Le genre Petrascula Gümbel 1873, algue dasycladacée: Émendation,révision des espèces du genre,création de nouvelles espèces

The genus Petrascula has not been reviewed since J. Pia in 1920. At present, seven species are attributed to this genus. Different characteris have been used to define it by the authors. After abundant sampling in the Upper Kimmeridgian or the Southern Jura Mountains, the species-type has been reviewed and divided in two species, the second one named: Petrascula guembeli nov. sp.An other level of Portlandian age, in the same azea, is very rich in Petrascula piaiBachmayer, 1944. This species which has not been observed since that time is here reviewed. Associated with this species, a new one was found and described Petrascula? bugesiaca nov. sp., in spite a doubtful genus attribution.So many different species allow the review and emendation of the genus Petrascula. Then, the other species of the genus: P. globosa (Alth) P. herakiSokac & Nikler, P. illyricaSokac & Nikler, are discussed using the new definition.     

Variation électrophorétique et clinale chez les différentes espèces de macaques asiatiques

The present study consisted in a global interpretation of the allelic variation of transferrin between the different asiatic Macaca species in a biogeographical context. Results concern: (i) geographical isolation of some particular alleles in insular species (fuscata in Japan, fascicularis in Philippines, and maura and niger in Celebes); (ii) a quasi-elliptic clinal variation focused in Sumatra and Java for other Macaca species.     

Description de trois espèces nouvelles d'Oligochètes aquatiques du Pays Basque (Espagne)

Three new species of aquatic oligochaetes (Annelida, Oligochaeta) collected in Spain are described. Two are Enchytraeids (Henlea andreae n.sp. and Enchytraeus thomasi n.sp.) and one is a Lumbriculid (Trichodrilus diversisetosus n.sp.).     

Effets produits chez trois espèces de criquets par l'ingestion d'hydrocarbures polyaromatiques réputés cancérogènes

In a first approach to studying the effects of air pollutants, we describe some experimental results obtained after ingestion of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (HAP)^* by three species of locusts (Gomphocerus sibiricus, Gomphocerus rufus and Euchorthippus pulvinatus). We wanted to evaluate their toxicity, then to locate them in the organism. Two HAP, carcinogenic for mammals, were used. They are highly toxic for our locusts. Ingestion of 0.015 or 0.06 mg of 3 methylcholanthrene kills respectively 25 % and 50 % of them. Moreover, benzo-a-pyrene seems to have a greater toxicity, and E. pulvinatus is the most resistant species. Strongly fluorescent in UV light, 3 MC and BaP can be easily detected in the organism after dissection, and with more detail using frozen material. The microscope shows absorption activity of midgut; most of the organs are consequently invaded by intact hydrocarbon or its various derivatives. Muscles and reproductive organs show a bright fluorescence, which reaches its maximum in the nervous system. Tubes of Malpighi seem to be the principal route of elimination of these products. The remarkable susceptibility of some organs is encouraging for the progress of our study.     

Quelques nouvelles espèces du genre Benthimermis Petter, 1980 (Benthimermithidae: Nematoda) du Sud de l'Océan Indien

Summary Some new species of Benthimermis Petter, 1980 (Benthimermithidae, Nematoda) from the South Indian Ocean. Six new species of Benthimermis collected from the shallows of the Crozet-Prince Edward ridge (South Indian Ocean) are described. Benthimermis australis n.sp. is the first species in the genus of which both male and female are known; the male differs from previously described males in lacking cervical alae as well as a cuticular ring-like thickening around the amphids; the female is characterized by a rounded tail with a thick mucron and with a cuticular thickening at its end. Benthimermis crozetensis n.sp., of which only the male is known, resembles B. breviptera in the form of the cervical alae and reproductive system, but is distinguished by the length of the cervical alae and tail, and the diameter of the anterior vas deferens. The following four species are known only by their females: B. hureaui n.sp. is distinguished by a short conical tail; B. edouardensis n.sp. is distinguished by a tail with a long terminal spike bearing refringment granules; B. marionensis n.sp. and B. arnaudi n.sp. are characterized by a short round tail without a cuticular thickening at its end and are distinguished from one another by the length of the ovaries. These species are the first in the Benthimermithidae which have been found in relatively shallow sediments (between 90 and 980 m). Keys to males and females of the genus Benthimermis are given. ac]19820408

