Paenibacillus nicotianae sp. nov., isolated from a tobacco sample

A Gram-stain positive, facultative anaerobic endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain YIM h-19^T, was isolated from a tobacco sample. Cells were observed to be motile rods by means of peritrichous flagella and colonies were observed to be convex, yellow, circular and showed catalase-positive and oxidase-negative reactions. Strain YIM h-19^T was able to grow at 4–45 °C, pH 6.0–8.0 and 0–3 % NaCl (w/v). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7. Major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. The polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 54 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the strain YIM h-19^T was most closely related to Paenibacillus hordei RH-N24^T and Paenibacillus hunanensis FeL05^T with similarities of 98.30 and 94.64 % respectively. However, DNA–DNA hybridization data indicated that the isolate represented a novel genomic species with the genus Paenibacillus. All data from genotypic and phenotypic analyses support the conclusion that strain YIM h-19^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus nicotianae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM h-19^T (=CGMCC1.12819^T = NRRL B-59112^T).     

Acinetobacter refrigeratorensis sp. nov., Isolated from a Domestic Refrigerator

A Gram-negative bacterial strain, designated WB1^T, was isolated from a domestic refrigerator in Guangzhou, PR China. Cells of strain WB1^T were oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccobacilli with peritrichous fimbriae-like structures. The strain was able to grow at 10–40 °C with optimum growth at 28–30 °C, pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0–6 % NaCl (w/v, optimum, 0.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequences revealed that strain WB1^T belonged to the genus Acinetobacter and was most closely related to A. indicus DSM 25388^T (97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and A. radioresistens NBRC 102413^T (96.8 %). The DNA G + C content of strain WB1^T was 46.74 ± 0.04 mol % and the major fatty acids comprised summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_18:1 ω9c, C_16:0 and C_12:0. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as Q-9 and the polar lipids as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified phospholipid. Phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, including low DNA–DNA relatedness with closely related type strains, supported that strain WB1^T represents a distinct novel species in the genus Acinetobacter, for which the name Acinetobacter refrigeratorensis sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is WB1^T (=GIMCC 1.663^T = CCTCC AB 2014197^T = KCTC 42011^T).     

Trachoma prevalence and associated risk factors in the gambia and Tanzania: baseline results of a cluster randomised controlled trial

Background

Blinding trachoma, caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is targeted for global elimination by 2020. Knowledge of risk factors can help target control interventions.

Methodology/Principal Findings

As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial, we assessed the baseline prevalence of, and risk factors for, active trachoma and ocular C. trachomatis infection in randomly selected children aged 0–5 years from 48 Gambian and 36 Tanzanian communities. Both children''s eyes were examined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) simplified grading system, and an ocular swab was taken from each child''s right eye and processed by Amplicor polymerase chain reaction to test for the presence of C. trachomatis DNA. Prevalence of active trachoma was 6.7% (335/5033) in The Gambia and 32.3% (1008/3122) in Tanzania. The countries'' corresponding Amplicor positive prevalences were 0.8% and 21.9%. After adjustment, risk factors for follicular trachoma (TF) in both countries were ocular or nasal discharge, a low level of household head education, and being aged ≥1 year. Additional risk factors in Tanzania were flies on the child''s face, being Amplicor positive, and crowding (the number of children per household). The risk factors for being Amplicor positive in Tanzania were similar to those for TF, with the exclusion of flies and crowding. In The Gambia, only ocular discharge was associated with being Amplicor positive.

