食源性金黄色葡萄球菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型分析

对石家庄地区食源性金黄色葡萄球菌进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型,建立石家庄市金黄色葡萄球菌PFGE分型的数据库,探讨引起食物中毒金黄色葡萄球菌菌株和其他食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的分子特征。利用PFGE分型技术对2010至2012年石家庄市的75株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌进行全基因组分析,DNA酶切图谱用BioNumerics软件进行聚类分析。75株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的PFGE图谱的相似性系数在54%～100%之间,经聚类分析得到45个PFGE型别,6起食物中毒的金黄色葡萄球菌分别由PFGE01型、PFGE02型、PFGE11型、PFGE12型、PFGE15型和PFGE45型引起。建立的金黄色葡萄球菌PFGE分型数据库分子型别较多,且存在差异明显的多个克隆系,对石家庄地区金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的防控和溯源工作有重要意义。     

金黄色葡萄球菌L型耐药性10年分析

目的 研究金黄色葡萄球菌Ｌ型耐药性变化,确定当前临床用药。方法 对儿科感染性疾病Ｌ型血培养金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验,监测耐药性１０年变化。结果 金黄我葡萄球菌Ｌ型１６９０型,青霉素族,头孢菌素族,大环内酯类,氨基糖甙类及其他抗生素耐药性均升高,丁胺卡那霉素,白霉素,磷霉素,利福平,万古霉素上升幅度较小。结论 金黄色葡萄球菌Ｌ型耐一呈上升趋势,丁胺卡那霉素、白霉素、磷霉素、万古霉素为有效抗生素。     

原位核酸杂交检测宫颈癌中金黄色葡萄球菌L型DNA

应用病原微生物培养、改良革兰氏染色、免疫组化染色及原位核酸杂交等方法,对５０例宫颈癌和３３例慢性宫颈炎进行了研究。结果发现宫颈癌病原微生物培养细菌及其Ｌ型阳性感染率为５８％（２９／５０例）,以金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）及其Ｌ型多见（１３／２９例）;宫颈癌和慢性宫颈炎组织切片革兰氏染色,细菌Ｌ型检出率分别为６６％和４５．５％;免疫组化染色（ＡＢＣ法）金葡菌Ｌ型抗原阳性率各为６８％和４８．５％。Ｌ型主要分布于癌间质、癌巢及宫颈上皮下结缔组织内。１２例宫颈癌金葡菌Ｌ型ＤＮＡ探针原位杂交显示,１０／１２例癌细胞核内有金葡菌Ｌ型ＤＮＡ杂交阳性信号,表明金葡菌Ｌ型ＤＮＡ已进入宫颈癌细胞内,可能会在基因水平上影响宫颈上皮恶变,提示宫颈癌发生与金葡菌Ｌ型感染关系密切,值得进一步研究。     

32株金黄色葡萄球菌分子分型及肠毒素分析

目的对辽宁省内2016-2018年分离出的食源性金黄色葡萄球菌采用脉冲场电泳(PFGE)和肠毒素分型进行分析,为今后公共卫生等领域提供技术保障。方法将32株金黄色葡萄球菌用限制性内切酶SmaI酶切以进行PFGE分析,并用BioNumerics(7.6版本)软件对分离株的指纹图谱进行聚类分析;用PCR方法对菌株进行肠毒素检测。结果 32株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的PFGE图谱的相似性系数在26.8%~100.0%,经聚类分析得到31个PFGE型别。每株菌均携带1~3种毒力基因,其中每年携带SEH基因最多。结论金黄色葡萄球菌均可以用PFGE和PCR进行分型,都具有较好的分型能力,辨识度高,对菌株有很好的溯源性。     