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Quelques nouvelles espèces du genre Benthimermis Petter, 1980 (Benthimermithidae: Nematoda) du Sud de l'Océan Indien

     

Hybridation ADN-ADN chez quelques espèces du genre Hansenula

The genus Hansenula was considered a long time ago as a good pattern for phylogenetic research. In 1969, Wickerham proposed an evolutive scheme based upon morphological, physiological and ecological criteria. Recently, relatedness among yeasts were analysed by DNA-DNA hybridization in liquid medium. H. anomala var. anomala (G + C content: 37,1%) was compared with H. anomala var. schneggii (37.6%), H. subpelliculosa (33,8%), H. ciferrii (33,1%), H. holstii (37%) belonging to the same line 2, and also with H. beckii (38,3%) line 3, H. sydowiorum (40,1%) and H. muscicola (37,1%).These results showed little relatedness between H. anomala var. anomala /H. ciferrii and H. anomala var. anomala/ H. subpelliculosa. On the other hand, H. anomala var. schneggii shared 89,5% of its nucleotide sequences with H. anomala var. anomala. These 2 strains were considered to represent the same species. H. holstii showed 67.1% complementarity with H. anomala var. anomala: this strain is considered to represent valid species, different from H. anomala var. anomala, but H. muscicola with 72.5% relatedness to H. anomala var. anomala could be considered as a limit species. An unexpected finding was that H. beckii was closely related to H. anomala var. anomala (84.8%). These data suggested the inadequacy of current criteria used to establish the phylogenetic lines in genus Hansenula.     

Nouvelles espèces subfossiles de rongeurs du Nord-Ouest de Madagascar

Since the mid-19th century, the Malagasy subfossil macrofauna has been the object of numerous studies and publications, contrary to the microfauna. New fieldwork, initiated in 2001, in the North West of Madagascar (Province of Mahajanga) led to the discovery of sites rich in fossiliferous breccias, containing micromammals. In this article, we describe two new subfossil species of rodent: Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis, the smallest within the genus and Nesomys narindaensis, the largest within the genus. Most of the extant species of these two genera live in the tropical rainforests of the eastern and north-eastern areas of Madagascar, far away from the north-western part of the island where a dry deciduous forest occurs. The presence of the two taxa in the subfossil record in the Northwest of the country suggests the occurrence of wetter conditions in the past in this region.     

Une nouvelle sous-famille,les Poulpinae, et quatre nouvelles espèces de Saitoum radiolaires mésozoiques téthysiens

Studies of skeleton elements of several jurassic species of Saitoum allow to compare them with Poulpus from Trias. The sub-family Poulpinae is introduced, caracterised by three cephalic arcs and the collar position of the cephalic structure. Among the jurassic forms, 4 species are newly described: S. corniculum, S. elegans, S. levium and S. trichylum.     

Dynamique foliaire chez deux espèces de Graminées en savane préforestière (Lamto,Côte d'Ivoire)

Leaf renewal of two species of Graminae under natural conditions was followed during 1980 in the Lamto savannas (5°02W, 6°13N; Ivory Coast) by using a marking method.A demographic analysis of the leaf populations is presented: fluctuations during the year of birth, mortality, survival curves and life expectancies of successive cohorts, age structure of the populations.The conclusion is that except rainfall and soil moisture other factors are important, such as the physiological conditions of the plant, annual burnings, and architectural features.