Conclusions/Significance

These results indicate that although the prevalence of active trachoma and Amplicor positives were very different between the two countries, the risk factors for active trachoma were similar but those for being Amplicor positive were different. The lack of an association between being Amplicor positive and TF in The Gambia highlights the poor correlation between the presence of trachoma clinical signs and evidence of C. trachomatis infection in this setting. Only ocular discharge was associated with evidence of C. trachomatis DNA in The Gambia, suggesting that at this low endemicity, this may be the most important risk factor.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00792922","term_id":"NCT00792922"}}NCT00792922     

Simiduia aestuariiviva sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from a tidal flat sediment

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated J-MY2^T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the South Sea, South Korea. Strain J-MY2^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain J-MY2^T forms a cluster with the type strains of Simiduia species. Strain J-MY2^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.62–98.77 % to the type strains of four Simiduia species and of <92.95 % sequence similarity to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain J-MY2^T was found to contain Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c and C_17:1 ω8c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain J-MY2^T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified glycolipids and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain J-MY2^T was determined to be 54.8 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the four Simiduia species were in the range 21–34 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain J-MY2^T is separated from other Simiduia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain J-MY2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Simiduia, for which the name Simiduia aestuariiviva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J-MY2^T ( = KCTC 42073^T = CECT 8571^T).     

Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated GYSW-15^T, was isolated from a seawater of Geoje island on the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain GYSW-15^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GYSW-15^T belongs to the genus Polaribacter, clustering coherently with the type strain of Polaribacter porphyrae showing sequence similarity value of 97.0 %. Strain GYSW-15^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.3–96.4 % to the type strains of the other Polaribacter species. Strain GYSW-15^T was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G, iso-C_16:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain GYSW-15^T containing phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid as major components was similar to that of the type strain of P. porphyrae. The DNA G + C content of strain GYSW-15^T was determined to be 31.2 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness with P. porphyrae LMG 26671^T was 17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GYSW-15^T is separated from recognized Polaribacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain GYSW-15^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GYSW-15^T ( = KCTC 42156^T = CECT 8655^T)     

Siansivirga jejunensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater of Jeju Island in Korea and emendation of the genus Siansivirga

A Gram-stain negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterium, strain JHH-2^T, was isolated from seawater collected in Jeju Island, Korea. The novel isolate was found to grow at 25–30 °C, at pH 6.5–7.0 and in the presence of 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JHH-2^T is closely related to Siansivirga zeaxanthinifaciens JCM 17682^T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.6 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-6 and the major cellular fatty acids were detected as iso-C_15:0, C_16:0 and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. Polar lipid profiling revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid, four unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of the type strain is 35.6 mol%. On the basis of several distinct phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, a new species of the genus Siansivirga, Siansivirga jejunensis JHH-2^T sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JHH-2^T (= KCCM 92030^T = JCM 19228^T).     

Functional expression of a novel alkaline-adapted lipase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from stinky tofu brine and development of immobilized enzyme for biodiesel production

Using enrichment procedures, a lipolytic strain was isolated from a stinky tofu brine and was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (named B. amyloliquefaciens Nsic-8) by morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Meanwhile, the key enzyme gene (named lip _BA) involved in ester metabolism was obtained from Nsic-8 with the assistance of homology analysis. The novel gene has an open reading frame of 645 bp, and encodes a 214-amino-acid lipase (Lip_BA). The deduced amino acid sequence shows the highest identity with the lipase from B. amyloliquefaciens IT-45 (NCBI database) and belongs to the family of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). The lipase gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using plasmid pET-28a. The enzyme activity and specific activity were 250 ± 16 U/ml and 1750 ± 153 U/mg, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant enzyme were 9.0 and 40 °C respectively. Lip_BA showed much higher stability under alkaline conditions and was stable at pH 7.0–11.0. The Km and Vmax values of purified Lip_BA using 4-nitrophenyl palmitate as the substrate were 1.04 ± 0.06 mM and 119.05 ± 7.16 μmol/(ml min), respectively. After purification, recombinant lipase was immobilized with the optimal conditions (immobilization time 3 h at 30 °C, with 92 % enzyme recovery) and the immobilized enzyme was applied in biodiesel production. This is the first report of the lipase activity and lipase gene obtained from B. amyloliquefaciens (including wild strain and recombinant strain) and the recombinant Lip_BA with the detailed enzymatic properties. Also the preliminary study of the transesterification shows the potential value in biodiesel production applications.     

