海假交替单胞菌fliC-02330基因缺失影响生物被膜形成及厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态

【背景】假交替单胞菌属是一种广泛分布于海洋环境的革兰氏阴性细菌,存在于海底沉积物中,能分泌大量的胞外产物形成海洋微生物被膜,从而诱导海洋无脊椎动物的附着。【目的】探究海假交替单胞菌鞭毛蛋白fliC基因对生物被膜形成及厚壳贻贝诱导活性的影响。【方法】通过基因敲除构建海假交替单胞菌fliC-02330基因缺失突变菌,研究突变菌和野生菌菌落形态、生物被膜形成能力、胞外物质以及对厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态的诱导能力等的差异性。【结果】与野生菌相比,突变菌菌落表型出现褶皱,运动能力下降,形成被膜膜厚增加,以及对幼虫附着变态诱导活性下降。共聚焦扫描发现,fliC-02330基因缺失突变菌胞外多糖含量下降,而蛋白含量上升。【结论】海假交替单胞菌鞭毛蛋白fliC-02330基因缺失促进生物被膜形成,但抑制厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态。本研究为探究细菌鞭毛蛋白基因与厚壳贻贝幼虫的作用机制,以及后续进一步探索微生物参与海洋无脊椎动物附着变态提供一定的理论依据。     

海洋微塑料污染的生态效应研究进展

海洋微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题。微塑料粒径小,易与海洋生物发生相互作用,可通过多种途径进入海洋生物体内,并在其组织和器官中蓄积和转移,对机体产生毒害。微塑料可沿食物链进行传递,威胁海洋生态系统的健康与稳定。因此,海洋生物与微塑料的相互作用以及海洋微塑料污染的生态效应成为当前研究的热点。综述微塑料的生物附着、生物摄入、对海洋生物的毒性效应及其与化学污染物的复合毒性效应研究的基础上,提出未来微塑料生态效应研究应重点关注我国海洋环境中微塑料的污染现状及生物摄入状况、微塑料的生物效应及其毒理学机制研究、微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应、以及微塑料在海洋生态系统中的作用及其生物地球化学行为等。     

淡水环境中微塑料对微生物耐药性的影响

微塑料和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)作为2种主要的新兴污染物,在水生环境中共存,两者之间相互作用形成的复合污染日益引起人们的关注。微塑料可以选择性富集周围环境中的微生物和ARGs,形成生物膜,为ARGs提供潜在宿主。微塑料形成的独特“塑料圈”对于了解淡水环境中微塑料的形态和ARGs传递至关重要。本文重点综述了微塑料选择性富集水体中ARGs和微生物群落,讨论了微塑料表面抗性基因水平转移的机制,对未来淡水中微塑料及ARGs相关研究的重点方向进行了展望,以促进科学解决微塑料污染。     

药物外排泵与生物被膜在微生物耐药机制中的相关性研究进展

生物被膜是介导微生物耐药与多重耐药的一大热点机制,涉及微生物的生长代谢、耐药基因等基因表型改变、群体感应系统的调控及药物外排泵等多重因素。耐药基因、药物外排泵与生物被膜在微生物耐药机制中,具有复杂而密切的相互影响。分别从生物被膜对药物外排泵、耐药基因的影响,药物外排泵对生物被膜的影响,以及药物外排泵和微生物生物被膜共同的调节因素,对近年来的相关研究进展作一综述。     

聚氨酯塑料的微生物降解

未被合理处置的废塑料污染已成为全球性的环境问题,探索塑料废弃物的无害化处理技术势在必行。近来,研究证实了自然界中存在可以降解塑料的微生物及酶。利用微生物或酶对废塑料进行生物处理成为可能。聚氨酯塑料(Polyurethane,PUR)是广泛应用的通用塑料之一,其废弃物量已占到所有废塑料总体积的30%。文中将PUR塑料发明应用70年来有关微生物降解的研究进行了全面综述,对PUR塑料降解真菌、细菌、降解基因与酶、降解产物及相关的生物处理技术系统等进行了总结与分析,并对实现PUR废塑料高效生物处理需解决的关键科学问题进行了展望。     

白念珠菌生物被膜的基因表达及相关基因研究进展

白念珠菌是一种条件性致病菌,可在人体植入性器械表面形成生物被膜.与浮游和以个体形式存在的白念珠菌相比,生物被膜在结构及功能上有很大差异,这种差异本质上是由基因表达决定的.近年来,研究者们试图通过芯片和基因敲除等技术手段,探索与白念珠菌生物被膜形成及耐药相关的基因,揭示其分子机制,寻找药物作用的新靶点.     