一种鉴别临床常见致病性葡萄球菌方法的建立与初步评价

目的建立一种鉴别临床常见致病性葡萄球菌的聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCRRFLP）方法。方法采用经全自动微生物鉴定系统和分子生物学方法准确鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌各3株,提取细菌DNA,PCR扩增tuf基因,扩增产物Alu I、Hinf I双酶切后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,分析不同葡萄球菌酶切后带型的差异。收集临床分离葡萄球菌142株,采用建立的PCRRFLP对其进行分类鉴别,随机选择分类鉴别的葡萄球菌各20株,PCR扩增16S r DNA,扩增产物测序,将结果与Gen Bank数据库进行比对,初步评价该方法的准确性。结果金黄色葡萄球菌,表皮葡萄球菌,溶血葡萄球菌均能扩增出长668 bp DNA片段。扩增产物经Alu I、Hinf I双酶切后电泳条带不同,金黄色葡萄球菌出现三条带（108 bp/192 bp/217 bp）,表皮葡萄球菌出现两条带（192 bp/304 bp）,溶血葡萄球菌出现两条带（192 bp/217 bp）。PCR-RFLP结果显示,142株葡萄球菌中金黄色葡葡球菌、表皮葡葡球菌和溶血葡葡球菌分别为67、29和46株。随机挑选的20株不同种葡萄球菌16S r DNA测序结果与Gen Bank数据库对应序列的相似性均〉99%,说明建立的PCR-RFLP方法能准确区分三种常见葡萄球菌。结论 PCRRFLP能准确鉴别临床常见的致病性葡萄球菌,为葡萄球菌病的分子诊断奠定了基础。     

细菌L型的厌氧诱导和培养

厌氧条件下以羧卡青霉素诱导金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌形成Ｌ型,观察细菌Ｌ型在厌氧条件下的形成、形态、生长及时渗透压的敏感性等特性。结果表明：蜡样芽胞杆菌在厌氧条件下不能形成Ｌ型或其Ｌ型在厌氧条件下亦不能返祖。金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌在厌氧条件下虽能诱生Ｌ型,但形成丝状体的构成Ｌ型菌落难以传代培养,厌氧培养未见Ｌ型圆球体和典型Ｌ型油煎蛋样菌落。金黄色葡萄球菌Ｌ型在含１％～１０％ＮａＣｌ的Ｌ型培养基上可生长形成Ｌ型菌落或非菌落形式存在的Ｌ型巨形体;大肠杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌的Ｌ型在含２％～６％ＮａＣｌ的Ｌ型培养基上可生长形成Ｌ型菌落或非菌落形式存在的Ｌ型巨形体。涂片染色或返祖试验证实细菌Ｌ型在含０．５％ＮａＣｌ的Ｌ型培养基或常规细菌学培养基上亦可生存。非菌落性Ｌ型巨形体和丝形体是细菌Ｌ型在琼脂培养基上广泛的存在形式。     

细菌L型败血症324例临床分析

自１９８６年６月至１９９４年２月住院收治细菌Ｌ型败血症３２４例。年龄４天－７８天。病原多为金黄色葡萄球菌。其次为表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌、枸椽酸杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、腊样芽胞杆菌、级脓杆菌变形直菌等。做细菌Ｌ型培养同时应用光镜、电镜、酶联免疫法快速诊断,可提高诊断率,使患者早日得到治疗。     

细菌在不同渗透压培养基上的青霉素敏感性

在含ＮａＣｌ０％～１０％的Ｌ型培养基上观察金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌及大肠杆菌对青霉素Ｇ的敏感性和金黄色葡萄球菌Ｌ型对糖的发酵作用和卵磷脂酶活性。结果表明金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌和大肠杆菌在低于、等于或高于细菌细胞内渗透压的培养基上对青霉素的敏感性相似。少数存活的细菌Ｌ型不发酵糖和丧失卵磷脂酶活性,但返祖菌可恢复糖发酵和卵磷脂酶活性。提示细菌细胞内、外渗透压差不是唯一的导致细胞壁缺陷细菌死亡的原因。而胞质周围间隙的破坏,导致其内含酶类的丧失,可能是细胞壁缺陷细菌死亡的重要机制。     

鲫不同种系线粒体DNA物理图谱的构建

用１３种限制性内切酶对鲫鱼三个亚种共七个品系的线粒体ＤＮＡ进行分析,其中有９种酶在种系间或种系内产生限制性片断长度多态性,发现了１６个线粒体ＤＮＡ组合单倍型,通过双酶切分析,构建了１６个线粒体ＤＮＡ组合单倍型的１３种限制性内切酶的发点的物理图谱。     

金葡菌及其L型感染荷瘤小鼠的实验研究

本文应用金黄色葡萄球菌及Ｌ型分别感染肿瘤和非肿瘤５７ＢＬ／６Ｎ小鼠,病理学和细菌学检测发现细菌及Ｌ型感 染种植肿瘤的小鼠组,肿瘤转移率和诱癌能力均显著提高。     

There exists a distinct stage during mammalian DNA synthesis immediately after joining of replication intermediates.

