Vicia johannis and wild relatives of the faba bean: a taxonomic study

Preliminary taxonomic and agronomic investigation was made of close relatives of the faba bean (Vicia faba) to aid future plant breeding. Cluster analysis of 2 yr’s morphometric data showed thatV. johannis is clearly separable from other members of theV. narbonensis complex. AlsoV. faba was much more distinct from eitherV. narbonensis orV. johannis than they are from each other. Petal colours at anthesis provided a rapid method of field identification forV. faba, V. narbonensis, andV. johannis. The 2 varieties ofV. johannis can also be distinguished by their petal colours: var. procumbens shows a marked colour change at anthesis and var. johannis does not. The geographical distribution of the plant material studied suggests thatV. johannis is found in Turkey and Europe despite being omitted from the major published floras. BothV. johannis andV. narbonensis possess agronomically useful characters of importance to faba bean breeders, including increased frost tolerance and resistance to bothAphis fabae andBotrytis fabae.     

Genetic diversity and relationships in some <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia</Emphasis> species as determined by SDS-PAGE of seed proteins

To evaluate the genetic diversity of some Vicia species, seed proteins of 160 accessions (30 of Vicia faba, 15 of V. narbonensis, 82 of V. sativa and 25 of V. ervilia and 8 accessions of other Vicia species) were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The dendrogram showed that the two outcrossing species V. faba and V. villosa were the most distant among all species (average percent disagreement value PDV 0.47 and 0.45, respectively). The tree was divided into small clusters of two species each. V. narbonensis fell in one cluster with V. michausai (at PDV = 0.35) and V. lutea (var. hirta) fell in one cluster with V. serococorpes (at PDV = 0.32) whereas, V. ervilia fell in one cluster with V. sativa (at PDV = 0.27). The V. sativa subspecies, however, were closely related (PDV < 0.1). In general, this study did not prove any relationship between the studied storage proteins and the geographical distribution or ecological needs of the studied accessions.     

Chloroplast DNA diversity in Vicia faba and its close wild relatives: implications for reassessment

To obtain new information on phylogenetic relationships between wild and cultivated broad bean, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of chloroplast (cp) DNAs from Vicia faba and eight subspecies/species of its close wild relatives grouped together in the Narbonensis complex was carried out using 14 restriction endonucleases. The molecular sizes of the cpDNAs obtained were similar (122.6–123.4 kbp), indicating that they had all lost one of inverted repeats. Among the more than 300 sites surveyed, the three subspecies within V. narbonensis, which exhibit just as many types of karyotypes, were shown to have identical cp fragment patterns. Genetic distances between all of the pairs of species were calculated from RFLP data. The cpDNA diversity within the Narbonensis complex was found to be more extensive than expected, except for the genetic relationship between V. hyaeniscyamus and V. johannis in which a total of three mutations were detected among the 300 sites sampled, thereby showing their close relatedness. The cpDNA of V. faba vis-a-vis its wild relatives also exhibited startling differences, indicating a clear division of Vicia species into two distinct lineages. This analysis unambiguously provides new evidence that the wild species grouped in the complex did not contribute their plastomes to the evolution of V. faba, and hence none of the species can be considered to be putative allies of broad bean. The present study also demonstrates profound cpDNA diversity among closely related species that have lost one of inverted repeats.     

Physical mapping of 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal RNA gene families in three important vetches (Vicia species) and their allied taxa constituting three species complexes