微塑料与土壤环境中微生物互作研究进展

作为环境中广泛存在的污染物,微塑料(microplastics)的相关研究备受关注。基于已有研究,本文综合分析了微塑料与土壤微生物(soil microorganisms)的互作关系,微塑料会通过直接或间接的方式影响微生物群落结构与多样性,影响的程度取决于微塑料的类型、剂量和形状。土壤微生物会通过形成表面生物膜和群落选择效应来适应微塑料这一外来物所引起的变化。本文还特别关注了微塑料的生物降解机理,同时探究了影响这一过程的因素,微生物首先会定殖在微塑料表面,分泌多种胞外酶在特定位点发挥作用,将聚合物转化成低聚物或单体,解聚的小分子进入胞内进一步分解代谢,而影响这一降解过程的因素除了分子量、密度、结晶度等微塑料自身理化性质,还包括一些生物因素和非生物因素对相关微生物生长代谢和酶活性的作用。未来研究应注重与实际环境的联系,在深入探究微塑料生物降解研究的同时,开发解决微塑料污染问题的新技术。     

白色念珠菌生物被膜研究进展

难治性真菌感染的临床分析发现,病灶感染病原常以生物被膜的形态存在。生物被膜的形成可帮助真菌躲避宿主细胞免疫系统清除和药物的攻击,所造成的持续性感染严重威胁人类健康,因此,认识研究真菌生物被膜及其耐药机理对于防治临床真菌感染有着重大意义。白色念珠菌是一种临床感染常见的条件性致病菌,也是目前真菌生物被膜研究的主要研究模型。白色念珠菌生物被膜主要由多糖、蛋白质和DNA构成,其形成由微生物间的群体感应调控,并受到环境中营养成分及其附着物表面性质影响。研究发现,胞外基质的屏障作用、耐药基因的表达等机制与生物被膜耐药性的产生密切相关。本文就白色念珠菌生物被膜的形成过程、结构组成、形成的影响因素、现有研究模型、耐药机制和治疗策略等几个方面介绍近年来的研究进展。     

生物被膜在病原细菌与植物识别中的作用

生物被膜是微生物附着在生物或非生物表面所形成的一种三维结构,细胞被其自身所产生的胞外聚合物所包围,生物被膜的形成被认为是微生物应对生物和非生物胁迫时所产生的一种自我防御机制。众多微生物能够在植物叶、维管束和根等组织中生长,并在植物不同组织表面附着形成生物被膜,病原细菌的生物被膜随植物内部环境动态变化是其有效发挥致病作用的关键,研究植物病原细菌生物被膜调控机制是认识植物-病原菌互作的重要方面。文中将系统地介绍植物病原细菌生物被膜特征、组成成分、分子调控机制及最新研究进展。     

粪肠球菌生物被膜形成早期相关基因的表达研究

目的:以粪肠球菌为研究对象,探讨粪肠球菌基因srtA(转肽酶A编码基因)、esp(肠球菌表面蛋白)与粪肠球菌生物被膜形成早期的相关性。方法:用逆转录PCR与实时荧光定量PCR方法对生物被膜和浮游菌组细菌srtA、esp两种与生物被膜形成早期相关的基因其表达进行检测,并进行统计学分析。结果:srtA、esp基因与粪肠球生物被膜菌早期形成密切相关。生物被膜菌组srtA、esp表达量分别是浮游菌组的7.9与13.5倍。结论:srtA、esp基因与粪肠球生物被膜菌形成早期密切相关,可能是生物被膜早期形成的上调因子。     

细菌生物被膜基质的研究进展

细菌生物被膜(biofilm)附着在生物或者非生物表面,由细菌及其分泌的糖、蛋白质和核酸等多种基质组成的细菌群落,是造成病原细菌持续性感染、毒力和耐药性的重要原因之一.细菌的生物被膜基质由复杂的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)构成,影响生物被膜的结构和功能.本文...     