We describe an approach, using alkaline cell lysis and digestion with nuclease S1, which permits to distinguish between newly ligated DNA and the DNA of mature chromatin. When cells with steady-state labelled DNA (mature DNA) are analyzed, the results show labelled "nucleosomal-sized" DNA. However, when DNA of cells pulse-labelled with thymidine for 45 seconds is examined one can detect only large DNA. The newly ligated DNA is not reduced to "nucleosomal-sized" DNA by nuclease S1. When the large DNA is denatured in formamide one can detect 10 kb DNA fragments. Furthermore in pulse-chase experiments there appear, after formamide-treatment, increasing amounts of "nucleosomal-sized" DNA with a parallel decrease in the amount of 10 kb DNA fragments. Hence the newly ligated, large, DNA differs from mature DNA and represents a distinct stage during DNA replication.     

DNA polymerases from Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Further characterization, action of inhibitors and associated nuclease activities.

The properties of three DNA polymerase species A, B and C, purified from Chlamydomonas reinhardii were compared. DNA polymerases A and B have Km values with respect to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates of 19 micron and 3 micron respectively. DNA polymerase A is most active with activated DNA, but will also use native DNA and synthetic RNA and DNA templates with DNA primers. DNA polymerase B is also most active with activated DNA, but will use denatured DNA and synthetic DNA templates. It is inactive with RNA templates. DNA polymerase B is completely inactive in the presence of 100 micron-heparin, which has no effect on DNA polymerase A activity. Heparin dissociates DNA polymerase B into subunits that are still catalytically active, but which heparin inhibited. DNA polymerase B possesses deoxyribonuclease activity that is inhibited by 5 micron-heparin, suggesting that the deoxyribonuclease is an integral part of the DNA polymerase moiety. DNA polymerase A is devoid of nuclease activity. DNA polymerase C is similar to DNA polymerase B in all these properties, though it is more active with RNA primers and has greater heat-sensitivity.     

Purification and properties of spleen necrosis virus DNA polymerase.

DNA polymerase was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity from virions of spleen necrosis virus (SNV). (SNV is a member of the reticuloendotheliosis group of avian ribodeoxyviruses). The SNV DNA polymerase appears to consist of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 68,000. The SNV DNA polymerase has a preference for Mn2+ for DNA synthesis with an RNA template and Mg2+ for DNA synthesis with a deoxyribohomopolymer template. At the optimum concentrations of divalent cation, the relative rates of DNA synthesis by SNV DNA polymerase with different template.primers were similar to the relative rates of DNA synthesis by an avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase, with the exception of a lower relative rate of DNA synthesis by SNV DNA polymerase with SNV RNA. However, in contrast to DNA synthesized by the avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase with a SNV RNA template, DNA synthesized by SNV DNA polymerase with an SNV RNA template did not hybridize to the SNV RNA. SNV DNA polymerase has RNase H activity which is antigenically distinct from the RNase H activity of avian leukosis-sarcoma virus DNA polymerase.     