The most-important vetch species, Vicia narbonensis (narbon vetch, section Faba), Vicia villosa (hairy vetch, section Cracca) and Vicia sativa (common vetch, section Vicia) and their close relatives (often difficult to circumscribe into distinct taxa) constitute respectively, Narbonensis, Villosa and Sativa species complexes in the genus Vicia. The distribution of the 18S-5.8S-26S (18S-26S) and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene families on the chromosomes of 19 (2n=2x=10,12,14) of the 24 species and subspecies belonging to the three species complexes, and Vicia bithynica (2n=12, section Faba) and Vicia hybrida (2n=12, section Hypechusa) was studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with pTa 71 (18S-26S rDNA) and pTa 794 (5S rDNA) DNA clones. Computer – aided chromosome analysis was performed on the basis of chromosome length, the arm-length ratio and the position of the hybridization signals. The positions of the four (2+2) signals of the two rRNA gene families were similar between each of the three, as well as two subspecies of V. narbonensis and Vicia johannis, respectively. Two major 18S-26S rDNA loci were found in the nucleolus organiser regions (NORs) of each of the species except V. hybrida, where it was present in two out of four SAT chromosomes. In addition to major NORs, two minor loci have been physically mapped at the centromeric regions of chromosomes of group 1 in Vicia amphicarpa, Vicia macrocarpa and V. sativa, and two NORs of group 5 in V. hybrida, and on the long arms of group 4 in V. bithynica. Two or four 5S rDNA loci, observed in the short arms of groups 2–4 and 5, and 18S-26S rDNA loci were located in different chromosomes of all the species within the Narbonensis and Villosa species complexes, and Vicia angustifolia of the Sativa species complex. In the remaining six species of the Sativa species complex, and V. bithynica and V. hybrida, the two or four 5S rDNA sites were present in chromosomes which harbor 18S-26S rRNA genes. The tandemly repeated 5S rDNA sites, located at the proximal part of the long arm of groups 3–5, were diagnostic for V. angustifolia, Vicia cordata, Vicia incisa, V. macrocarpa, Vicia nigra and V. sativa of the Sativa species complex. In V. amphicarpa of the same complex, the tandem repeats were located at the distal part of the long arms of group 3. Variability in the number, size and location of two ribosomal DNA probes could generally distinguish species within the Narbonensis and Sativa species complex, V. bithynica and V. hybrida. With respect to the four species of the Villosa species complex the karyotypes could not be identified individually on the basis of the distribution of two ribosomal gene families in three out of seven pairs of chromosomes. Received: 18 October 2000 / Accepted: 20 March 2001     

Isoenzyme variation in the wild relatives ofVicia faba (Fabaceae)

Electrophoretic analysis of five enzyme systems, LAP, PGI, SKDH, SOD and 6-PGDH, among 102Vicia accessions representingV. bithynica and seven species of theV. narbonensis complex, namelyV. eristalioides, V. kalakhensis, V. johannis, V. galilaea, V. serratifolia, V. narbonensis andV. hyaeniscyamus, has been performed. The recorded variation was tentatively assigned to 41 allelic genes at eight loci; intraspecific variation was observed in all species except forV. eristalioides. The results obtained were compared with the corresponding data reported earlier forV. faba. Hierarchical grouping of the investigated taxa, includingV. faba, was based onNei's genetic identities calculated from the allozyme frequency data.Vicia faba andV. bithynica were shown to be most distantly related to one another and to the remaining species investigated.Vicia serratifolia appeared to be a peripheral member of theV. narbonensis complex. The results are discussed with reference to genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships of the species under study.     

Analisi citologica di alcune specie del genere Vicia

Abstract

Karyology of some species of Vicia. The species studied are: Vicia articulata, Vicia monantha, Vicia narbonensis and Vicia ervilia.

The chromosome number 2n = 14 counted for the first three species agrees with that reported in literature; that of Vicia monantha (2n=14) agrees with that quoted by Heitz, while Senn finds 2n=12.

Karyotypes of V. narbonensis and V. ervilia show appreciable differences from those reported in literature.     

Taxonomy, evolution and domestication of Vicia in relation to aphid resistance

Thirty Vicia species and 28 V. faba cultivars were evaluated for Aphis fabae resistance by measuring rates of aphid population increase (r_m) on the host plants. A subset of these species (22) and cultivars (five) were evaluated for resistance to Acyrthosiphon pisum and Megoura viciae. For the same subset of 22 Vicia species and all three aphid species, positive correlations were observed between the concentration and numbers of leaf and stem non-protein amino acids and the level of aphid resistance. Correlations were also observed between trichome density, on some organs of the host, and both nymphal survival and development time. Aphid resistance, together with these possible physical and chemical resistance mechanisms, showed a pattern which was described in relation to the taxonomy of the genus Vicia and the degree of domestication of the host. The least advanced Vicia species were most resistant whilst the more specialised species and those most closely related to V. faba and V. faba itself were most susceptible. Within each taxonomic group (subgenus or section), the most domesticated species were least resistant. The merits of utilising the resistance found in some V. faba cultivars and in other wild Vicia species were considered.     

