Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in coronary artery disease in southern Turkey

Genetic factors are important in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism is one of the genetic factor found to be related with CAD. We investigated the association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and the presence of CAD. Three hundred and seven patients (187 males and 120 females, aged between 35-80, mean 54.3 +/-9.8 years) who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography were included in the study. ACE I/D polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 307, 176 had CAD. The most frequently observed genotype in all subjects was ID (47.9 %). However, in patients with CAD the frequency of II genotype was lower whereas DD genotype was higher compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The number of D allele carrying subjects were also higher (p < 0.05) in CAD patients. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the ACE D allele is an independent risk factor (odds ratio = 1.48, 95 % CI = 1.01-2.18, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the I/D polymorphism of ACE gene (carrying D allele) is an independent risk factor for CAD in the studied Turkish population.     

Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease

An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is associated with myocardial infarction and other cardiac pathology. There is evidence for a role of the renin-angiotensin system in cell growth and in the repair of damaged arterial walls, so the ACE gene is postulated to be a candidate gene affecting the important clinical problem of coronary artery disease (CAD). In view of the clinical importance of the ACE as a major marker of cardiovascular diseases, we investigated the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in Turkish CAD patients in comparison with control subjects to evaluate a possible association between CAD and the gene encoding ACE. Polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques were used to determine the ACE genotype in 58 subjects. The frequencies of ACE D and ACE I allele among the patients with CAD were 62.26% and 37.73 % and in the control subjects were 49.3% and 50.76%, respectively. The greater frequency of deletion allele (D) was in the CAD group than in the control subjects was significant (P < 0.01).     

Influence of some socio-economic factors on growth and development of the boys in the Tuzla region (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

The impact of certain exogenous factor (socio-economic, ecological) has been investigated with special attention paid to the parents' living standard, and number of family members on some anthropometric parameters like: body height, body mass, chest circumference, upper leg circumference, upper arm circumference, sitting height, arm length, leg length, pelvis width, shoulders width, lenght of head and with of head on the sample of 698 boys aged 11 to 16 (17) years in the Tuzla region (the northeastern Bosnia, Western Balkan peninsula). Anthropometric measurements have been carried out using methodology proposed by the International Biological program (IBP). The results of these investigations have shown that there is a certain impact of the socio-economic conditions on the growth and development of boys. Children from families that have better living standard are, as a rule, taller, which is indicated by the statistical significant differences (P > 0.01). This trend indicates also value of Body Mass Index (BMI), which is in younger children from the families with lower living standard 16, while in the same category in the children from the families with better living standard it has value 18.5. The real impact of living conditions on the dynamics of development could be the best seen in the period of puberty. The number of children in the family has negative relationship with anthropometric features. Statistically significant differences (P > 0.001) have been detected in numerous analysed features in families with one or two children in comparison with families with three, four, or five children. Therefore, BMI has been significantly lower (16) in children from families with several children, while in the families with one child in the same growth class (11 years) it was significantly higher (17.4). Similar value of BMI (17.9) have children from the families with five children and which are 17 years old. Besides socio-economic conditions, high level of environmental pollution which is typical for Tuzla region for a long time, has also significant impact on the growth and development of children.     

Mother's age effect on the boys' anthropometric properties in the Region of Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Our objective was to establish if mother's age affects the anthropometric properties their 11 and 16 years old sons, and if the boys' BMI is satisfactory. Cross-sections, questionnaires, and statistics were used for data processing BMI (kg/m2) was presented according to the scale Quetelet's index nutritional status. Twelve anthropometric properties were researched. It was established that mother's age affects anthropometric properties in adolescent boys. The younger mothers' boys come to puberty with significantly higher mean values for most anthropometric parameters. In the course of adolescent jump, older mothers' boys have significantly higher anthropometric measures in comparison to their age boys delivered by younger mothers. After the completion of their intensive growth and development anthropometric measures in both category boys are equal or insignificantly higher in younger mothers' sons. Mother's age affects their sons' anthropometric properties of growth and development, particularly in prepuberty and puberty. After puberty that effect is not significant. According to BMI, the boys coming from the researched region make the group of underfed children. That is probably the outcome of bad living conditions, irregular and insufficient diet, stress, etc. in the course of four year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina.     