     

Etude des caractères morpho-anatomiques et des flux géniques chez quatre Proteocephalus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) parasites de Bothrops jararaca du Brésil et description de trois espèces nouvelles

Trois espèces nouvelles de Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858, parasites de Bothrops jararaca (Wied, 1824) sont décrites du Brésil: P. euzeti n. sp., P. azevedoi n. sp. et P. catzeflisi n. sp. Ces trois espèces, ainsi que P. jarara (Fuhrmann, 1927), ont été comparées entre elles par leur caractéres morpho-anatomiques et biologiques. Leur appartenance à des populations isolées génétiquement a été démontré par électrophorèse des protéines (isoenzymes) sur gel d'amidon. Parmi les douze enzymes testées, six d'entre elles ont fourni des zymogrammes interprétables génétiquement; les loci AAT, GPI, MDH, MPI présentent différents allèles pour chacune des quatre espèces.Three new species of Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858, parasites of Bothrops jararaca (Wied, 1824), are described from Brazil: P. euzeti n. sp., P. azevedoi n. sp. et P. catzeflisi n. sp. The three species and P. jarara (Fuhrmann, 1927) are compared morpho-anatomically and biologically. Electrophoresis of proteins (isoenzymes) on starch gel shows that the four taxa belong to genetically isolated populations. Twelve enzymes were analysed of which six produced genetically interpretable zymograms; the four species differ in the alleles of the loci AAT, GPI, MDH and MPI.Três novas especies de Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858, parasitos de Bothrops jararaca (Wied, 1824) do Brasil foram descritas: P. euzeti n. sp., P. azevedoi n. sp. et P. catzeflisi n. sp. Estas três espécies, asim como P. jarara (Fuhrmann, 1927), foram comparadas por seus caracteres morfo-anatômicos e biológicos. Sua colocaçâo em populações isoladas genéticamente, foi demostrada por eletroforese das proteinas (isoenzimas) em gel de amido. Entre as doze enzimas interpretáveis geneticamente, os loci AAT, GPI, MDH, MPI apresentam diferentes alelos para cada uma das quatro espécies.     

Phylogénie des espèces de Clavipanurgus Warncke, 1972 (Hymenoptera,Apoidea: Andrenidae)

La phylogénie des Panurginae, en particulier des espèces de l’Ancien Monde, a fait l’objet de peu d’études. Seuls trois auteurs ont réalisé des essais de synthèses systématiques et de reconstruction des affinités phylogénétiques de ces taxons. Parmi ceux-ci, Patiny a proposé une révision extensive des travaux antérieurs, de la systématique et de la phylogénie des espèces de la sous-famille. Dans ce cadre, l’étude de quelques taxons a cependant été moins approfondie, c’est en particulier le cas de Clavipanurgus et Panurginus Nylander, 1848. L’inférence des affinités évolutives des espèces de Clavipanurgus est le sujet de la présente recherche. Sur la base de l’analyse des caractères sexuels primaires et secondaires des mâles des dix espèces de Clavipanurgus, on produit ici la première reconstruction de la phylogénie du genre. Une série de groupes d’espèces sont identifiés et comparés du point de vue morphologique.     

Réalité de l'excrétion foliaire en milieu forestier alluvial chez deux espèces ligneuses de la sous-strate arborescente

This paper concerns actual foliar excretion of nutrients in a flooded alluvial forest enriched in nutrients by floods and the possibility of its modification after suppression of floods. Two species of the understorey Cornus sanguinea and Prunus padus were tested in a flooded site and an unflooded one. The main nutrients excreted were calcium and sodium. Nitrate is never excreted; phosphate, magnesium and potassium are excreted to a slight extent. An ANOVA analysis was realized to test the effect of the site, flooded or not, the species and the period. There was no site effect; however, we noted significant differences between species for calcium, magnesium and phosphate. These differences are discussed according to the physiological state of the species and environmental conditions.     

