 and its truncated mutants in E.coli, and measured their zinc binding properties by fluorescence and competition assay. It is shown that PICK1 has one Zn²⁺-binding site. The Zn²⁺-binding properties of PICK1 are not appreciably affected after the removal of BARC domain (involving BAR domain and C-terminal acidic region). Deleting the N-terminal acidic region of NPDZ domain (involving PDZ domain and N-terminal acidic region) in PICK1 impairs its Zn²⁺-binding capacity.The mutation of the CPC (Cys-Pro-Cys) motif in the PDZ domain of PICK1 abolishes the ability of Zn²⁺-binding. In addition, Zn²⁺ can enhance the lipid-binding ability of PDZ domain as observed in both protein-lipid overlay assay and fluorescence analysis. The results presented in this report suggested that Zn²⁺ plays a regulatory role in the trafficking of PICK1 from the cytoplasm to cell membrane.     

Membrane localization is critical for activation of the PICK1 BAR domain

The PSD-95/Discs-large/ZO-1 homology (PDZ) domain protein, protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) contains a C-terminal Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain mediating recognition of curved membranes; however, the molecular mechanisms controlling the activity of this domain are poorly understood. In agreement with negative regulation of the BAR domain by the N-terminal PDZ domain, PICK1 distributed evenly in the cytoplasm, whereas truncation of the PDZ domain caused BAR domain-dependent redistribution to clusters colocalizing with markers of recycling endosomal compartments. A similar clustering was observed both upon truncation of a short putative α-helical segment in the linker between the PDZ and the BAR domains and upon coexpression of PICK1 with a transmembrane PDZ ligand, including the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluR2 subunit, the GluR2 C-terminus transferred to the single transmembrane protein Tac or the dopamine transporter C-terminus transferred to Tac. In contrast, transfer of the GluR2 C-terminus to cyan fluorescent protein, a cytosolic protein, did not elicit BAR domain-dependent clustering. Instead, localizing PICK1 to the membrane by introducing an N-terminal myristoylation site produced BAR domain-dependent, but ligand-independent, PICK1 clustering. The data support that in the absence of PDZ ligand, the PICK1 BAR domain is inhibited through a PDZ domain-dependent and linker-dependent mechanism. Moreover, they suggest that unmasking of the BAR domain's membrane-binding capacity is not a consequence of ligand binding to the PDZ domain per se but results from, and coincides with, recruitment of PICK1 to a membrane compartment.     

The PDZ domain of PICK1 differentially accepts protein kinase C-alpha and GluR2 as interacting ligands

The C terminus (ct) of protein kinase C-alpha (PKCalpha) has a type I PDZ binding motif, whereas GluR2 has a type II PDZ binding motif. Both motifs are recognized by the PDZ domain of protein interacting with protein kinase C (PICK1), and PICK1-PKCalpha-controlled phosphorylation regulates the synaptic expression and function of GluR2. Here, we show that a specific mutation within the carboxylate-binding loop of the PDZ domain of PICK1 (K27E; PICK1-KE) results in a loss of interaction with GluR2 but not with PKCalpha. In GST pull-down studies, PICK1-WT (wild type) but not PICK1-KE was retained by GST-ct-GluR2. Furthermore, PICK1-WT co-immunoprecipitated both PKCalpha and GluR2, whereas PICK1-KE only co-immunoprecipitated PKCalpha. In heterologous cells, PICK1-WT, but not PICK1-KE, clustered GluR2 and also clustered GluR1 in a GluR2-dependent manner. However, neither PICK1-WT nor PICK1-KE altered the distribution of PKCalpha, even after phorbol ester-induced redistribution of PKCalpha to the membrane. Finally, PICK1-KE showed no mislocalization when compared with PICK1-WT in neurons. Taken together, it appears that the PDZ domain of PICK1 is less sensitive to mutations for PKCalpha when compared with GluR2 binding. These results suggest that the PDZ domain of PICK1 has distinct PKCalpha and GluR2 binding subsite(s).     

Protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) reduces reinsertion rates of interaction partners sorted to Rab11-dependent slow recycling pathway

The scaffolding protein PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase 1) contains an N-terminal PSD-95/Discs large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain and a central lipid-binding Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain. PICK1 is thought to regulate trafficking of its PDZ binding partners but different and even opposing functions have been suggested. Here, we apply ELISA-based assays and confocal microscopy in HEK293 cells with inducible PICK1 expression to assess in an isolated system the ability of PICK1 to regulate trafficking of natural and engineered PDZ binding partners. The dopamine transporter (DAT), which primarily sorts to degradation upon internalization, did not form perinuclear clusters with PICK1, and PICK1 did not affect DAT internalization/recycling. However, transfer of the PICK1-binding DAT C terminus to the β(2)-adrenergic receptor, which sorts to recycling upon internalization, led to formation of PICK1 co-clusters in Rab11-positive compartments. Furthermore, PICK1 inhibited Rab11-mediated recycling of the receptor in a BAR and PDZ domain-dependent manner. In contrast, transfer of the DAT C terminus to the δ-opioid receptor, which sorts to degradation, did not result in PICK1 co-clusters or any change in internalization/recycling. Further support for a role of PICK1 determined by its PDZ cargo was obtained for the PICK1 interaction partner prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (GPR10). GPR10 co-localized with Rab11 and clustered with PICK1 upon constitutive internalization but co-localized with the late endosomal marker Rab7 and did not cluster with PICK1 upon agonist-induced internalization. Our data suggest a selective role of PICK1 in clustering and reducing the recycling rates of PDZ domain binding partners sorted to the Rab11-dependent recycling pathway.     

Molecular determinants for the complex binding specificity of the PDZ domain in PICK1

PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase 1) contains a single PDZ domain known to mediate interaction with the C termini of several receptors, transporters, ion channels, and kinases. In contrast to most PDZ domains, the PICK1 PDZ domain interacts with binding sequences classifiable as type I (terminating in (S/T)XPhi; X, any residue) as well as type II (PhiXPhi; Phi, any hydrophobic residue). To enable direct assessment of the affinity of the PICK1 PDZ domain for its binding partners we developed a purification scheme for PICK1 and a novel quantitative binding assay based on fluorescence polarization. Our results showed that the PICK1 PDZ domain binds the type II sequence presented by the human dopamine transporter (-WLKV) with an almost 15-fold and >100-fold higher affinity than the type I sequences presented by protein kinase Calpha (-QSAV) and the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (-DSLL), respectively. Mutational analysis of Lys(83) in the alphaB1 position of the PDZ domain suggested that this residue mimics the function of hydrophobic residues present in this position in regular type II PDZ domains. The PICK1 PDZ domain was moreover found to prefer small hydrophobic residues in the C-terminal P(0) position of the ligand. Molecular modeling predicted a rank order of (Val > Ile > Leu) that was verified experimentally with up to a approximately 16-fold difference in binding affinity between a valine and a leucine in P(0). The results define the structural basis for the unusual binding pattern of the PICK1 PDZ domain by substantiating the critical role of the alphaB1 position (Lys(83)) and of discrete side chain differences in position P(0) of the ligands.     

PDZ binding to the BAR domain of PICK1 is elucidated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics

A key regulator of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor traffic, PICK1 is known to interact with over 40 other proteins, including receptors, transporters and ionic channels, and to be active mostly as a homodimer. The current lack of a complete PICK1 structure determined at atomic resolution hinders the elucidation of its functional mechanisms. Here, we identify interactions between the component PDZ and BAR domains of PICK1 by calculating possible binding sites for the PDZ domain of PICK1 (PICK1-PDZ) to the homology-modeled, crescent-shaped dimer of the PICK1-BAR domain using multiplexed replica-exchange molecular dynamics (MREMD) and canonical molecular dynamics simulations with the coarse-grained UNRES force field. The MREMD results show that the preferred binding site for the single PDZ domain is the concave cavity of the BAR dimer. A second possible binding site is near the N-terminus of the BAR domain that is linked directly to the PDZ domain. Subsequent short canonical molecular dynamics simulations used to determine how the PICK1-PDZ domain moves to the preferred binding site on the BAR domain of PICK1 revealed that initial hydrophobic interactions drive the progress of the simulated binding. Thus, the concave face of the BAR dimer accommodates the PDZ domain first by weak hydrophobic interactions and then the PDZ domain slides to the center of the concave face, where more favorable hydrophobic interactions take over.