河流生态系统健康研究现状与展望——基于文献计量研究

河流生态系统健康是生态系统服务供给和流域可持续发展的基础,亟需从其内涵、影响、评价等方面进行系统归纳。运用文献计量梳理国内外文献,归纳了河流生态系统健康在河流自身、人类需求、管理目标3个方面的内涵;并从人类活动、土地利用、河流生境、水质、水量、气候变化等几个方面归纳了影响河流生态系统健康的主要因素和机理;明确了现有的河流生态系统健康评价方法,包括指示生物法、综合指标法、数学模型法等,总结了它们的优缺点和适用范围。最后,从河流生态系统健康的概念内涵、评价指标和水陆耦合等方面提出了存在的问题,建议进行流域整体的河流生态系统健康评价、跨区域的综合评价对比、多学科评价指标、河流廊道等几个方面的深入研究。     

A review of the effectiveness of oral health promotion activities among elderly people

Objectives: This study aimed to review the effectiveness of oral health promotion studies conducted among elderly people between 1997 and 2007. Methods: Four electronic databases were searched and papers were rated for level of evidence and scientific quality. Key findings of the papers were summarised. Results: Thirteen thousand nine hundred and four papers were retrieved and 17 studies (18 papers) met the criteria for the review: 13 were randomised controlled studies, three were quasi‐experimental studies and one was a pre‐/post‐single group intervention study. According to the Levels of Evidence, 11 studies could be categorised as 1b and six studies could be categorised as 2b. The quality of the evidence of the 17 studies ranged from 12 to 19; 13 of the studies had a score of 15 or above; four of the studies ranged from 12 to 14. Evidence from oral health promotion activities aimed at preventing caries, improving periodontal health and altering oral health behaviours were reviewed. The use of fluoride, antimicrobial agents and health‐care provider education has important roles within oral health promotion activities for elderly people. Studies have tended to be of short‐term duration and rely on surrogate outcome measures of oral health. Conclusion: In the last 10 years, increasing attention has been paid to oral health promotion activities among the elderly population and high quality evidence has emerged. However, there is a need for even higher‐quality research to provide more definitive guidelines on oral health promotion practices for elderly people.     

近30年来中美生态系统服务研究热点对比分析——基于文献计量研究

近年来生态系统服务研究已经成为了生态学、地理学及环境科学领域的热点和核心议题。基于SCI-E和CNKI数据库,运用文献计量和文本分析法对比了中美两国生态系统服务研究现状和热点。结果表明:(1)近30年来中美两国生态系统服务领域的发文量分别是9327篇和9468篇,均呈现快速增长趋势。(2)就中美两国发文篇均被引频次和总被引频次而言,中国科学院生态环境研究中心和斯坦福大学分别位列第1。美国刊发生态系统服务研究文稿最多的期刊是Ecological Economics,PNAS刊发的文章引用率最高;生态学报刊发的中文文章最多且被引用率最高。研究成果影响力最大的中美两国学者分别是欧阳志云、傅伯杰、Kremen C和Polasky S等。(3)不同时期中美两国所关注的研究热点不同。美国作为生态系统服务研究的主要发源地,在理论研究和方法上都相对领先于中国。(4)美国的研究侧重于理论与模型构建,中国的基础应用研究成果丰富。近年来两国越来越关注人类福祉、生态安全等全球性问题,生态系统服务与人类福祉及科学决策正成为新的热点。在全球可持续发展的背景下,两国在生态系统服务研究方面具有良好的交流与合作前景。     

Cost-effectiveness evidence of mental health prevention and promotion interventions: A systematic review of economic evaluations

