蛹虫草病原真菌虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola的生物学特性研究

蛹虫草已经成为我国乃至东南亚地区极其重要的食药用真菌,虽然其子实体已经实现规模化生产,但在产业发展中遇到许多问题,真菌病害为其中之一,如引起蛹虫草“白毛病”病害的虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola。本研究以虫草生齿梗孢为对象,研究了其生物学特性、发病特性及侵染特点。结果表明：该病原菌菌丝分枝较多,短时间内产生大量分生孢子;最适生长温度为25℃,此温度有利于该病害快速传播;其分生孢子比蛹虫草分生孢子耐紫外能力强。栽培过程中该病害多发生在蛹虫草生长发育后期,可以侵染培养基表面、子实体底部、中部和顶端等各个部位。人工接种发现该病原菌可以侵染蛹虫草生长发育的任意阶段,后期子实体被白毛覆盖。对峙实验发现虫草生齿梗孢菌丝逐渐生长到蛹虫草菌丝上,但未发现两菌丝互相缠绕的现象。对该病原菌基本生物学研究,将为建立该病害的早期检测及预防方法提供依据。     

人工栽培蛹虫草的病原真菌

蛹虫草规模化栽培过程中,真菌病害普遍发生且危害严重。本研究对人工栽培蛹虫草中真菌病害进行调研,对病原真菌进行分离、纯化、鉴定及致病性检验,并分析病害发生的特点。结果发现引起蛹虫草病害的病原真菌主要有虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉。其中虫草生齿梗孢为引起蛹虫草侵染性病害的主要病原真菌。虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌和哈茨木霉主要为害蛹虫草子实体;淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉主要为害栽培料与蛹虫草菌丝体。镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌和粉红枝穗霉为引起蛹虫草病害的首次报道。本研究为蛹虫草病害防控奠定基础,以促进产业健康发展。     

一株灰肉红菇内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

灰肉红菇（Russula griseocarnosa）是岭南地区著名的野生食药用真菌。本研究通过组织分离的方法,从灰肉红菇子实体分离获得一株内生真菌,经形态学和分子生物学分析鉴定为爪哇虫草（Cordyceps javanica）。以牛津杯抑菌圈法及二倍稀释法测试了其菌丝体胞内和胞外多糖粗提物对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）和铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的抑菌活性。结果表明：水溶性胞内、胞外多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌及铜绿假单胞菌均具有抑菌活性,最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为37.5 mg/mL。     

培养基清除结皮对蛹虫草原基形成的影响

为探讨培养基清除结皮对蛹虫草原基的形成影响,提高食用真菌蛹虫草的培养产量和品质,在无菌条件下,用无菌刀切除长满菌丝的培养基上表面部分,在温差和光周期刺激下培养,考察菌丝扭结和子实体生长情况,并检测蛹虫草子实体虫草素、虫草酸和多糖含量。结果显示培养基清除结皮组蛹虫草子实体生长快、颜色较深、易形成孢子头,其虫草素和腺苷含量显著升高(P<0.05),但虫草多糖含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。培养基清除结皮可显著地促进蛹虫草原基的形成,提高子实体产量和品质。     

云南嵩明大哨天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离鉴定与抑菌活性分析

【背景】云南存在着丰富的虫草资源,天然虫草群落中蕴藏多样的真菌资源,是挖掘新型抑菌活性化合物的潜在来源。【目的】了解云南嵩明大哨天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的物种多样性,并从中筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株。【方法】采用组织分离法对所采集的野生虫草样本进行虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离,并通过形态观察和ITS联合nrSSU、nrLSU、tef-1α、rpb1、rpb2多基因测序进行物种鉴定及多样性分析;通过平板对峙法以7株病原细菌、5株植物病原真菌为病原指示菌进行抑菌活性测试。【结果】共采集86份天然虫草样本,经鉴定隶属于3科5属7种,包括虫草科（Cordycipitaceae）虫草属（Cordyceps）（1种）、白僵菌属（Beauveria）（2种）、鳞翅虫草属（Samsoniella）（2种）、麦角菌科（Clavicipitaceae）泛普可尼亚属（Metapochonia）（1种）,以及线虫草科（Ophiocordycipitaceae）线虫草属（Ophiocordyceps）（1种）。同时,从采集到的虫草样本中分离得到26株内生真菌,分属于9科9属,其中木霉属（Trichoderma）（38%）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）（19%）为此次分离得到的优势菌属。对所分离保存的真菌按其分离源及种类归属,从虫生真菌和内生真菌菌株中共挑取20株代表性菌株进行抑菌活性筛选,有11株真菌对2株及以上病原指示细菌具有不同程度的抑菌活性,13株真菌对1株以上植物病原真菌具有不同程度拮抗能力;其中Trichoderma sp.Y3-1和Fusarium sp.WZ3-1具有广谱抑菌活性。【结论】云南嵩明大哨分布有丰富的虫生真菌及内生真菌资源,分离所得的真菌对多种病原菌具有不同程度的抑制作用。本研究丰富了云南虫草资源多样性,为云南省虫草及其内生真菌资源的开发利用提供了数据支持,也为下一步从虫草及其相关真菌资源中挖掘抑菌活性物质提供了菌株资源。     

蓝光诱导蛹虫草菌丝类胡萝卜素的积累*

蛹虫草(Cordycepsmilitaris L·)在培养时受蓝光诱导,其菌丝体中有高产量的类胡萝卜素积累。当温度为25℃且蓝光光照强度为6·5μmol·m^-2·S^-1时,菌丝体的类胡萝卜素含量在含蚕蛹粉的培养基上24h达到最高峰的495·5μg/gFW;而在不含蚕蛹粉的培养基上72h才达最高峰414·1μg/gFW。蛹虫草菌丝类胡萝卜素的积累也受蓝光光照强度的影响,最适光照强度可随培养时间的不同而有所变化。此外,黑暗培养时间的长短和温度也可共同影     

