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1.
Degradation behavior of chitosan chains in the 'green' synthesis of gold nanoparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The degradation behavior of chitosan chains in the synthesis of Au nanoparticles by a 'green' method was investigated in this paper for the first time. UV-vis absorption spectra suggested the formation of Au nanoparticles and TEM images showed that their sizes were between 10 and 50nm. During the process of synthesis, the intrinsic viscosity [eta] of chitosan was observed to decrease gradually, implying that the chitosan chains degraded under the reaction conditions. Further studies showed that the degree of degradation of the chitosan chains was changed with different reaction temperatures, reactant ratios, and the molecular weights of chitosan. 相似文献
2.
G. Vikhoreva G. Bannikova P. Stolbushkina A. Panov N. Drozd V. Makarov V. Varlamov L. Gal'braikh 《Carbohydrate polymers》2005,62(4):1218-332
Synthesis of chitosan sulfates with low molecular weight (Mv 9000–35,000 Da) was carried out by sulfation of low molecular weight chitosan (Mv 10,000–50,000 Da). The oleum was used as sulfating agent and dimethylfornamide as medium. The chitosans were prepared by enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis of initial high molecular weight chitosan as well as by extrusion solid-state deacetylation of chitin. As was shown by FT-IR and NMR-methods and elemental analysis, the sulfation occurred at C-6 and C-3 positions and substitution degree is 1.10–1.63. The molecular weight sulfated chitosan was determined by viscometric method and the Mark–Houwink equation [η]=10−5 4.97 M0.77. Study of anticoagulant activity showed that chitosan sulfates with lowered molecular weight demonstrated a regular increase of anti-Xa activity like heparins. 相似文献
3.
Study on the synergetic degradation of chitosan with ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Chitosan was effectively degraded by hydrogen peroxide under irradiation with ultraviolet light. The existence of a synergetic effect on the degradation was demonstrated by means of viscometry. In addition, the optimal conditions of degradation were determined on the basis of orthogonal tests. The structure of the degraded product was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) analysis and diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) analysis. The mechanism of the degradation of chitosan was correlated with cleavage of the glycosidic bond. 相似文献
4.
K.R. Krishnapriya 《Carbohydrate research》2010,345(14):2013-2895
In this study, a new chitosan biopolymer derivative (CTSL) has been synthesized by anchoring a new vanillin-based complexing agent or ligand, namely 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl] benzaldehyde, (L) with chitosan (CTS) by means of condensation. The new material was characterized by elemental (CHN), spectral (FTIR and solid state 13C NMR), thermal (TG-DTA and DSC), structural (powder XRD), and morphological (SEM) analyses. The CTSL was employed to study the equilibrium adsorption of various metal ions, namely, Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), as functions of pH of the solutions. Its kinetics of adsorption was evaluated utilizing the pseudo first order and pseudo second order equation models and the equilibrium data were analyzed by Langmuir isotherm model. The CTSL shows good adsorption capacity for metal ions studied in the order Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Cd(II) ? Co ? Mn(II) > Fe(II) > Pb(II) in all studied pH ranges due to the presence of many coordinating moieties present in it. 相似文献
5.
Jiraporn Suwan Boyangzi Li Puttinan Meepowpan Shaker A. Mousa Bhusana Premanode Robert J. Linhardt 《Carbohydrate research》2009,344(10):1190-37
The novel low-molecular-weight chitosan polysulfate (MW 5120-26,200 Da) was prepared using the depolymerization of chitosan with papain (EC. 3.4.22.2). The sulfonation of depolymerized products was performed using chlorosulfonic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide under semi-heterogeneous conditions. The structures of the products were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR (1D, 2D NMR) spectroscopy. The present study sheds light on the mechanism of anticoagulant activity of chitosan polysulfate. Anticoagulant activity was investigated by an activated partial thromboplastin assay, a thrombin time assay, a prothrombin time assay, and thrombelastography. Surface plasmon resonance also provided valuable data for understanding the relationship between the molecular binding of sulfated chitosan to two important blood clotting regulators, antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II. These results show that the principal mechanism by which this chitosan polysulfate exhibits anticoagulant activity is mediated through heparin cofactor II and is dependent on polysaccharide molecular weight. 相似文献
6.
Study on the heterogeneous degradation of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide under the catalysis of phosphotungstic acid 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Qun Zeng Huang Shi Ming Wang Jin Feng Huang Li Hong Zhuo Ying Chen Guo 《Carbohydrate polymers》2007,68(4):761-765
The oxidative degradation of chitosan with H2O2 aqueous solution was carried out under the catalysis of phosphotungstic acid in heterogeneous phase. The optimal conditions of degradation were determined by orthogonal tests. The structure of the degraded product was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The mechanism of the degradation was correlated with cleavage of the glycosidic bond. The experimental results showed that chitosan can be effectively degraded with H2O2 under the catalysis of phosphotungstic acid. 相似文献
7.