BackgroundThe prevention of mental disorders and promotion of mental health and well-being are growing fields. Whether mental health promotion and prevention interventions provide value for money in children, adolescents, adults, and older adults is unclear. The aim of the current study is to update 2 existing reviews of cost-effectiveness studies in this field in order to determine whether such interventions are cost-effective.Methods and findingsElectronic databases (including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EconLit through EBSCO and Embase) were searched for published cost-effectiveness studies of prevention of mental disorders and promotion of mental health and well-being from 2008 to 2020. The quality of studies was assessed using the Quality of Health Economic Studies Instrument (QHES). The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (# CRD42019127778). The primary outcomes were incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) or return on investment (ROI) ratio across all studies.A total of 65 studies met the inclusion criteria of a full economic evaluation, of which, 23 targeted children and adolescents, 35 targeted adults, while the remaining targeted older adults. A large number of studies focused on prevention of depression and/or anxiety disorders, followed by promotion of mental health and well-being and other mental disorders. Although there was high heterogeneity in terms of the design among included economic evaluations, most studies consistently found that interventions for mental health prevention and promotion were cost-effective or cost saving. The review found that targeted prevention was likely to be cost-effective compared to universal prevention. Screening plus psychological interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT]) at school were the most cost-effective interventions for prevention of mental disorders in children and adolescents, while parenting interventions and workplace interventions had good evidence in mental health promotion. There is inconclusive evidence for preventive interventions for mental disorders or mental health promotion in older adults. While studies were of general high quality, there was limited evidence available from low- and middle-income countries.The review was limited to studies where mental health was the primary outcome and may have missed general health promoting strategies that could also prevent mental disorder or promote mental health. Some ROI studies might not be included given that these studies are commonly published in grey literature rather than in the academic literature.ConclusionsOur review found a significant growth of economic evaluations in prevention of mental disorders or promotion of mental health and well-being over the last 10 years. Although several interventions for mental health prevention and promotion provide good value for money, the varied quality as well as methodologies used in economic evaluations limit the generalisability of conclusions about cost-effectiveness. However, the finding that the majority of studies especially in children, adolescents, and adults demonstrated good value for money is promising. Research on cost-effectiveness in low-middle income settings is required.Trial registrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42019127778.

In a systematic review, Long Khanh-Dao Le and colleagues investigate the cost effectiveness of mental health interventions among children, adolescents, and adults.     

链霉菌最新研究进展

链霉菌(streptomycetes)因其产生的抗生素广泛应用于医疗与制药领域而闻名,是放线菌门中最为庞大且极富物种多样性的分支。链霉菌经过多年来系统且深入的研究,在系统分类学、多样性以及天然产物资源勘探等领域都取得了巨大进展。本文综述了链霉菌3个主要方向的研究近况,阐述了目前研究面临的机遇与挑战,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

基于文献计量分析的蚁科昆虫研究

【目的】明确我国蚂蚁研究与世界先进水平的差距所在,以期为挖掘蚂蚁研究热点提供思路,为我国蚂蚁研究追赶世界先进水平提供努力方向。【方法】通过检索中国学术期刊出版总库和Webof Science数据库,获取近年来国内外有关蚂蚁研究的相关文献题录,借助Citespace软件,利用文献计量学方法,对国内外蚂蚁研究的发文数量、发文国家、发文机构、发文作者、关键词等数据进行分析。归纳总结出当前研究蚂蚁热点、领先国家、高水平作者及高发文期刊。【结果】在发文数量方面,美国领先全球,但中国自2006年以来,快速进步,目前基本与日本和法国持平;从关键词分析来看,国际上关于蚂蚁研究较为全面,国内在蚂蚁行为与进化等方面还需努力;从发文作者来看,我国能与国际蚂蚁研究大家相比的学者数量较少,不同学者间实力悬殊较大,不利于该学科可持续发展;从发文机构来看,我国从事蚂蚁研究的机构多集中在南方,并且缺乏具有国际影响力的蚂蚁研究机构;此外,蚂蚁外文文献载文期刊数量与期刊平均载文量均高于中文期刊。【结论】1996年以后,我国蚂蚁研究开始快速发展,目前,在年发文数量方面,基本与日本和法国持平,居于世界前10。但在高影响力作者(机构)、研究团队结构、研究领域、载文期刊质量与数量等方面与发达国家相比还有欠缺,还需在相关方面进一步努力。     