Interaction of APE1 and other repair proteins with DNA duplexes imitating intermediates of DNA repair and replication

Interactions of APE1 (human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1) and DNA polymerase beta with various DNA structures imitating intermediates of DNA repair and replication were investigated by gel retardation and photoaffinity labeling. Photoaffinity labeling of APE1 and DNA polymerase beta was accomplished by DNA containing photoreactive group at the 3 -end in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell extract or for purified proteins. On the whole, modification efficiency was the same for MEF-extract proteins and for purified APE1 and DNA polymerase beta depending on the nature of the 5 -group of a nick/gap in the DNA substrate. Some of DNA duplexes used in this work can be considered as short-patch (DNA with the 5 -phosphate group in the nick/gap) or long-patch (DNA containing 5 -sugar phosphate or 5 -flap) base excision repair (BER) intermediates. Other DNA duplexes (3 -recessed DNA and DNA with the 5 -hydroxyl group in the nick/gap) have no relation to intermediates forming in the course of BER. As shown by both methods, APE1 binds with the highest efficiency to DNA substrate containing 5 -sugar phosphate group in the nick/gap, whereas DNA polymerase beta binds to DNA duplex with a mononucleotide gap flanked by the 5 -p group. When APE1 and DNA polymerase beta are both present, a ternary complex APE1-DNA polymerase beta-DNA is formed with the highest efficiency with DNA product of APE1 endonuclease activity and with DNA containing 5 -flap or mononucleotide-gapped DNA with 5 -p group. It was found that APE1 stimulates DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase beta, and a human X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 protein (XRCC1) stimulates APE1 3 -5 exonuclease activity on 3 -recessed DNA duplex.     

Does simian virus 40 DNA integrate into cellular DNA during productive infection?

Late after infection of permissive monkey cells by simian virus 40 (SV40), large amounts of SV40 DNA (30,000 to 220,000 viral genome equivalents per cell) can be isolated with the high-molecular-weight fraction of cellular DNA. Hirai and Defendi (J. Virol.9:705-707, 1972) and H?lzel and Sokol (J. Mol. Biol. 84:423-444, 1974) suggested that this SV40 DNA is covalently integrated into the cellular DNA. However, our data indicate that the high-molecular-weight viral DNA is composed of tandem, "head-to-tail" repeats of SV40 DNA and that very little, if any, of this viral DNA is covalently joined to the cellular DNA. This was deduced from the following experimental findings. The size of the SV40 DNA associated with the high-molecular-weight cellular DNA fraction is greater than 45 kilobases, based on its electrophoretic mobility in agarose gels. In this form the SV40 DNA did not produce heteroduplex structures with a marker viral DNA (an SV40 genome with a characteristic deletion and duplication). After the high-molecular-weight DNA was digested with EcoRI or HpaII endonucleases, enzymes which cleave SV40 DNA once, more than 95% of the SV40 DNA migrated as unit-length linear molecules and, after hybridization with the marker viral DNA, the expected heteroduplex structures were easily detected. Digestion of the high-molecular-weight DNA fraction with restriction endonucleases that cleave cellular, but not SV40. DNA did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of the polymeric SV40 DNA, nor did it give rise to molecules that form heteroduplex structures with the marker viral DNA. Polymeric SV40 DNA molecules produced after coinfection by two physically distinguishable SV40 genomes contain only a single type of genome, suggesting that they arise by replication rather than by recombination. The polymeric form of SV40 DNA is highly infectious for CV-1P monolayers (6.5 X 10(4) PFU per microgram of SV40 DNA), yielding virtually exclusively normal, covalently closed circular, monomer-length DNA. Quite clearly these cells have an efficient mechanism for generating monomeric viral DNA from the SV40 DNA polymers.     

Immunological reagents for comparisons of DNA polymerase-alpha and DNA polymerase-beta

Antibodies to homogeneous calf thymus DNA polymerase-beta and calf thymus DNA polymerase-alpha preparations were raised in rabbits. The antiserum against calf thymus DNA polymerase-beta cross-reacts with all vertebrate DNA polymerase-beta preparations tested, but does not cross-react with trypanosome DNA polymerase-beta, DNA polymerase-gamma, terminal transferase, yeast DNA polymerases, and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. The antibodies against calf thymus DNA polymerase-alpha cross-react with DNA polymerase-alpha from mouse, human, and chicken, but do not cross-react with DNA polymerase-alpha from sea urchin embryos and Drosophila embryos, DNA polymerase-beta, DNA polymerase-gamma, terminal transferase, yeast DNA polymerases, and E. coli DNA polymerase I.     

Fate of heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid in Bacillus subtilis.