Aphid populations showing differential levels of virulence on Capsicum accessions

The green peach aphid,Myzus persicae,is one of the most threatening pests in pepper cultivation and growers would benefit from resistant varietices.Previously,we identified two Capsicum acessions as susceptible and three as resistant to M.persicae using an aphid population originating from the Netherlands(NL).Later on we identified an aphid population originating from a diferent gcographical region(Switserland,SW)that was virulent on all tested Capsicum acessions.The objeetive of the current work is to describe in detail diferent aspects of the interaction between two aphid populations and two sclected Capsicum acessions(one that was susceptible[PB2013046]and one that was resistant[PB2013071]to population NL),including biochemical processes involved.Electrical penetration graph(EPG)recordings showed similar feeding activities for both aphid populations on PB2013046.On acession PB2013071 the aphid population sw was able to devote significantly more time to phloem ingestion than population NL.We also studied plant defense response and found that plants of acession PB2013046 could not induce an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose formation after infestation with either aphid population.However,plants of PB2013071 induced a stronger defense response after infestation by population NL than after infestation by population SW.Based on these results,population SW of M.persicae seems to have overcome the resistance of PB2013071 that prevented feeding of aphids from NL population.The potential mechanism by which SW population overcomes the resistance is discussed.     

Identification of resistance to Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in wild Arachis germplasm

Eighty three wild Arachis germplasm accessions, belonging to 24 species of five sections and one natural hybrid derivative of a cross between the cultivated and a wild Arachis species, were evaluated along with a susceptible groundnut cultivar for resistance to Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in a replicated field trial at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. Thirty days after sowing, the percentage of infected plants were recorded for all the accessions and subsequently young leaflets from all these accessions were tested for the presence of the virus by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One accession each of A. benensis and A. cardenasii, and two accessions of A. villosa, in the section Arachis, two accessions of A. appressipila in the section Procumbentes, and one accession of A. triseminata under section Triseminatae were not infected by PBNV. These seven field‐resistant accessions were tested under glasshouse conditions for virus resistance by mechanical sap inoculations. One accession of A. cardenasii and two accessions of A. villosa did not show systemic infection. Similarly, in another glasshouse test, where 13 A. cardenasii accessions of section Arachis were evaluated, two accessions did not show systemic infection. In all these resistant accessions, the inoculated leaves showed infection, but the systemic leaves did not show the presence of virus in spite of repeated mechanical sap inoculations. So, the resistance in these accessions appears to be due to a block in systemic movement of the virus. To our knowledge this is the first report on the identification of resistance to PBNV in wild Arachis species. Since both A. cardenasii and A. villosa are the progenitors of cultivated groundnut and can be hybridised with the latter, the resistant accessions are being utilised in conventional breeding programmes to transfer PBNV resistance to widely adapted groundnut cultivars.     

Antixenosis phloem‐based resistance to aphids: is it the rule?

1. The concept of plant defence syndrome states that plant species growing in similar biotic or abiotic constraints should have convergent defensive traits. This article is a first step to test the prediction of this concept, by conducting experiments on wild Solanum species (or accessions) that originated from the Andes. The nature and the tissue localisation of the resistance of five wild Solanum species known to be resistant against the aphids Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae were determined by olfactometry and electrical penetration graph experiments. 2. Volatile organic compounds may contribute to wild Solanum resistance, depending on Solanum accessions and aphid species. Volatiles of S. bukasovii and S. stoloniferum PI 275248 were not attractive to M. persicae, whereas S. bukasovii was repulsive to M. euphorbiae. In contrast, volatiles of S. stoloniferum PI 275248 were attractive for M. euphorbiae. 3. Some wild Solanum species presented a generalised resistance in all plant tissues, so as for S. bukasovii and S. stoloniferum PI 275248 against M. persicae. However, except for S. bukasovii which was susceptible to M. euphorbiae, all tested Solanum species presented a phloem‐based antixenosis resistance against the two aphid species. 4. A review of articles focused on the nature of resistance of wild Solanum species against aphids corroborated with our results, i.e. a phloem‐based antixenosis resistance against aphids is the rule concerning the system aphids–wild Solanum species.     

Taxonomic relationships between V. faba and its relatives based on nuclear and mitochondrial RFLPs and PCR analysis

Summary The taxonomic relationships between 52 accessions of 12 Vicia species and three accessions of Lathyrus were examined using nuclear RFLP- and PCR-generated data. Two hundred and sixty informative restriction fragments or amplification products were analysed by single linkage analysis, average cluster analysis, and the Wagner parsimony method. Dendrograms constructed from each type of analysis showed similar overall topologies and could be divided into three parts corresponding respectively to the Lathyrus outgroup, the species grouped in the section Faba/narbonemis complex, and the species belonging to the sections Hypechusa and Peregrinae. With few exceptions, the majority of accessions belonging to one species grouped together before branching to other species. An analysis of mitochondrial DNA phenotypes was both consistent with and complemented the results from the nuclear data. Overall, the species relationships show a good correlation with the classification of Maxted et al. but suggest that V. faba is more closely aligned to species from the sections Hypechusa and Peregrinae than to those in the narbonensis complex. In addition, the position of two new species, V. kalakhensis and V. eristaloides, as members of the narbonensis complex was supported by the molecular data, which also allowed a preliminary classification for recently collected Vicia accessions.     

