蒙自桤木根瘤内生菌的分离培养

从蒙自桤木（Ａｌｎｕｓｎｏｐａｌｅｎｓｉｓ）根瘤中分离得到４株Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ,对其进行了形态学研究,并对Ａｎ１２菌株进行了生长曲线测定,结果表明从蒙自桤木根瘤中分离Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ,除所采用的培养基和方法外,宿主植物所处的生长状态也可能是一个影响分离成败的重要因素;“Ｓ”培养基是一种较为理想的分离培养基;在离体条件下,Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ生长缓慢,约１０ｄ左右达到其生长的稳定期。     

蔓胡颓子根瘤内生菌的分离和培养

用四氧化锇法,从蔓胡颓子(Elaeagnus glabra Thurib)根瘤中分离出内生菌纯培养菌株(Frankia sp Eg1413)。根据其形态特征,确认为孢囊放线菌。该菌株的菌丝、孢囊、孢囊孢子和泡囊基本与已知胡颓子属植物根瘤内生菌株相似,回接宿主植物实生苗,形成大量具有固氮活力的根瘤,根瘤的固氮酶话力为21．5n mol C2H4／g根瘤鲜重分钟。该菌株最适宜的碳源为挥发性的脂肪酸(如丙酸),最适宜的氮源为多蛋白胨,在基础培养液中加入维生素混合物,对生长有抑制作用。最适培养温度为29℃,最适生长的pH范围6.5—7.0。     

非豆科植物共生固氮的研究I.根瘤内生菌的观察方法

介绍一种根瘤涂片法。在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,可以直接观察到根瘤内生菌不同发育阶段的形态特征和表面结构。以沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L．)根瘤做材料,首次观察到内生菌泡囊、的孢囊和孢囊孢子及其表面结构,以及拟类菌体的形成过程、多种形态和表面结构。本方法可广泛应用于非豆科植物共生固氮方面的研究。     

沙棘和胡颓子属根瘤放线菌的分离和回接

从胡颓子属(Elaaenus)黄果沙枣(Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schlecht．)根瘤上分离得到放线菌Frankia sp．Eoc 85、Frankla sp．Foe 811。从沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoidcs)根瘤中分离得到放线菌Frankia sp．Hrc 97、Frankia sp·}hc 922。又从多花胡颓子(Blaeagnus multiJlora．Ovata)及角花胡颓子(Elaeagnus gonyanthcs)’的根瘤中分离得到Frankia s p．F~noc 1211和Fran&ia sp．Egc 107,均获得纯培养。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察其形态特征,确认是属具有孢囊的放线菌。该菌慢生长型,无气生菌丝体,基内茵丝体发育好。液体培养,在底部生长,属于微好气性。孢囊形状不规则,囊内包着大量的不游动的孢囊孢子。菌丝分枝有隔,粗细不匀,革兰氏阳性。将分离菌Eoc 85、E0c 811、Hrc 97、Emoe 1211、Egc 107回接其宿 主,均感染结瘤。根癌的乙炔还原活力分别为：6．05、2．68、0 63、7．15、3 53μmol C2H4／g·鲜重。     

马桑共生固氮根瘤及其内生放线菌

马桑型非豆科内生放线菌的共生固氮根瘤的含菌组织与桤木型不同。前者为一马蹄形整体,围绕着中柱维管束;后者完全包围中柱,其中含菌细胞和不含菌细胞交错存在或形成分散的含菌细胞组织团。尼泊尔马桑(Coriaria nepalensis Wall.)根瘤的内生放线菌菌丝形态与桤木根瘤的内生菌形态相同,具有一层电子密度很高的单层壁和具有单层壁的横隔膜。菌丝分枝,具有中间体。成熟的含菌细胞内有一围绕着中央液泡的栅栏排列的柱形泡囊,它们是菌丝的顶端细胞,其电子密度比菌丝高。含菌组织的衰老部分有颗粒体,颗粒体有双层壁,内层壁与菌丝的相同,外层壁比内层壁厚数倍,电子密度低。     

自辽东赤杨根瘤分离的弗兰克氏菌的分类研究

自辽东赤杨(41nus sibirica)的根瘸中分离得到AS,菌株。该菌株形成圆形或棒状孢囊和圆形泡囊。细胞壁化学组分lII型,糖型为D。不利用阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、甘油、麦芽糖、蔗糖、山梨醇和木糖。在S培养基中,菌的生长受Tweea一80和葡萄糖协同作用的影响,属于生理型B。DNA的G+c含量为77．34 mol(Tin)o 因此,该菌株定为Frankia gp-AS zo     