食线虫真菌资源研究概况

食线虫真菌是指寄生、捕捉、定殖和毒害线虫的一类真菌,这类真菌是自然界中线虫种群控制的重要因子,也是动植物病害生物防治的重要研究材料,具有特殊的研究意义和经济价值。目前全世界共报道700余种食线虫真菌,包括捕食线虫真菌380余种,线虫内寄生真菌120余种,产毒真菌270余种和大量机会真菌。针对丰富的食线虫真菌资源,近年来世界各国尤其是中国科学家对其进行了广泛研究,在捕食线虫真菌资源的分类、系统进化、生态分布、有性无性联系等方面的研究取得了重要进展,在线虫内寄生真菌侵染宿主的方式及产毒真菌的次生代谢产物挖掘等方面也进行了广泛研究,文章综述了以上研究进展并简述了食线虫真菌资源的生物防治应用概况。     

Latino children's health and the family-community health promotion model

A majority of Latino children in the US live in poverty. However, unlike other poor children, Latino children do not seem to have a consistent association between poverty and poor health. Instead, many poor Latino children have unexpectedly good health outcomes. This has been labeled an epidemiologic paradox. This paper proposes a new model of health, the family-community health promotion model, to account for this paradox. The family-community health promotion model emphasizes the family-community milieu of the child, in contrast to traditional models of health. In addition, the family-community model expands the outcome measures from physical health to functional health status, and underscores the contribution of cultural factors to functional health outcomes. In this paper, we applied the family-community health promotion model to four health outcomes: low birthweight, infant mortality, chronic and acute illness, and perceived health status. The implications of this model for research and policy are discussed.     

荒漠化评价研究进展

荒漠化多发生在生态环境脆弱带, 是全球最突出的生态环境问题之一。从区域尺度着手, 对荒漠化进行有效评价, 是正确认识荒漠化的发生、发展过程, 保障区域生态安全, 维护可持续发展的重要前提。该文回顾了荒漠化的界定, 总结了荒漠化评价的发展历程, 并针对荒漠化评价对象、评价指标体系、评价尺度进行了系统梳理。在此基础上, 提出植被特征信息是开展荒漠化评价的有效指标, 并对其在荒漠化评价中的应用进行了总结和分析, 就荒漠化评价的未来研究方向作了 展望。     

ICAT蛋白在抑制肿瘤作用中的新进展

Wnt信号传导途径的调控失常是导致多种类型的细胞发生癌变的主要原因之一,该途径成员之一beta-连环蛋白／T细胞因子4的激活可促进癌变,而另一成员ICAT通过阻止beta-连环蛋白／T细胞因子4复合物的形成而对Wnt信号传导途径进行负调控来发挥抑癌作用。现综述ICAT蛋白抑瘤机制新进展。     

金线莲研究进展(综述)

本文对珍稀中草药金线莲的生物学特性、资源分布、药用价值、成分分析、生理活性、细胞学、分子生物学、组织培养及栽培技术等方面作了综述,为深入研究和合理开发利用金线莲提供参考。     

茶多酚提取方法的研究进展

茶多酚是一种理想的食品天然抗氧化剂,具有抗癌治病、防衰老、防辐射、消除人体自由基等多种生理功效,广泛用于食品、油脂、医药、化工等行业。近年来,对于茶多酚的提取方法多见于报遗,本文就国内外茶多酚提取方法的研究进展情况作以综述。     

Plants: the latest model system for G-protein research

In humans, heterotrimeric G proteins couple stimulus perception by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with numerous downstream effectors. By contrast, despite great complexity in their signal-transduction attributes, plants have a simpler repertoire of G-signalling components. Nonetheless, recent studies on Arabidopsis thaliana have shown the importance of plant G-protein signalling in such fundamental processes as cell proliferation, hormone perception and ion-channel regulation.     