Biological performance of Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on seven wild Solanum species

Resistance level of seven accessions of wild Solanum species (Solanaceae) to Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera: Aphididae) was evaluated by measuring survival and fecundity during sleeve cage experiments and population growth on whole plants in a controlled environment. The survival was lowest on the Solanum circaeifolium spp. capsicibaccatum, Solanum pinnatisectum and Solanum trifidum accessions for M. persicae and on the S. circaeifolium spp. capsicibaccatum, Solanum okadae and S. trifidum, accessions with M. euphorbiae. Plant species significantly influenced the fecundity of both aphid species. Aphid population growth on whole plants was negatively affected by the age of the plant, but generally followed the levels of net reproductive rate on different plant species observed during the sleeve cage experiment. The population of M. persicae varied among the seven wild potato accessions with the lowest growth rates on S. circaeifolium spp. capsicibaccatum, Solanum polyadenium, Solanum tarijense and S. trifidum. The number of M. euphorbiae also varied among accessions but the smallest population was collected from S. polyadenium. The results can be used to identify sources of resistance to aphids within those accessions already known to be resistant to the Colorado potato beetle. This study highlights the difficulties involved in developing a high-throughput screening test for aphid resistance compatible with a potato breeding programme.     

Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns inVicia species of sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae (Fabaceae)

This work is a continuation of electrophoretic investigations aimed at revealing a wild relative ofVicia faba. Electrophoretic analysis (PAGE) of seed albumins covered 52 accessions representing eightVicia species of sect.Hypechusa and two species of sect.Peregrinae. Most of the examined species showed an intraspecific variation due to differences between accessions and/or individual variation within accessions. In spite of the intraspecific variation, marked interspecific differences were recorded. However, none of the investigated species displayed electrophoretic seed albumin patterns similar to those reported earlier forV. faba. Contribution of the obtained results to characterization of the examined taxa is discussed.     

Genetic diversity analysis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia </Emphasis>species using retrotransposon-based SSAP markers

Twelve different Ty1-copia and Ty3-gypsy group LTR retrotransposons were compared for their usefulness in SSAP marker development in two agriculturally important Vicia species. Three of the retrotransposons, PDR1, Tps19 and Tvf4, yielded useful SSAP marker systems in V. faba, and V. narbonensis. Another, Tvf1 was a good source of SSAP markers in V. narbonensis alone. The optimized SSAP marker systems were applied to the analysis of two diverse Vicia germplasm sets. Two hundred and two polymorphic Tvf1 SSAP markers were scored in 56 V. narbonensis samples and 196 polymorphic markers derived from the other three most useful retrotransposons were scored in a collection of 20 V. faba samples. The marker data were then used to construct phylogenetic trees. The trees for both species tend to show long-branch lengths, with rather little fine structure. Some V. narbonensis accessions cluster by geographical origin but many do not and a given geographical region is often represented by multiple diverse groups in the tree, suggesting a deep and ancient structure for the diversity of V. narbonensis that spans its current geographic range. The tree for the V. faba accessions also shows very limited clustering with geographical origin and no obvious correlation between diversity and morphology-based taxonomic groupings for the species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Authors Alberto Martín Sanz, Susana Gilsanz Gonzalez and Naeem H. Syed have made equal contributions.     

Patterns of resistance to three cereal aphids among wheats in the genus Triticum (Poaceae)

Forty-one accessions of wild and cultivated wheats belonging to 19 Triticum species were tested in the field for resistance to three species of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus, Sitobion avenae Fabricius and Schizaphis graminum Rondani. Antibiotic resistance was estimated by the increase in biomass of aphids over 21 days on adult plants. Overall resistance was estimated by the plant biomass lost due to aphid infestation. All three species of aphids survived and reproduced on all wheats, and reduced spike biomass compared to uninfested controls. The level of antibiosis varied among wheat species and among accessions, with accessions from three, five and one species showing antibiosis to R. padi, S. avenae and S. graminum, respectively. Overall resistance to the three aphid species was observed in five to seven accessions per aphid species. Resistance was usually specific to one aphid species. The frequency of accessions with antibiosis or overall resistance was associated with the ploidy level of the plant species. Except for overall resistance to R. padi, resistance was highest for diploid species and lowest for hexaploid species. No consistent relationship between resistance and level of domestication was detected. Accessions of the wild wheats, Triticum boeoticum Bois, Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. and Triticum araraticum Jakubz. exhibited high levels of resistance to aphids, as did Triticum monococcum L. which is derived from T. boeoticum. Nevertheless, individual susceptible or resistant accessions occurred at all levels within the evolutionary tree of wheat.     