非豆科固氮树木根瘤内生菌(Frankia)的分离和纯培养简报

1981年9月,蒋建德、杨慧凡等用蔗糖离心法从四川桤木(Alnus cremastogyne Burk.)的根瘤中分得内生菌Frankia sp.Acc 13。从而在我国获得了第一个纯培养的菌株。以Acc13作为接菌体,在所回接的四川桤木幼苗根系上形成大量根瘤。根瘤具有固氮能力,乙炔还原活性为15.7μM乙烯/克鲜瘤重·小时。赵振英、钟玉华等由赤杨属的毛赤杨(Alnus hirsuta Turcz.)、欧洲赤杨(A.gluti-     

维生素C生产用菌系2980产酸菌基因转移的筛选模型及转座子Tn5诱变

维生素C的生产目前国内广泛采用由产酸菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)与伴生菌(Bacillus megaterium)组成的2980菌系,在2980中G.oxydans单独生长传代困难,其生长和产酸需要B.megaterium参与。以Bacillus subtilis Ki-2-132(pUB110)作为伴生菌与原2980的G.oxydans组合,获得稳定产酸的新菌系。在此基础上建立了适合我国混菌发酵产酸菌外源基因(Kanr)转移的筛选模型。同时报道了以携带有自杀性载体P1：：Tn5的大肠杆菌E.coli W3110为供体菌对G.oxydans进行Tn5诱变的条件和结果。     

弗兰克氏菌的G+C含量和DNA杂交

对一些弗兰克氏菌的遗传和生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,7株菌可以分为3个基因群。从木麻黄(Caswarina equisetifolia)分离的菌株可以划为一个基因群(与菌株S-103的DNA同源性在74％以上),这是国外尚未报道的新基因群。其他两株弗兰克氏菌菌株Ar14(从赤杨根瘤分离)和Ptll(从Purshia根瘤分离)分别形成另外两个基因群,这与An的报道一致。7株弗兰克氏菌DNA的G+C mol％在69-73。S-103基因群菌株不利用糖类,仅利用简单的有机酸盐。而菌株ArI4和Ptll则利用一些糖和有机酸盐作为碳源。     

中国半内生钩丝壳属的分类研究I．杨柳科上的新种：柳生半内生钩丝壳

柳生半内生钩丝壳(Pleochaeta salictcola sp. Nov.)是寄生在黄花柳(Salix caprea L.)和川鄂柳(Salix fargesii Burk．)上的一个白粉菌新种。虽未看到这个菌的无性阶段,但根据其有性阶段子囊壳较大、侧面看陀螺状,附属丝很多、近顶生、顶端钩状,子囊排列成层、数目较多、长形,子囊孢子数目较少等特征,仍然可以认为它是半内生钩丝壳(Pleochaeta)的一个种。切片检查还观察到内生菌丝体的痕迹。柳生半内生钩丝壳与半内生钩丝壳的另外2个已知种：多丝半内生钩丝壳[Pleochaeta polychaeta (Berk．Et Curt.) Kimbr．Et Korf]及三孢半内生钩丝壳[Pleochaeta shiraiana (P．Henn.) Kinnbr. Et Koff] 的主要区别在于柳生半内生钩丝壳寄生在杨柳科上,每个子囊的子囊孢子数目3—5(大多4)个,而多丝半内生钩丝壳和三孢半内生钩丝壳都寄生在榆科上,每个子囊的子囊孢子数目分别为2个或3个。柳生半内生钩丝壳有汉文及拉丁文描述。     

The effectivity of Frankia for nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Alnus rubra and A. glutinosa