Novel thiosemicarbazone chitosan derivatives: Preparation, characterization, and antifungal activity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yukun Qin Ronge XingSong Liu Kecheng Li Xiangtao Meng Rongfeng Li Jinhui Cui Bing Li Pengcheng Li 《Carbohydrate polymers》2012,87(4):2664-2670
Three novel thiosemicarbazone chitosan derivatives were obtained via condensation reaction of thiosemicarbazide chitosan with phenylaldehyde, o-hydroxyphenylaldehyde, and p-methoxyphenylaldehyde, respectively. Antifungal activity against the common crop-threatening pathogenic fungi Stemphylium solani weber (S. solani), Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (R. solani), Alternaria solani (A. solani), and Phomopsis asparagi (Sacc.) (P. asparagi) was tested in vitro at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/mL. The derivatives had broad-spectrum antifungal activity that was greatly enhanced in comparison with chitosan. In fact, the highest antifungal index reached 100%. At 0.05 mg/mL, the o-hydroxyphenylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone chitosan inhibited growth of R. solani at 52.6%, and was stronger than polyoxin whose antifungal index was found to be 31.5%. The chitosan derivatives described here lend themselves to future applicative studies in agriculture. 相似文献
8.
Xinhua Zhao 《Carbohydrate research》2009,344(15):2010-2013
A novel aqueous solution-ionic liquid biphasic catalytic system was established for the oxidative degradation of chitosan under mild conditions. In this process, the environmentally acceptable and inexpensive molecular oxygen was first used as oxidant, the metal phthalocyanine was immobilized in ionic liquid as catalyst, and the aqueous solution as medium carried the reactants and the products. Under vigorous stirring and heating, the reactants fully contacted the catalysts in the emulsion and chitosan efficiently degraded into water-soluble materials. At the end of the reaction, the catalytic system could be easily separated by simple decantation and could also be reused in subsequent runs without apparent change in activity. These characters are in favor of the elimination of pollution and the reduction of the economic cost in the large-scale production of the water-soluble chitosan derivatives in chemical industry. 相似文献
9.
Sajomsang W Gonil P Saesoo S Ovatlarnporn C 《International journal of biological macromolecules》2012,50(1):263-269
Five water-soluble chitosan derivatives were carried out by quaternizing either iodomethane or N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Quat188) as a quaternizing agent under basic condition. The degree of quaternization (DQ) ranged between 28 ± 2% and 90 ± 2%. The antifungal activity was evaluated by using disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) methods against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), Trichophyton mentagrophyte (T. mentagrophyte), and Microsporum gypseum (M. gypseum) at pH 7.2. All quaternized chitosans and its derivatives showed more effective against T. rubrum than M. gypseum and T. mentagrophyte. The MIC and MFC values were found to range between 125-1000 μg/mL and 500-4000 μg/mL, respectively against all fungi. Our results indicated that the quaternized N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminocinnamyl) chitosan chloride showed highest antifungal activity against T. rubrum and M. gypseum compared to other quaternized chitosan derivatives. The antifungal activity tended to increase with an increase in molecular weight, degree of quaternization and hydrophobic moiety against T. rubrum. However, the antifungal activity was depended on type of fungal as well as chemical structure of the quaternized chitosan derivatives. 相似文献
10.
Influence of functional groups on the in vitro anticoagulant activity of chitosan sulfate 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
A new method for the chemical modification of chitosan sulfate was used to prepare N-propanoyl-, N-hexanoyl- and N,O-quaternary substituted chitosan sulfate. Structural analysis by elemental analysis, FTIR, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and gel-permeation chromatography showed that these methods could conveniently be used for the introduction of functional groups. The influences of the acyl or quaternary groups on the anticoagulant activity of the polysaccharides were studied with respect to activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) thrombin time (TT), and prothrombin time (PT). The propanoyl and hexanoyl groups increased the APTT activity, and the propanoyl groups also increased the TT anticoagulant activity slightly, while the N,O-quaternary chitosan sulfate showed only a slight TT coagulant activity. 相似文献
11.