CsCl density gradient fractionation of cell lysates was employed to follow the fate of Escherichia coli, phage T6, and non-glucosylated phage T6 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) after uptake by competent cells of Bacillus subtilis 168 thy minus trp minus. Shortly after uptake, most of the radioactive Escherichia coli or non-glucosylated T6 DNA was found in the denatured form; the remainder of the label was associated with recipient DNA. Incubation of the cells after DNA uptake led to the disappearance of denatured donor DNA and to an increase in the amount of donor label associated with recipient DNA. These findings are analogous to those previously reported with homologous DNA. By contrast, T6 DNA, which is poorly taken up, appeared in the native form shortly after uptake and was degraded on subsequent incubation. The nature of the heterologous DNA fragments associated with recipient DNA was investigated with Escherichia coli 2-H and 3-H-labeled DNA. Association of radioactivity with recipient DNA decreased to one-fourth in the presence of excess thymidine; residual radioactivity could not be separated from recipient DNA by shearing (sonic oscillation) and/or denaturation, but was reduced by one-half in the presence of a DNA replication inhibitor. Residual radioactivity associated with donor DNA under these conditions was about 5% of that originally taken up. Excess thymidine, but not the DNA replication inhibitor, also decreased association of homologous DNA label with recipient DNA; but, even in the presence of both of these, the decrease amounted to only 60%. It is concluded that most, or all, of the Escherichia coli DNA label taken up is associated with recipient DNA in the form of mononucleotides via DNA replication.     

Screening of isolated DNA for sequences released from anchorage sites in nuclear matrix

Isolated chromosomal DNA is associated with polypeptides that are not released from DNA by several methods designed to purify DNA, e.g. treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate. DNA fragments associated with these very tight DNA/protein complexes show high affinity to nitrocellulose filters in the presence of salt concentrations of 500 mM or greater. Consequently, a fraction of AluI-fragmented native DNA comprising the complexes and 0.2 to 0.3 micron of vicinal DNA can be isolated by one filtration step. This fraction of DNA shows characteristics of residual DNA sequences retained in nuclei after extraction with nucleases and high salt (nuclear matrix). The DNA fragments retained on filters are highly enriched in replicative DNA; and their degree of hybridization with poly(A)+ RNA points to enrichment in actively transcribed sequences. The results support previous work indicating that the very tight DNA/polypeptide complexes co-isolating with DNA under conditions that release other peptide materials from DNA may be anchorage sites of DNA in the nuclear matrix. Moreover, the method described here allows isolation of replicating and actively transcribed DNA sequences directly from isolated total genomic DNA by skipping artefact-prone isolations of the nuclear matrix.     

Intracellular Forms of Adenovirus DNA III. Integration of the DNA of Adenovirus Type 2 into Host DNA in Productively Infected Cells

KB cells productively infected with human adenovirus type 2 contain an alkalistable class of viral DNA sedimenting in a broad zone between 50 and 90S as compared to 34S for virion DNA. This type of DNA is characterized as viral by DNA-DNA hybridization. It is extremely sensitive to shear fragmentation. Extensive control experiments demonstrate that the fast-sedimenting viral DNA is not due to artifactual drag of viral DNA mechanically trapped in cellular DNA or to association of viral DNA with protein or RNA. Furthermore, the fast-sedimenting DNA is found after infection with multiplicities between 1 and 1,000 PFU/cell and from 6 to 8 h postinfection until very late in infection (24 h). Analysis in dye-buoyant density gradients eliminates the possibility that the fast-sedimenting viral DNA represents supercoiled circular molecules. Upon equilibrium centrifugation in alkaline CsCl density gradients, the fast-sedimenting viral DNA bands in a density stratum intermediate between that of cellular and viral DNA. In contrast, the 34S virion DNA isolated and treated in the same manner as the fast-sedimenting DNA cobands with viral marker DNA. After ultrasonic treatment of the fast-sedimenting viral DNA, it shifts to the density positions of viral DNA and to a lesser extent to that of cellular DNA. The evidence presented here demonstrates that the 50 to 90S viral DNA represents adenovirus DNA covalently integrated into cell DNA.