Bizionia psychrotolerans sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

A novel Gram-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated PB-M7^T, was isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber collected from Pohang, South Korea. Growth was observed at 4–30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0), and with 2.0–6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). In a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain PB-M7^T was found to belong to the genus Bizionia and to be most closely related to Bizionia echini KMM 6177^T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Bizionia hallyeonensis T-y7^T (97.9 %), Bizionia algoritergicola APA-1^T (97.5 %), Bizionia argentinensis JUB59^T (97.5 %) and Bizionia myxarmorum ADA-4^T (97.1 %). The predominant fatty acids of strain PB-M7^T were identified as iso-C_15:0 (22.2 %), iso-C_15:1 G (10.8 %), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (16.7 %) and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c; 11.2 %). The major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The polar lipid profile of strain PB-M7^T was found to contain phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain PB-M7^T was determined to be 33.4 mol% and the mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of B. echini, B. hallyeonensis, B. algoritergicola, B. argentinensis, and B. myxarmorum were 52.9, 48.5, 46.5, 37.1 and 26.6 %, respectively. Based on the data presented, strain PB-M7^T represents a novel species of the genus Bizionia, for which the name Bizionia psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of B. psychrotolerans is PB-M7^T (= KCCM 43042 ^T = JCM 19924 ^T).     

Halomonas shantousis sp. nov., a novel biogenic amines degrading bacterium isolated from Chinese fermented fish sauce

A Gram-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium, designated SWA25^T, was isolated from Chinese fermented fish sauce in Shantou, Guangdong Province, China. Strain SWA25^T was moderately halophilic, formed colourless colonies and grew at 10–45 °C (optimum, 37 °C) and pH 4–9 (optimum, 6–7) in the presence of 0.5–22.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %). The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as C_18:1 ω7C, C_16:0, C_16:1 ω7c, and C_19:0 cyclo ω8c, and the predominant respiratory ubiquinone was Q-9. The genomic DNA G+C content was 61.3 ± 2.1 mol %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SWA25^T belonged to the genus Halomonas in the family Halomonadaceae. The closest relatives were Halomonas xianhensis A-1^T (96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), H. lutea DSM 23508^T (96.5 %) and H. muralis LMG 20969^T (96.1 %). DNA–DNA hybridization assays showed 30.7 ± 2.6 % relatedness between strain SWA25^T and H. xianhensis A-1^T, and 39.4 ± 4.1 % between strain SWA25^T and H. lutea DSM 23508^T. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, strain SWA25^T should be placed in the genus Halomonas as a representative of a novel species. The name Halomonas shantousis sp. nov. is proposed, with SWA25^T(=CCTCC AB 2013151^T = JCM 19368^T) as the type strain.     

Flavobacterium ahnfeltiae sp. nov., a new marine polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from a Pacific red alga

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 10Alg 130^T, that displayed the ability to destroy polysaccharides of red and brown algae, was isolated from the red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the novel strain within the genus Flavobacterium, the type genus of the family Flavobacteriaceae, the phylum Bacteroidetes, with sequence similarities of 96.2 and 95.7 % to Flavobacterium jumunjiense KCTC 23618^T and Flavobacterium ponti CCUG 58402^T, and 95.3–92.5 % to other recognized Flavobacterium species. The prevalent fatty acids of strain 10Alg 130^T were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, C_15:0 and iso-C_17:1ω9c. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids and three unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 34.3 mol%. The new isolate and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium could strongly be distinguished by a number of phenotypic characteristics. A combination of the genotypic and phenotypic data showed that the algal isolate represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ahnfeltiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10Alg 130^T (=KCTC 32467^T = KMM 6686^T).     

Thalassobius aquaeponti sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, GJSW-22^T, which was isolated from seawater at Geoje island in South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain GJSW-22^T was observed to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain GJSW-22^T grouped with the type strains of Thalassobius species, forming a stable cluster with the type strain of Thalassobius aestuarii (bootstrap value of 83.2 %). Strain GJSW-22^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (98.0 %) to the type strain of T. aestuarii. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.6–96.1 % to the type strains of the other Thalassobius species. Strain GJSW-22^T was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c and 11-methyl C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain GJSW-22^T were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G + C content of strain GJSW-22^T is 60.3 mol % and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with the type strain of T. aestuarii was 23 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, confirmed that strain GJSW-22^T is distinct from other Thalassobius species. On the basis of the data presented, strain GJSW-22^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thalassobius, for which the name Thalassobius aquaeponti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GJSW-22^T (=KCTC 42115^T = NBRC 110378^T).     