A systematic review of the psychometric properties of self-report research utilization measures used in healthcare

Background

In healthcare, a gap exists between what is known from research and what is practiced. Understanding this gap depends upon our ability to robustly measure research utilization.

Objectives

The objectives of this systematic review were: to identify self-report measures of research utilization used in healthcare, and to assess the psychometric properties (acceptability, reliability, and validity) of these measures.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of literature reporting use or development of self-report research utilization measures. Our search included: multiple databases, ancestry searches, and a hand search. Acceptability was assessed by examining time to complete the measure and missing data rates. Our approach to reliability and validity assessment followed that outlined in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.

Results

Of 42,770 titles screened, 97 original studies (108 articles) were included in this review. The 97 studies reported on the use or development of 60 unique self-report research utilization measures. Seven of the measures were assessed in more than one study. Study samples consisted of healthcare providers (92 studies) and healthcare decision makers (5 studies). No studies reported data on acceptability of the measures. Reliability was reported in 32 (33%) of the studies, representing 13 of the 60 measures. Internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) reliability was reported in 31 studies; values exceeded 0.70 in 29 studies. Test-retest reliability was reported in 3 studies with Pearson's r coefficients > 0.80. No validity information was reported for 12 of the 60 measures. The remaining 48 measures were classified into a three-level validity hierarchy according to the number of validity sources reported in 50% or more of the studies using the measure. Level one measures (n = 6) reported evidence from any three (out of four possible) Standards validity sources (which, in the case of single item measures, was all applicable validity sources). Level two measures (n = 16) had evidence from any two validity sources, and level three measures (n = 26) from only one validity source.

Conclusions

This review reveals significant underdevelopment in the measurement of research utilization. Substantial methodological advances with respect to construct clarity, use of research utilization and related theory, use of measurement theory, and psychometric assessment are required. Also needed are improved reporting practices and the adoption of a more contemporary view of validity (i.e., the Standards) in future research utilization measurement studies.     

Decrypting the communication between microbes and the intestinal mucosa—A brief review on Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire's latest research

Over the past 10 years, the “Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire” unit of Professor Philippe Sansonetti has studied the molecular cross talk between the intestinal microbiota and the gut epithelium, aiming to better understand how this mutualistic symbiosis delineates homoeostasis and, when perturbed, prompts pathology. To do so, the unit has manipulated both bacterial and epithelial cells, and used cutting‐edge technology. More recently, the lab has turned its focus also on studying the intestinal crypt and more specifically the intestinal stem cell for their role in epithelial regeneration and long‐term epithelium renewal. Here, we provide a brief review summarising recent results obtained from the lab, with particular focus on the intestinal crypt.     

Phytochemical composition and health properties of Lycium europaeum L.: A review

In recent years, Lycium genus have been distinguished as a favourable source of new compounds with several pharmacological activities. This work reviewed numerous studies conducted on Lycium europaeum especially in areas of its traditional medicine use as well as its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Researchgate, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Scientific Information Databases were used to search the most recent evidence-based information on the terms ‘L. europaeum’, ‘Solonaceae’, ‘medicinal uses’, ‘phytochemical’, and ‘pharmacological activities’ up to 2019. Several ethnomedicinal writings recommend the use of L. europaeum for the treatment of throat, eczema, scabies, various eye ailments, animal bite, female infertility, skin burning, high blood pressure, diabetes, eczema, rheumatic, constipation, infectious diseases, kidney and liver disorders. L. europaeum has been reported to contain several phytochemicals, mainly phenolic acids flavonoids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, carotenoids, alkaloids, sterols, tocopherols and terpenoids. Extracts and phytochemicals of L. europaeum have been found to contain several biological capacities, namely antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase, antidiabetic, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and hypolipidemic properties. This work will serve as a suitable data for further researches and applications of L. europaeum in foods and medicines.