La fondation et le développement des colonies chez quelques espèces de fourmis du genreCremastogaster Lund

Summary Among the species studied (Cr. scutellaris, Cr. auberti, Cr. sordidula, Cr. skounensis, Cr. vandeli), the formation of colonies from an isolated non social female seems an exception owing to the numerous adverse circumstances which both female and the young colony are liable to meet with. On the contrary, the greatest number of colonies are usually established by the coming out of offshoots followed by the adoption of a swarming female by the workers of the detached colony, on condition that this female has been fertilized. If not so, she is either massacred or expelled and left alone. On the other hand it is not necessary for the queen to originate from the same nest as the workers. If these do not succeed in adopting a female, the offshoot colony tends inevitably to perish sooner or later. Slight differences must be noted among the various species ofCremastogaster. AmongCr. scutellaris the foundation of colonies by isolated females is quite frequently to be observed while amongCr. auberti andCr. skounensis the establishment of colonies by off shoots detached from the nest seems to be the rule.     

Nouvelles espèces de Torymides paléarctiques (Hym. Torymidae)

Summary In this paper four new palearctic species ofTorymidae are described:Monodontomerus gladiatus andTorymus favardi from South of France,Glyphomerus signifer from Austria andPseudotorymus amethystinus from Algeria.Torymus favardi is a parasite of bothDryocosmus australis mayr andAndricus singulus (mayr), whereasGlyphomerus signifer has been bred from galls ofDiplolepis spinosissimae (gir.).      

Deux nouvelles espèces de brachiopodes rhynchonelliformes de l’Albien stratotypique (Bassin de Paris) – mise au point

Two new Rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Albian stratotype region (Paris Basin) (Dipoloceas cristatum zone), analyzed according to their external morphology and internal characters completed by the observation of their corresponding microstructure, are set apart from a cluster of specimens previously recognized as Rhynchonella sulcata d’Orbigny. They correspond to Lamellaerhynchia carronensis n. sp. (Cyclothyrididae) and Burrirhynchia albiensis n. sp. (Tetrarhynchiidae) brought up and described in this context, in respect to the demand of the amended article 8.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. This article concerns works published after 1999 which does not make use of printing edition. Therefore, these two species previously figured by Gaspard (2010a, paper version) then described and figured by Gaspard (2010b) in a joint CD-ROM of the collective edition entitled “Stratotype Albien”, will be definitively available in this printing version.     

Continu versus discontinu,linéaire versus non linéaire dans l’évolution des espèces

Continuity versus discontinuity, linear versus nonlinear in species evolution. Species evolution is a topic where concepts of continuity and discontinuity have been opposed for two centuries. What is the situation today in biological evolution ? The statistical distribution of appearances and disappearances among rodent species follows power laws, suggesting nonlinearity and fractal structures. Thus, the domain of living beings seems to be extended, through critical physical phenomena, to the analysis of linear versus nonlinear biological phenomena. These observations are consistent with the new scale relativity theory of Nottale, which predicts many domains of resolution in nature separated by scale dependence or scale independence. Despite some scale-dependence particular to various levels of biological organization, the fact that they are also characterized by scale-independence suggests that they could be described by new fundamental laws revealing their potentially fractal and irreversible character. In the proximity of the critical time, specific to each system, the system becomes unstable and fractal, and shows precursor events at an accelerated rate leading up to the critical time. After the critical time, the system shows replicate events, in a decelerating manner. The discontinuous appearance of a number of clades follows a log-periodic law with a middle scale report of 1.73. This law, first applied to earthquakes, stock market crashes, demography, and physical turbulences, and now also being applied with success to macroevolutionary patterns, seems to have a certain universality. To cite this article : J. Chaline, C. R. Palevol 2 (2003).     

Analyse immunoélectrophorétique comparée des structures antigéniques de 17 espèces de Dermatophytes

Sans résuméTravail effectué avec l'aide de l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.