Genotypes and allele frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism among Bahraini population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related diseases

Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, of a 287-bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been shown to be associated with different types of diseases and has been widely investigated in different populations with different ethnic origins. Various reports were published suggesting inter-ethnic variations in the frequency of allelic forms of the ACE gene. The goal of this study was to test the distribution of alleles and the different genotypes of ACE (I/D) polymorphism in Bahraini subjects and compare the results with those obtained from other population studies. The Bahraini population is an Arabic peninsula population with a high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension. A total of 560 unrelated Bahraini individuals were recruited in this study and the presence (insertion)/absence (deletion) (I/D) polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu1 element inside intron 16 of the ACE gene was done by PCR-based assays and the presence or absence of the genotypes were analyzed by the gel electrophoresis. The distribution of II, ID, and DD genotypes showed differences among Bahraini subjects, and the frequency of the D allele was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the studied group. The results obtained for the D allele are consistent with those obtained from previous studies among Arabs, Africans, and Caucasians, but differs significantly (P < 0.05) from those in Japanese and Chinese, thus proving the ethnic variation in the distribution of the ACE alleles in different populations.     

Interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme-encoding gene in female infertility: Insertion and deletion polymorphism studies

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme in the renin– angiotensin–aldosterone system, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Ethnic origin should be carefully considered in studies pertaining to ACE I/D genotype and disease etiology. This study was evaluated between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and female infertility in the Saudi population. Out of a A total of 300 women who participated in this study genomic DNA samples from the 150 infertile and 150 fertile women’s were isolated who has participated in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated using an Invitrogen kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and D allele specific primers were used for amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Electrophoresis was carried out on a 2% agarose gel. The mean age and BMI of the cases and controls were similar (p > 0.05), and a significant association was noted between the family history and female infertility (p = 0.0001). The D allele (OR: 1.67 [95% CI: 1.18–2.35], p = 0.003), DD genotype (OR: 2.46 [95% CI: 1.20–5.02], p = 0.01) and dominant model (OR: 1.97 [95% CI: 1.00–3.88], p = 0.04) were significantly associated with female infertility or fertility. The results of this study show that the ACE polymorphism plays an important role in female infertility in the Saudi population.     

Relations between some exogenous factors and anthropometric factors of growth and development of male children and youngsters in the Tuzla region, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Dynamics of growth of male children and youths from the Region of Tuzla influenced by some exogenous factors was researched by a corresponding analysis of the sample which included 751 tested individuals, aged from 11 to 17 years. The analysis performed is primarily based on the scientific elaboration of the registered state in two time-points (1996 and 1999) in the tested part of broader population. This research involved the period of four-year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking into consideration the fact that the tested persons spent one period of their growth and development in extremely bad wartime living conditions. By quasicanonic correlative analysis it was established that the next factors participated in connection of variables of both sets (initial and final measurements): mother's standard, total mother's and father's standard of living, mother's age and sequence of births participated to some less extent in connection of both sets of variables. Anthropometric variables that had most significant impact of both sets of variables are: length parameters, body mass, width parameters, circumferences had somewhat less impact, while indexes of head and sitting height had the least impact on this connection.     

Association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and essential hypertension in young Pakistani patients

Several studies have demonstrated the importance of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study sought to determine the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and essential hypertension in young Pakistanis. The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism was established by a comparative cross-sectional survey of Pakistani patients suffering from essential hypertension and ethnically matched normotensive controls. Samples were collected from tertiary care hospitals in northern Pakistan. Hypertensive individuals were defined as those with a systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg on three separate occasions, or those currently receiving one, or more, anti-hypertensive agents. DNA samples obtained from hypertensive (n = 211) and normotensive (n = 108) individuals were typed by PCR. The frequency of the ACE I/I genotype was significantly higher in hypertensive patients, aged 20-40 years, than in normotensive controls of the same age group (chi(2) = 4.0, P = 0.041). Whereas no overall significant differences were observed between the I/I, I/D and D/D ACE genotypes (One way ANOVA, F = 0.672; P = 0.413). The association between the ACE I/I genotype and essential hypertension in individuals aged 相似文献   

Variations in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in Indian populations of different ethnic origins

The pattern of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the Indian population is poorly known. In order to determine the status of the polymorphism, young unrelated male army recruits were screened. The population had cultural and linguistic differences and lived in an environment that varied significantly from one region to another. Analysis of the genotype, showed higher frequency of the insertion allele in four of the five groups i.e. I allele frequency was significantly higher (P< 005) in Dogras, Assamese and Kumaonese. The deletion allele frequency was comparatively higher in the fifth group that belonged to Punjab. A correlation was observed between the genotype and enzyme activity. Involvement of a single D allele in the genotype enhanced the activity up to 37.56 ± 313%. The results suggested ethnic heterogeneity with a significant gene cline with higher insertion allele frequency. Such population-based data on various polymorphisms can ultimately be exploited in pharmacogenomics.     