Loktanella aestuariicola sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, J-TF4^T, which was isolated from a tidal flat in the South Sea of South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain J-TF4^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain J-TF4^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Loktanella species, clustering with the type strains of Loktanella cinnabarina, Loktanella hongkongensis, Loktanella soesokkakensis, Loktanella pyoseonensis and ‘Loktanella variabilis’ showing sequence similarity values of 97.2–98.4 %. The strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.1–95.4 % to the type strains of the other Loktanella species. Strain J-TF4^T was found to have Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain J-TF4^T were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain J-TF4^T was determined to be 67.9 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of five phylogenetically related Loktanella species were 17.7–23.3 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, demonstrate that strain J-TF4^T is separated from other Loktanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain J-TF4^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella aestuariicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J-TF4^T (=KCTC 42135^T=NBRC 110408^T).     

Arthrobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field

A Gram-staining-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-motile, non-flagellate and rod-shaped bacterium, was designated as DCY81^T, and isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY81^T belonged to the genus Arthrobacter. Major fatty acid was anteiso-C_15:0, while major polar lipids were diphosphatidyglycerol, phatidyglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (GL1), and dimannosyldiacylglycerol (GL2). The dominant quinone was MK-9(H₂). The peptidoglycan type was A3α with an l-Lys–l-Ala–l-Thr–l-Ala interpeptide bridge. The DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness between strain DCY81^T and Arthrobacter siccitolerans LMG 27359^T (98.2 %), Arthrobacter sulfonivorans JCM 13520^T (97.81 %), Arthrobacter scleromae DSM 17756^T (97.59 %), Arthrobacter oxydans KCTC 3383^T (97.3 %) was 39.1 ± 0.2, 62.2 ± 1.6, 36.8 ± 1.1 and 48.3 ± 1.6 %, respectively which show that the genotypic separation of strain DCY81^T from the closest reference strain of the genus Arthrobacter. The DNA G+C content was 65.2 mol%. The genotypic analysis, physiological, and chemotaxonomic results indicate that strain DCY81^T represents a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter. Therefore, Arthrobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov., is proposed as the type strain (=KCTC 29225^T = JCM 19357^T).     

Mzabimyces algeriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic filamentous actinobacterium isolated from a Saharan soil,and proposal of Mzabimycetaceae fam. nov.

Three halophilic mycelium-forming actinobacteria, strains H195^T, H150 and H151, were isolated from a Saharan soil sample collected from Béni-isguen in the Mzab region (Ghardaïa, South of Algeria) and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterisation. These strains were observed to show an aerial mycelium differentiated into coccoid spore chains and fragmented substrate mycelium. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the highest sequence similarities were to Saccharopolyspora qijiaojingensis YIM 91168^T (92.02 % to H195^T). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the strains H195^T, H150 and H151 represent a distinct phylogenetic lineage. The cell-wall hydrolysate was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the diagnostic whole-cell sugars were identified as arabinose and galactose. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_17:0 and anteiso-C_17:0. The diagnostic phospholipid detected was phosphatidylcholine and MK-9 (H₄) was found to be the predominant menaquinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain H195^T was 68.2 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, we propose that strain H195^T represents a novel genus and species, Mzabimyces algeriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., within a new family, Mzabimycetaceae fam. nov. The type strain of M. algeriensis is strain H195^T (=DSM 46680^T = MTCC 12101^T).     