Warayuth Sajomsang Varawut Tangpasuthadol William H. Daly 《Carbohydrate research》2009,344(18):2502-269
Chemical modification of chitosan by introducing quaternary ammonium moieties into the polymer backbone renders excellent antimicrobial activity to the adducts. In the present study, we have synthesized 17 derivatives of chitosan consisting of a variety of N-aryl substituents bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. Selective N-arylation of chitosan was performed via Schiff bases formed by the reaction between the 2-amino groups of the glucosamine residue of chitosan with aromatic aldehydes under acidic conditions, followed by reduction of the Schiff base intermediates with sodium cyanoborohydride. Each of the derivatives was further quaternized using N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (Quat-188) as the quaternizing agent that reacted with either the primary amino or hydroxyl groups of the glucosamine residue of chitosan. The resulting quaternized materials were water soluble at neutral pH. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) antimicrobial studies of these materials were carried out on Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria in order to explore the impact of the extent of N-substitution (ES) on their biological activities. At ES less than 10%, the presence of the hydrophobic substituent, such as benzyl and thiophenylmethyl, yielded derivatives with lower MIC values than chitosan Quat-188. Derivatives with higher ES exhibited reduced antibacterial activity due to low quaternary ammonium moiety content. At the same degree of quaternization, all quaternized N-aryl chitosan derivatives bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents did not contribute antibacterial activity relative to chitosan Quat-188. Neither the functional group nor its orientation impacted the MIC values significantly. 相似文献
12.
Streptomyces kurssanovii are Gram-positive mycelial bacteria ubiquitous in soil. They have a saprophytic way of life and produce many extracellular enzymes with polymer-degrading properties, for example, chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) and N-acetyl-β-
-glucosaminidase (EC3.2.1.30). Biochemical aspects of chitosan degradation were presented. Low-molecular-weight (LMW) chitosans with molecular weight 4–8 kDa were prepared from commercial crab chitosan by means of chitinolytic a complex from S. kurssanovii. The optimum conditions of process in solution (temperature, pH, enzyme-substrate ratio) have been determined. Yields of LMW chitosan were 70–80%. 相似文献
13.
A series of novel chitosan derivatives with octyl, sulfate and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (mPEG) groups as hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, respectively, were synthesized. These PEGylated amphiphilic chitosan derivatives were characterized with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis. And their physical properties were measured by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the modified chitosans determined by using pyrene as a hydrophobic probe in fluorescence spectroscopy were found to be 0.011–0.079 mg/ml, and the log CMC was linearly relative to four structure parameters, that is the degree of substitution (DS) of chitosan unit, sulfate group, PEG unit and octyl group by mole per kilogram. Paclitaxel, a water-insoluble anticancer drug, was solubilized into the polymeric micelles formed by these derivatives utilizing physical entrapment method, with micellar particle size around 100–130 nm, and the highest paclitaxel concentration of 3.94 mg/ml was found in N-mPEG-N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan (mPEGOSC) micellar solution, which was much higher than that in water (less than 0.001 mg/ml). Therefore, N-mPEG-N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles may be useful as a prospective carrier for paclitaxel. 相似文献
14.
Chitosan (CS) is considered a suitable biomaterial for enzyme immobilization. CS combination with polyethylene glycol (PEG) can improve the biocompatibility and the properties of the immobilized system. Thus, the present work investigated the effect of the PEG in the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization into chitosan nanoparticles from the morphological, physicochemical, and biochemical perspectives. CS and CS/PEG nanoparticles were obtained by ionotropic gelation and provided immobilization efficiencies (IE) of 65.8 % and 51.7 % and activity recovery (AR) of 76.4 % and 60.4 %, respectively. The particles were characterized by DLS, ZP, SEM, FTIR, TGA and DSC analysis. Chitosan nanoparticles showed size around 135 nm and increased to 229 nm after PEG addition and HRP immobilization. All particles showed positive surface charges (20−28 mV). Characterizations suggest nanoparticles formation and effective immobilization process. Similar values for optimum temperature and pH for immobilized HRP into both nanoparticles were found (45 °C, 7.0). Vmax value decreased by 5.07 to 3.82 and 4.11 mM/min and KM increased by 17.78 to 18.28 and 19.92 mM for free and immobilized HRP into chitosan and chitosan/PEG nanoparticles, respectively. Another biochemical parameters (Kcat, Ke, and Kα) evaluated showed a slight reduction for the immobilized enzyme in both nanoparticles compared to the free enzyme. 相似文献
15.