Insertion-deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in populations of the Volga-Ural region

Insertion-deletion polymorphism at the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in populations of the Volga-Ural region was examined by means of polymerase chain reaction. The populations studied belong to the Finno-Ugric (Komis, Maris, Mordovians, and Udmurts), Turkic (Chuvashes, Tatars, and Bashkirs), and Eastern-Slavic (Russians) ethnic groups. Distribution patterns of allele and genotype frequencies of this polymorphic system in the examined region were characterized. Comparison of the obtained results with the literature data on the ACE gene polymorphism in other Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations revealed some trends in the ACE genotype frequency dynamics depending on the ethnicity of the populations.     

Study of the association between growth differentiation factor 15 gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease in a Chinese population

Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 belongs to a member of the transforming growth factor-β cytokine superfamily, and elevated GDF-15 concentrations are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and future adverse cardiac events in apparently healthy elderly women, acute coronary syndrome, and chronic heart failure. However, its genetic mechanisms are still unknown. We investigated whether GDF-15 −3148C>G variant (SNP, rs4808793) is associated with a predisposition to coronary artery disease (CAD) and its severity in a Chinese population. We studied 418 consecutive patients, including 192 with coronary stenosis ≥50% or previous myocardial infarction and 226 controls without documented CAD. Coronary artery disease cases and controls were genotyped for SNP rs4808793 by using the ligase detection reaction method. The three genotypes CC, CG, and GG were present in rs4808793. No differences were found in genotype distribution and allele frequencies of rs4808793 between subjects with and without CAD, or when grouped according to sex. Logistic regression did not reveal any increased risk of CAD in subjects carrying the CG, GG genotype, or G allele at rs4808793 compared with individuals carrying the CC genotype or C allele; this finding was the same when subjects were grouped by sex (all P > 0.05). Rs4808793 does not affect main anthropometric and metabolic characteristics, nor did there exists any association between rs4808793 and the severity of coronary lesions (all P > 0.05). Our data do not support an association of rs4808793 with CAD or its severity in a Chinese population.     

Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in patients with coronary heart disease from Moscow population]

The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene was studied in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and healthy individuals randomly sampled from the Moscow population. The ACE gene proved to be associated with the plasma apolipoprotein B (ApoB) content in CHD patients, but not associated with HCD development in individuals with elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides. An association was not revealed between the alleles of the ACE gene and hypertension in CHD patients.     

Gender specificity of a genetic variant of angiotensin-converting enzyme and risk of coronary artery disease

Etiological factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) involve a wide range of gene and environmental interactions. One of the systems being implicated in the pathophysiology of CAD is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the genetic polymorphisms of this system have not been widely studied in Iranian patients diagnosed with CAD. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between six gene polymorphisms of RAS components and CAD in a sample of Iranian population. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in a case/control study. The presence of CAD was determined by coronary angiography. Genotyping of six RAS gene polymorphisms was performed using a modified PCR–RFLP method. Our results revealed, for the first time, a significant independent association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) A-240T polymorphism and incidence of CAD among Iranian women (P = 0.005, OR = 20.4, 95 % CI = 2.49–41.2). There has also been a significant difference in genotype distribution of ACE A-240T (P = 0.008) and angiotensin II receptor type 2 C3123A polymorphism (P = 0.032) in Iranian female participants. In conclusion, TT genotype of ACE A-240T seems to be a genetic risk factor for CAD in Iranian women.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism in Mexican populations

The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism was determined in 211 Mexican healthy individuals belonging to different Mexican ethnic groups (98 Mestizos, 64 Teenek, and 49 Nahuas). ACE polymorphism differed among Mexicans with a high frequency of the D allele and the D/D genotype in Mexican Mestizos. The D/D genotype was absent in Teenek and present in only one Nahua individual (2.0%). When comparisons were made, we observed that Caucasian, African, and Asian populations presented the highest frequencies of the D allele, whereas Amerindian (Teenek and Pima) and Australian Aboriginals showed the highest frequencies of the I allele. The distribution of I/D genotype was heterogeneous in all populations: Australian Aboriginals presented the lowest frequency (4.9%), whereas Nahuas presented the highest (73.4%). The present study shows the frequencies of a polymorphism not analyzed previously in Mexican populations and establishes that this polymorphism distinguishes the Amerindian populations of other groups. On the other hand, since ACE alleles have been associated with genetic susceptibility to developing cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, knowledge of the distribution of these alleles could help to define the true significance of ACE polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility marker in the Amerindian populations.     