Antimicrobial activity of surface attached marine bacteria in biofilms

Relatively little is known about the microbial ecology of biofilm communities or the diversity of antimicrobial molecules that they produce to regulate these communities. This study tested whether the production of antimicrobial activity in biofilm cultures is enhanced towards competing bacteria found in those biofilms. First, the production of antimicrobial activity of marine bacteria grown in biofilms was tested. Fourteen of the 105 marine isolates tested were found to produce antimicrobial factors when grown in biofilms. The antimicrobial activity produced by these isolates in biofilms was more potent and inhibited a broader range of target bacteria grown in biofilms compared to shaken liquid cultures. In a separate experiment, we found that cultivation in biofilms containing produced metabolites from an ‘inducer’ bacterium stimulated the production of antimicrobial molecules by ‘producer’ bacteria that were active against the ‘inducer’ bacterium. Overall, the study suggests that surface attached marine bacteria can target their antimicrobial activity towards competing bacteria in biofilms.     

Understanding microbial inhibition of corrosion. A comprehensive overview

Microorganisms are able to drastically change the electrochemical conditions at the metal/solution interface by biofilm formation. These changes can range from the induction or acceleration of corrosion to corrosion inhibition. Any inhibitory action developed by bacteria may be accomplished within the varied and complex biofilm/corrosion products interactions occurring on a biofouled metal surface.Biocorrosion and its counter process, microbial inhibition of corrosion, are rarely linked to a single mechanism or to a single species of microorganisms. Microorganisms can induce corrosion inhibition according to two general mechanisms or their combination: i) neutralizing the action of corrosive substances present in the environment; ii) forming protective films or stabilizing pre-existing protective films on a metal. Different practical cases illustrating these mechanisms are presented in this overview.It must be stressed that some times the inhibitory action of bacteria can be reversed to a corrosive action in bacterial consortia located within biofilm thickness.     

Bacterial biofilms as a natural form of existence of bacteria in the environment and host organism

Advances in microscopic analysis and molecular genetics research methods promoted the acquisition of evidence that natural bacteria populations exist predominately as substrate attached biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are able to exchange signals and display coordinated activity that is inherent to multicellular organisms. Formation of biofilm communities turned out to be one of the main survival strategies of bacteria in their ecological niche. Bacteria in attached condition in biofilm are protected from the environmental damaging factors and effects of antibacterial substances in the environment and host organism during infection. According to contemporary conception, biofilm is a continuous layer of bacterial cells that are attached to a surface and each other, and contained in a biopolymer matrix. Such bacterial communities may be composed of bacteria of one or several species, and composed of actively functioning cells as well as latent and uncultured forms. Particular attention has recently been paid to the role of biofilms in the environment and host organism. Microorganisms form biofilm on any biotic and abiotic surfaces which creates serious problems in medicine and various areas of economic activity. Currently, it is established that biofilms are one of the pathogenetic factors of chronic inflection process formation. The review presents data on ubiquity of bacteria existence as biofilms, contemporary methods of microbial community analysis, structural-functional features of bacterial biofilms. Particular attention is paid to the role of biofilm in chronic infection process formation, heightened resistance to antibiotics of bacteria in biofilms and possible mechanisms of resistance. Screening approaches for agents against biofilms in chronic infections are discussed.     

牙菌斑生物膜的形成与控制

牙菌斑生物膜是附着于牙釉质表面,由复杂的微生物群落构成的一种聚集体。牙菌斑生物膜的形成与生长对口腔健康有着直接或间接的影响,许多研究证实口腔疾病如龋齿和牙周病都与细菌的积累及牙菌斑的形成有关。在牙菌斑生物膜形态建成过程中,牙齿表面最初的定殖菌对生物膜的微生物组成和结构至关重要,这些初级定殖菌决定了后续与之结合形成共生体的微生物种类和数量。不同的微生物组成可能在与生物膜形成相关的口腔病理状况中发挥不同的作用。因此,本文就牙菌斑生物膜的生长及控制进行综述,介绍其微生物的早期定殖和成熟过程、以及通过物理和化学方法对牙菌斑生物膜的控制,以期为了解牙菌斑生物膜的形成机制及相关口腔疾病的预防和治疗提供有价值的参考。     