Citrimicrobium luteum gen. nov., sp. nov., aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium isolated from the gut of a sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus

A Gram-stain negative, yellow-pigmented, motile, pleomorphic bacterium, designated strain CBA4602^T, was isolated from the gut of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, which was collected from Jeju Island in the Republic of Korea. In a phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene, strain CBA4602^T belonged to the order Sphingomonadales in the class Alphaproteobacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain CBA4602^T and ‘Citromicrobium bathyomarinum’ JF-1, the most closely related strain having nonvalidly published name, was 98.4%, followed by 95.2–96.7% identities with sequence of the other closest strains in the genus Erythrobacter. Strain CBA4602^T had bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids. Strain CBA4602^T grew in 0–10% (w/v) NaCl, at 10–42°C and pH 6.0–8.0, with optimal growth in 1–2% NaCl, at 30–37°C and pH 7.0. Strain CBA4602^T was positive for catalase and oxidase activities and was able to hydrolyse gelatine and Tween 20 and 40, but not starch, Tween 80 or l-tyrosine. The G+C content of genomic DNA from strain CBA4602^T was 68.0 mol% and Q-10 was the major detected isoprenoid quinone. The polar lipids were three unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified glycolipids, and two unidentified lipids. The dominant fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_18:0. As considering the current taxonomic status of the genus ‘Citromicrobium’ and polyphasic taxonomic analyses, strain CBA4602^T represents a novel genus and species. The name Citrimicrobium luteum is proposed for the type strain CBA4602^T (=KACC 17668^T =JCM 19530^T).     

Mariniflexile ostreae sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from an oyster

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain able to move by gliding, designated TYO-10^T, was isolated from an oyster collected at Tongyoung on the South Sea, South Korea. Strain TYO-10^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain TYO-10^T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Mariniflexile species. Strain TYO-10^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.4–95.7 % to the type strains of Mariniflexile species and of less than 95.4 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain TYO-10^T was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and iso-C_15:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain TYO-10^T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid, which is similar to those of the type strains of Mariniflexile species, but different from those of other phylogenetically related species. The DNA G+C content of strain TYO-10^T was determined to be 35.9 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain TYO-10^T is separated from other Mariniflexile species. On the basis of the data presented, strain TYO-10^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mariniflexile, for which the name Mariniflexile ostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TYO-10^T (= KCTC 42113^T = CECT 8622^T).     

Litoribrevibacter albus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater,Fujian province,China

A Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped aerobic bacterium with flagella, designated strain Y32^T, was isolated from coastal seawater in Xiamen, Fujian Province of China. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain Y32^T is a member of the family Oceanospirillaceae, forming a distinct lineage with species of the genus Litoribacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain Y32^T and other strains were all less than 94.0 %. Strain Y32^T was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 4–5 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c, 49.4 %), C_16:0 (17.7 %), C_14:0 (6.9 %) and C_18:1 ω9c (5.4 %). The major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain Y32^T was determined to be 55.6 mol%. According to its morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition, polar lipids composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain Y32^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Oceanospirillaceae, for which the name Litoribrevibacter albus gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litoribrevibacter albus is Y32^T (=MCCC 1F01211^T=NBRC 110071^T).     

Motiliproteus sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment

A novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-to-spiral-shaped, oxidase- and catalase- positive and facultatively aerobic bacterium, designated HS6^T, was isolated from marine sediment of Yellow Sea, China. It can reduce nitrate to nitrite and grow well in marine broth 2216 (MB, Hope Biol-Technology Co., Ltd) with an optimal temperature for growth of 30–33 °C (range 12–45 °C) and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl (range 0.5–7 %, w/v). The pH range for growth was pH 6.2–9.0, with an optimum at 6.5–7.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the novel isolate was 93.3 % similar to the type strain of Neptunomonas antarctica, 93.2 % to Neptunomonas japonicum and 93.1 % to Marinobacterium rhizophilum, the closest cultivated relatives. The polar lipid profile of the novel strain consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and some other unknown lipids. Major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/iso-C_15:0 2-OH), C_18:1 ω7c and C_16:0 and the main respiratory quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content of strain HS6^T was 61.2 mol %. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain HS6^T represents a novel genus and species and the name Motiliproteus sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is HS6^T (=ATCC BAA-2613^T=CICC 10858^T).