The ecological aspect of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of population in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper contains first systematical revision of the results on traditional use of wild medicinal and aromatic herbs on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H)--west of Balkan Peninsula; Southeast of Europe. There have been detected 227 plants belonging to 71 different plant families, which are being used with ethno therapeutic purpose. Results were obtained by method of open ethno botanical interview which comprised 150 persons, whose average age was 63. Medicinal plants in ethno therapy are being used either in fresh, raw or dried condition. Different herbal parts, depending on period of vegetation season, sometimes even in winter, are basis for preparation of infusions (59%), decoct (19%), tinctures (4%). Especially original are balms known as Bosnian "mehlems", which are fresh cuted herbal parts mixed with lukewarm resin, raw cow butter or honey. In ethno therapy are mostly being used aerial plant organs. Majority of herbs is being used for treatment of illnesses of respiratory (22%), gastrointestinal (19%) and urinary and genital system (9%), for treatment of skin conditions (11%), as well as for nervous system and heart diseases (16%). The most original plants on the field of ethno pharmacology, comparing with ethno therapy practice of other regions, are as follows: Ballota nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, Calluna vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Euphrasia rostkoviana, Geranium robertianum, Gentiana asclepiadea, Helichrysum italicum, Lycopodium clavatum, Marrubium vulgare, Nepeta cataria, Populus tremula, Ruta graveolens, Tamus communis, Teucrium montanum, T. chamaedrys, and endemic plants Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, Teucrium arduini, Micromeria thymifolia, Satureja montana, S. subspicata, Rhamnus fallax and Viola elegantula. There haven't been noticed significant differences in the frequencies of medicinal plants use among different ethnical groups. But, it has been perceived that longer ethno therapeutic tradition possess inhabitants of sub- and Mediterranean areas, as well as inhabitants of the mountain areas of B&H, regardless their ethnicity.     

Association of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with rheumatic heart disease in Indian population and meta-analysis

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is one of the most severe consequences of rheumatic fever. It has been suggested that angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) may be involved in the increased valvular fibrosis and calcification in the pathogenesis of RHD. We conducted a case–control study to look for association of ACE I/D polymorphism with RHD in Indian population. The study incorporated 300 patients (170 males and 130 females) with RHD, and 200 controls (118 males and 82 females). We also subgrouped RHD patients into mitral valve lesion (MVL) and combined valve lesion (CVL). ACE I/D polymorphism was identified using polymerase chain reaction method. We also performed a meta-analysis of three published studies and the present study (636 RHD cases and 533 controls) to evaluate the association between the ACE I/D polymorphisms and RHD risk. A significant difference in ACE ID and DD genotypes distribution between RHD cases (OR = 1.62, 95 % CI = 1.11–2.36 and OR = 2.08, 95 % CI = 1.02–4.15, respectively) and corresponding controls was observed. On comparing the ACE genotypes of MVL and CVL subgroups with controls, ID and DD genotypes were also significantly associated with CVL (FDR Pcorr = 0.009, OR = 2.19 and FDR Pcorr = 0.014, OR = 3.29, respectively). Meta-analysis also suggested association of the ACE D allele (FDR Pcorr = 0.036, OR—1.22, 95 % CI 1.02–1.45) with RHD. In conclusion, ACE ID and DD genotypes are associated with an increased risk of RHD, particularly CVL. This suggests that the ACE I/D gene polymorphism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RHD.     

Prevalence of rare F5 variants in general population from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Molecular Biology Reports - Human gene F5, encoding coagulation factor V, was previously reported to be highly polymorphic. Apart from FV Leiden, several other rare variants have been detected in...     

Validity and reliability of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) scale in the elderly population of Bosnia and Herzegovina

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00584.x Validity and reliability of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) scale in the elderly population of Bosnia and Herzegovina Objectives: To adapt the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) index for elderly people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and test its validity, reliability and responsiveness to change. Background: Clinical measures alone may not be adequate for assessing the oral health of individuals. Subjective oral health indicators tested within a particular cultural context may not be relevant across cultures. Materials and methods: The study population comprised 231 free‐living adults aged 65 years or older. The OIDP was cross‐culturally adapted from English into the Serbian language and its psychometric properties were tested. Data were collected using a clinical examination and a questionnaire containing the OIDP. Results: In terms of reliability, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.82 and the intraclass correlation coefficient 0.88. The very high correlation of OIDP with self‐rated oral health (r = 0.78) verified criterion validity, while construct validity was demonstrated through its significant and graded associations with other subjective health measures. OIDP change scores on a treated subsample showed moderate effect size (0.59) and were associated with perceptions of oral health change, providing evidence for its responsiveness to change. Conclusion: The Bosnian version of the OIDP showed satisfactory validity, reliability and responsiveness to change confirming its appropriateness for use among older populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.