N-Deacetylation and depolymerization reactions of chitin/chitosan: Influence of the source of chitin
Gemma Galed Beatriz Miralles Ins Paos Alejandro Santiago ngeles Heras 《Carbohydrate polymers》2005,62(4):316-320
The deacetylation and depolymerization reactions of chitin/chitosan from three crustacean species (Paralomis granulosa, Lithodes antarcticus and Palinurus vulgaris) were evaluated under the same conditions. The average molecular weight and the mole fraction of N-acetylated units were the parameters studied in the resulting chitosans. During the N-deacetylation process P. granulosa, L. antarcticus and P. vulgaris follow a pseudo-first order kinetics and their apparent rate constants are very similar. However, the degradation rate of chitosan in the first 45 min of this process is higher for P. vulgaris. The depolymerization process follows a pseudo-first order kinetics for the three species, but in the first 9 min P. vulgaris shows a slightly lower depolymerization rate. Hence, depending on the ash contents, crystallinity and the physicochemical characteristics of chitin from these sources, the obtained chitosans show different qualities. 相似文献
16.
A. Anitha V.V. Divya Rani R. Krishna V. Sreeja N. Selvamurugan S.V. Nair H. Tamura R. Jayakumar 《Carbohydrate polymers》2009,78(4):672-677
Chitosan (CS) is a naturally occurring biopolymer. It has important biological properties such as biocompatibility, antifungal and antibacterial activity, wound healing ability, anticancerous property, anticholesteremic properties, and immunoenhancing effect. Recently, CS nanoparticles have been used for biomedical applications. However, due to the limited solubility of CS in water its water-soluble derivatives are preferred for the above said applications. In this work, the nanoparticles of CS and its water-soluble derivatives such as O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (N,O-CMC) was synthesized and characterized. In addition, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of the prepared nanoparticles was also evaluated for biomedical applications. 相似文献
17.
《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2013,88(4):165-171
In the present investigation, a simple technique was employed to obtain cross-sections of unloaded and nifedipine loaded chitosan microspheres. Microspheres, adhering to a polymerized resin block, were cut with an ultramicrotome and viewed with a scanning electron microscope. Unloaded microspheres exhibited a uniform dense matrix structure while crystals of nifedipine were clearly visible in the drug-loaded microspheres. At 2% drug loading, however, no crystals could be seen in the microspheres indicating that either the drug was molecularly dispersed or dissolved in the matrix at this concentration. This was confirmed by powder X-ray diffractometry studies where no peak due to crystalline nifedipine was observed. At high Span 85 concentration (1.5% w/v), the external surface of the microspheres collapsed, but the internal structure remained dense. When the drug was dispersed in the chitosan solution with stirring during preparation, the entrapment was good and the shape of the crystals was changed. The internal structure of the microspheres following dissolution exhibited the presence of pores. 相似文献
18.
In the present investigation, a simple technique was employed to obtain cross-sections of unloaded and nifedipine loaded chitosan microspheres. Microspheres, adhering to a polymerized resin block, were cut with an ultramicrotome and viewed with a scanning electron microscope. Unloaded microspheres exhibited a uniform dense matrix structure while crystals of nifedipine were clearly visible in the drug-loaded microspheres. At 2% drug loading, however, no crystals could be seen in the microspheres indicating that either the drug was molecularly dispersed or dissolved in the matrix at this concentration. This was confirmed by powder X-ray diffractometry studies where no peak due to crystalline nifedipine was observed. At high Span 85 concentration (1.5% w/v), the external surface of the microspheres collapsed, but the internal structure remained dense. When the drug was dispersed in the chitosan solution with stirring during preparation, the entrapment was good and the shape of the crystals was changed. The internal structure of the microspheres following dissolution exhibited the presence of pores. 相似文献
19.
Anticoagulant activity of a sulfated chitosan 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Chitin prepared from the shells of rice-field crabs (Somanniathelphusa dugasti) was converted into chitosan with a degree of acetylation of 0.21 and then sulfated with chlorosulfonic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide under semi-heterogeneous conditions to give 87% of water-soluble sulfated chitosan with degree of substitution (d.s) of 2.13. 1H NMR revealed the sulfate substitution at C-2, C-3 and C-6. Gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B of the sulfated chitosan gave three fractions with average molecular weights of 7.1, 3.5, and 1.9 x 10(4). The three sulfated chitosan preparations showed strong anticoagulant activities, with the same mechanism of action observed for standard therapeutic heparin. 相似文献
20.
Synthesis and characterization of a brush-like copolymer of polylactide grafted onto chitosan 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A brush-like poly(DL)-lactide grafted onto chitosan as the backbone was investigated. The graft copolymerization was carried out with triethylaluminum as catalyst in toluene at 70 degrees C. It was found that a greater lactide content in the feeding ratio results in a higher grafting percentage. FTIR spectrometry, (1)H NMR, DSC scanning, and wide-angle X-ray scattering, respectively, are used to characterize these branch copolymers. A copolymer has a definite melting point when the molar feeding ratio of lactide to chitosan is more than 10:1, and the deltaH of the copolymers increases with the feed ratio of lactide to chitosan in feeding. 相似文献