抗菌肽的抗生物膜机理研究进展

生物膜,也称为生物被膜,是指附着于有生命或无生命物体表面被细菌胞外大分子包裹的有组织的细菌群体。与浮游菌相比,生物膜内的细菌对抗生素的耐受性提高了10–1000倍,是造成目前细菌耐药的主要原因之一。作为一种新型抗菌制剂,抗菌肽的使用为生物膜感染的治疗提供了一种新的思路和手段。抗菌肽在抑制生物膜形成、杀灭生物膜内细菌以及消除成熟生物膜的过程中发挥了独特的优势。文中分析了近30年的数据,从细菌生物膜的结构入手,对抗菌肽可能的抗生物膜机理进行了综述,以期为抗菌肽临床治疗生物膜感染提供一定参考。     

In situ identification of bacterial species in marine microfouling films by using an immunofluorescence technique

An immunofluorescence technique was developed for the in situ identification of specific bacteria in marine microfouling films. Microorganisms adherent to glass plates after 30 days of immersion in a synthetic seawater system were cultured and classified by biochemical tests, flagellar arrangement, and the API 20E system. All isolates were gram-negative aerobic or facultative motile rods, predominantly Pseudomonas spp. Rabbit antisera to the five dominant organisms including Achromobacter spp., Comamonas terrigena, P. putrefaciens, a yellow-pigmented Pseudomonas sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus were prepared. These antisera were shown to be species specific in indirect immunofluorescence assays against a battery of 26 marine isolates from 14 bacterial species, with the exception of antisera to the Pseudomonas spp, which cross-reacted with each other but not with test bacteria of other genera. These immunofluorescent reagents enabled the in situ identification of all five bacterial species in microfouling films. Low-surface-energy test plates had smaller numbers of adherent bacteria in microfouling films than medium-surface-energy test plates, suggesting that the degree of microfouling may be influenced by the surface energy. In addition, the reagents could identify up to 39% of the attached bacteria in microfouling films spontaneously formed on steel plates in flow cells deployed in different areas of the Atlantic Ocean. The microbial composition of the ocean-formed films varied with the geographical area of their formation. The present results indicate that immunofluorescence techniques may provide a rapid and reliable means to identify, in situ, specific bacteria in marine microfouling films.     

基于COMSTAT软件对微生物被膜进行定量分析的方法与意义

目的:微生物被膜是一种具有协调性、功能性和高度结构性的膜状复合物,它可以为微生物提供良好的生存环境,免受外界因素的干扰。研究发现,具有产生微生物被膜能力的细菌治病性明显增强,而现今缺乏一种分析微生物被膜的有效手段。本文探讨利用COMSTAT软件对微生物被膜进行定量分析的方法和意义,为对微生物被膜定性定量分析提供支持手段,从而为研究微生物被膜致病性提供方法理论基础。方法:以葡萄球菌为研究模型,利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜成像技术,结合COMSTAT微生物被膜分析软件对微生物被膜的单位面积生物量、基质覆盖率、平均厚度、粗糙系数等方面进行定量分析,研究了该葡萄球菌的生物被膜生长变化过程,并考察了抗生素对其生物被膜的抑制作用。结果:在葡萄球菌生物被膜生长过程中,生物量、平均厚度以及平均扩散距离等结构指标数值都有明显增加,而粗糙度和表面积与生物量比值呈现降低趋势,表明了微生物被膜由发生向成熟的转化过程。与此同时,经10μg/mL和100μg/mL的卡那霉素处理得到的葡萄球菌微生物被膜生长受到明显抑制,且随着卡那霉素的浓度增加,抑制效果随之增加。结论:本文运用COMSTAT软件的分析方法首次从生物量、平均厚度等结构指标数值的角度描述了葡萄球菌生物被膜,从而有效评价微生物被膜发生、发展、成熟以及崩解的生长过程。该技术在研究微生物被膜形成的理论机制方面存在潜在价值,可以为研究微生物被膜治病性提供理论基础,具有理论指导意义。