The effectivity of nodulation of Alnus rubra Bong, by Frankia isolates from A. rubra and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. in Northern Britain was compared with strains from The Netherlands and North America, using plants grown in combined nitrogen-free conditions. All strains gave rise to spore (-) nodules, even when isolated from nodules from sites known to contain spore (+) nodules. Nodules of all plants evolved little hydrogen, probably due to the presence of an efficient uptake hydrogenase in the microsymbkmts. Nodule weight as a percentage of whole plant weight was higher for nodules of low specific activity (N fixed per unit weight nodules), attaining a maximum of 5.1% of plant dry weight in the least effective of the heterologous associations of A. glutinosa Frankia with A. rubra . The range of variation in nodule specific activity was much greater in heterologous than homologous associations, but nodules of high specific activity were found in both associations. However, plants that fixed most N during the growth period were not those with nodules of highest specific activity. The most effective associations were homologous symbioses, which combined good nodule growth per plant with satisfactory specific activity, fixing N at rates which would support superior plant growth under the prevailing growth conditions. Preliminary field experiments suggest that the most effective of the A. rubra isolates is suitable for use as an inoculant in nurseries. Strains isolated from A. glutinosa were more effective and showed a different order of effectivity in homologous symbioses compared with their association with A. rubra . An A. glutinosa strain was isolated, which stimulated satisfactory nodule growth and gave good nodule specific activity in both A. rubra and A. gtutinosa .     

Carbon metabolism of Frankia spp. in root nodules of Alnus glutinosa and Hippophaë rhamnoides

The occurrence and localization of enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle in root nodules of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Vill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides were studied. The following enzymes, catalyzing reversible steps in the glycolysis, were found in both the endophyte Frankia spp. and the plant cytosol of Alnus nodules: fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase. The enzymes catalyzing irreversible steps in glycolysis, viz. hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, were detectable only in the plant cytosol. Similar results were obtained with nodule homogenates of Hippophaë. This indicates the absence of a complete glycolysis in the endophyte. Vesicle clusters of the nodule endophyte of Alnus contained various dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and showed activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Respiration studies showed that vesicle clusters take up oxygen when supplied with NAD, glutamate and malate together. No oxygen uptake was found when any of these compounds was omitted. Vesicle clusters from both Alnus and Hippophaë nodules showed no detectable activity of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Since these enzymes are known to be present in Frankia Avcll, when grown in a medium with Tween 80 as carbon source, it is suggested that the glyoxylate cycle enzymes are repressed in the root-nodule symbioses.     

Effect of inoculation and leaf litter amendment on establishment of nodule-forming Frankia populations in soil

High-N(2)-fixing activities of Frankia populations in root nodules on Alnus glutinosa improve growth performance of the host plant. Therefore, the establishment of active, nodule-forming populations of Frankia in soil is desirable. In this study, we inoculated Frankia strains of Alnus host infection groups I, IIIa, and IV into soil already harboring indigenous populations of infection groups (IIIa, IIIb, and IV). Then we amended parts of the inoculated soil with leaf litter of A. glutinosa and kept these parts of soil without host plants for several weeks until they were spiked with [(15)N]NO(3) and planted with seedlings of A. glutinosa. After 4 months of growth, we analyzed plants for growth performance, nodule formation, specific Frankia populations in root nodules, and N(2) fixation rates. The results revealed that introduced Frankia strains incubated in soil for several weeks in the absence of plants remained infective and competitive for nodulation with the indigenous Frankia populations of the soil. Inoculation into and incubation in soil without host plants generally supported subsequent plant growth performance and increased the percentage of nitrogen acquired by the host plants through N(2) fixation from 33% on noninoculated, nonamended soils to 78% on inoculated, amended soils. Introduced Frankia strains representing Alnus host infection groups IIIa and IV competed with indigenous Frankia populations, whereas frankiae of group I were not found in any nodules. When grown in noninoculated, nonamended soil, A. glutinosa plants harbored Frankia populations of only group IIIa in root nodules. This group was reduced to 32% +/- 23% (standard deviation) of the Frankia nodule populations when plants were grown in inoculated, nonamended soil. Under these conditions, the introduced Frankia strain of group IV was established in 51% +/- 20% of the nodules. Leaf litter amendment during the initial incubation in soil without plants promoted nodulation by frankiae of group IV in both inoculated and noninoculated treatments. Grown in inoculated, amended soils, plants had significantly lower numbers of nodules infected by group IIIa (8% +/- 6%) than by group IV (81% +/- 11%). On plants grown in noninoculated, amended soil, the original Frankia root nodule population represented by group IIIa of the noninoculated, nonamended soil was entirely exchanged by a Frankia population belonging to group IV. The quantification of N(2) fixation rates by (15)N dilution revealed that both the indigenous and the inoculated Frankia populations of group IV had a higher specific N(2)-fixing capacity than populations belonging to group IIIa under the conditions applied. These results show that through inoculation or leaf litter amendment, Frankia populations with high specific N(2)-fixing capacities can be established in soils. These populations remain infective on their host plants, successfully compete for nodule formation with other indigenous or inoculated Frankia populations, and thereby increase plant growth performance.     