Na_2SeO_4对蛹虫草子实体生长的影响

蛹虫草是一种药食两用真菌,具有与冬虫夏草相似的功能,且富硒能力较强。本研究通过大量的人工栽培试验,旨在探究不同浓度Na_2SeO_4对新疆本地蛹虫草子实体生长的影响。试验表明,质量浓度为20 mg/L的Na_2SeO_4对蛹虫草的生长不产生显著影响,但蛹虫草各项生物学指标均随着培养基中外源Na_2SeO_4浓度的增加而呈下降趋势,说明随着外源Na_2SeO_4浓度的增加会对蛹虫草的生长产生抑制效应,当外源Na_2SeO_4质量浓度达到200 mg/L时,生产的蛹虫草已不具备商品价值。由此可见,20 mg/L的质量浓度是以Na_2SeO_4为硒源进行蛹虫草富硒研究的安全浓度。该研究为富硒产品开发寻找新的硒源开辟了新思路,为新疆地区进一步大规模栽培富硒蛹虫草提供一定的参考,但是对以Na_2SeO_4为硒源的最佳富硒浓度还有待于进一步研究。     

蛹虫草对锌的耐性与富集特征

在培养基内添加不同量的锌,研究其对蛹虫草子实体的形成、子实体和菌丝体生物量、子实体多糖含量和葡萄糖含量的影响,以及蛹虫草子实体和菌丝体对锌的富集能力。结果表明锌对上述各项都有影响。液体培养条件下,锌浓度在453906mg/L范围内可以促进菌丝体生长,锌浓度超过4077mg/L时,菌丝生长受到抑制。培养基锌的浓度在4077mg/L以下时,蛹虫草菌丝体锌的富集量随着液体培养基锌浓度的提高而提高。固体培养条件下,锌含量在226453mg/kg范围内可以促进蛹虫草子实体生长,并且在此含量范围内,蛹虫草子实体中葡萄糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在680906mg/kg时,子实体多糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在2038mg/kg以下时,蛹虫草子实体中锌的富集量随着培养基锌含量的提高而提高,在培养基锌含量为2038mg/kg时,子实体中锌的含量达到28570mg/kg(干重)。     

用无菌蚕生产蚕虫草的探索

<正>虫草(虫生真菌)是一类药食两用的名贵中药材,老少皆宜,安全有效,因此,越来越深受国内外消费者的欢迎。近年来野生虫草的无序采挖,植被破坏严重,赖以生存的天然虫草资源日趋稀少。研究发现诸多虫草中,蛹虫草的质量最优,最易在人工条件下生长繁殖,已成为可用于开发的模式菌种。目前,市场上销售的人工开发的蛹虫草产品有:液体培养基深层发酵的菌丝体干粉或固体培养基培育的蛹虫草孢子梗(子座),它们都不含有虫     

柞蚕蛹虫草继代培育其活性物质变化规律

柞蚕蛹虫草中含有虫草素、腺苷、多糖等多种活性成分,具有提高免疫力、抗疲劳、保护心脑血管、抗癌等方面的作用,是冬虫夏草的良好替代品。以柞蚕蛹虫草的继代培育为基础,分别检测蛹虫草菌在不同传代次数时柞蚕蛹虫草子实体生长状态、蛹虫草中腺苷、虫草素、虫草多糖含量及蛹虫草菌菌丝、分生孢子中活性氧的分布。第1代蛹虫草菌接种后柞蚕蛹出现腐烂现象;第2、3代培育的子实体生长量、腺苷及虫草素含量均较高;第4代子实体生长量、腺苷及虫草素含量均出现大幅下降的现象。柞蚕蛹虫草中虫草多糖含量在传代过程中也逐渐降低,但降低幅度较腺苷和虫草素缓慢。第2代培育的柞蚕蛹虫草子实体生长状态优于第3代,故第2代蛹虫草菌更适合应用于批量生产。蛹虫草菌退化后含有活性氧的分生孢子比例增大,这可能是发生退化的表象之一。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之四石蕊属地衣新种及中国新记录

摘要:本文报道了中国横断山地区石蕊属地衣12种,其中新种1个:贡嘎石蕊(Cladonia ngganensis S.Y. Guo & Wei),中国新记录11种:类黄粉石蕊(Cl. bacilliformis),比蒙氏石(Cl. beaumontii),小棍棒石蕊(Cl. clavulifera),圆筒石蕊(Cl. cylindrica),具粉石蕊(Cl. farinacea),北海道石蕊(Cl. hokkaidensis),厚叶石蕊(Cl. incrassata),大叶石蕊(Cl. macrophylla),丛杯石蕊( Cl. mateocyatha),多孔石蕊(Cl. multiformis)和亚石蕊(Cl. subrangiformis)。对于每一种的化学成分及地理分布进行了测定和分析。     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in wolves (Canis lupus), brown bears (Ursus arctos) and cervids from North Europe and Alaska

Taenia tapeworms of Finnish and Swedish wolves (Canis lupus) and Finnish brown bears (Ursus arctos), and muscle cysticerci of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), Alaskan Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Alaskan moose (Alces americanus) were identified on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 396 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Two species were found from wolves: Taenia hydatigena and Taenia krabbei. The cysticerci of reindeer, caribou and one moose also represented T. krabbei. Most of the cysticercal specimens from Alaskan moose, however, belonged to an unknown T. krabbei-like species, which had been reported previously from Eurasian elks (Alces alces) from Finland. Strobilate stages from two bears belonged to this species as well. The present results suggest that this novel Taenia sp. has a Holarctic distribution and uses Alces spp. as intermediate and ursids as final hosts.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.