Phylogenetic characterization of ineffective Frankia in Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. nodules from wetland soil inoculants

Ineffective Frankia endophytes were retrieved from various wet soils by using Alnus glutinosa clones as trapping plants. No pure cultures could be isolated from these ineffective nodules. Therefore, the phylogenetic position of these endophytes was determined by sequence analysis of cloned PCR products of bacterial 16S rDNA, derived from nodules. The results showed that all nodule endophytes belong to a hitherto undescribed cluster of the Frankia phylogenetic tree. The position of these uncultured ineffective Frankia nodule endophytes is different from that of the ineffective Frankia isolates derived from A. glutinosa nodules, even when originating from the same geographical location. This suggests a bias in current isolation techniques.     

Characterization of a Casuarina glauca nodule-specific subtilisin-like protease gene, a homolog of Alnus glutinosa ag12

In search of plant genes expressed during early interactions between Casuarina glauca and Frankia, we have isolated and characterized a C. glauca gene that has strong homology to subtilisin-like protease gene families of several plants including the actinorhizal nodulin gene ag12 of another actinorhizal plant, Alnus glutinosa. Based on the expression pattern of cg12 in the course of nodule development, it represents an early actinorhizal nodulin gene. Our results suggest that subtilisin-like proteases may be a common element in the process of infection of plant cells by Frankia in both Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa) and Casuarinaceae (Casuarina glauca) symbioses.     

黑长臂猿栖息地旱冬瓜和潺槁木姜子种群分布格局和动态

旱冬瓜（Alnus nepalensis）和潺槁木姜子（Litsea glutinosa）是云南省无量山黑长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）栖息地中的两种常见乔木.利用最近邻体法和Heygi单木竞争指数模型,对两个种群的分布格局和竞争情况进行分析.结果表明,旱冬瓜在不同生长阶段均呈现随机分布,而伴生的潺槁木姜子种群则呈现随机分布 聚集分布 均匀分布的变化趋势.种间竞争和物种自身生物学特性对两个种群的分布格局具有显著影响.旱冬瓜种群的龄级结构为衰退型,潺槁木姜子种群则为成长型.     

ag13 is expressed in Alnus glutinosa nodules in infected cells during endosymbiont degradation and in the nodule pericycle

We isolated and characterized an Alnus glutinosa cDNA clone, pAg13, which corresponds to a gene expressed at higher levels in nodules induced by Frankia than in roots. The deduced polypeptide sequence is rich in glutamic acid and proline and contains a putative signal peptide indicating an extracellular location of Ag13. In situ hybridization showed that ag13 is expressed in the pericycle of the nodule vascular bundle and in infected cells that exhibited degradation of the endosymbiont.     

The occurrence of amoeboid plastids in the actinorhizal root nodules of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.

Abstract. The invasion of the actinomycete Frankia into the root cells of Alnus glutinosa with subsequent nodule formation effects a number of ultrastructural changes in the host cell cytoplasm. Among other changes the amyloplasts rapidly lose their starch and acquire an amoeboid or pleomorphic form. Such plastids occur predominantly in the mature vesicle-containing, nitrogen-fixing cells of the nodule. They lack starch, have an electron dense stroma and a complex lamellar system. This last would appear to be associated with a distinct membranous reticulum which can be extensive. The flexible form of these plastids is mirrored in their ability to enclose portions of host cytoplasm together with organelles and even other plastids. Their close association with cristate mitochondria suggests an active metabolic role in the nodule symbiosis.     

Enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle in the N2-fixing endophyte of Alnus glutinosa

The occurrence and localization of enzymes involved in energy supply and biosynthesis was studied in root nodules of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Vill. Vesicle clusters of the endophyte, Frankia sp., contain NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase. The data indicate that both the endophyte and the host are capable of metabolizing carbon compounds via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Both vesicle clusters of the endophyte and root nodule cells contain glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase which can function in a malate-aspartate shuttle. This might enable transport of reducing equivalents from the host cell cytoplasm to the endophyte.