种植茼蒿对蚕豆苜蓿蚜的田间控制作用

[目的] 探讨不同生育期和不同种植方式的茼蒿对蚕豆蚜虫的诱集作用,为利用茼蒿控制蚕豆蚜虫提供理论依据。[方法] 在蚕豆田四周种植不同生育期（幼苗期、现蕾期、开花期）和不同行数（1行、2行）的茼蒿,观察不同处理的蚕豆田有蚜株率和蚜害等级,各处理设在互不干扰的小区内进行。[结果] 蚕豆四周种植不同生育期茼蒿后,蚕豆上有蚜株率和蚜害等级比例存在显著差异,且与茼蒿的生育期有明显的相关性,各处理有蚜株率从低到高分别为茼蒿开花期（28.33%） < 现蕾期（41.67%） < 幼苗期（55.00%）,并均显著低于对照（63.33%）;种植不同生育期茼蒿后,各处理蚕豆蚜害等级也不同,5级蚜害在种植开花期茼蒿处理后仅为5.00%,现蕾期为23.33%,幼苗期为33.33%,对照蚕豆上蚜害最高,达40.00%。分别种植1行（33.33%）和2行（23.33%）茼蒿后,最高有蚜株率均显著低于对照（66.67%）,低蚜害等级比例明显增高,高蚜害比例明显下降,且种植2行的效果更佳。[结论] 开花期的茼蒿对蚕豆蚜虫诱集作用最强,种植2行开花期茼蒿可以有效降低蚕豆蚜虫为害。在蚕豆生产上,种植茼蒿可以作为蚕豆蚜虫生态防控的重要手段之一。     

蓖麻根腐病抗性鉴定及其SSR标记的初步建立

蓖麻根腐病是茄腐镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)引起的根部病害,严重影响蓖麻产量。抗源缺乏制约了抗病品种的选育。为寻找抗病种质、建立抗性分子标记,该研究对252份蓖麻材料的抗性进行了表型和分子标记鉴定。结果表明:(1)浓度为1×10⁶个·mL^-1的孢子悬浮液灌根是一种有效的接种方法; 以接种后枯萎天数为基础的5级评价法,可作为鉴定标准。(2)鉴定出130份抗病材料,其中高抗为105份。(3)野生材料中抗病材料比率(66%)远高于栽培材料(35%),建议将野生材料,尤其是中国华南野生材料的研究利用作为今后抗病育种的重要方向。(4)初步建立了8个与抗性关联的SSR标记。该研究结果提供了有效的根腐病抗性鉴定方法和评价标准,筛选出了一批育种迫切需要的抗病基因资源,初步建立了可用于辅助选择的SSR标记,为蓖麻抗根腐病育种奠定了重要基础。     

Identification and characterisation of antixenosis and antibiosis to pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in Pisum spp. germplasm

Acyrthosiphon pisum is a polyphagous aphid of major importance on the pea crop to which few resistant cultivars are available. In this study, we screened a germplasm collection of Pisum spp. under field conditions over two seasons yielding the identification of a number of accessions with intermediate levels of resistance. Selected accessions were further studied under semi‐controlled and controlled conditions in no choice and choice assays to validate the responses, and to further characterise the mechanisms of resistance operative. Results elucidated the valuable resistance of accession P40 (Pisum sativum ssp. sativum) and P665 (P. sativum ssp. syriacum), with the combination of both antixenosis, by reducing aphid preference, and antibiosis, by diminishing aphid proliferation.     

Aphid population abundance and pestiferous effect on various bean plant species

The population abundance, infestation, and harmful effects of the aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were studied on four bean plant species, namely the country bean (Lablab purpureus var. BARI Seem 1), the yard‐long bean (Vigna sesquipedalis var. BARI Borboti 1), the hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab var. BARI Seem 6), and the bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. BARI Jar Seem 3). Aphid abundance and infestation on the leaves, inflorescences, flowers, and pods differed significantly among the bean plant species, with P. vulgaris and V. sesquipedalis having the lowest and highest results, respectively. Aphid severity grade and the number of trichomes of the bean plant species were negatively correlated. The duration of the growth stages among the bean plant species were significantly different, with V. sesquipedalis having the shortest durations. Aphid abundance and infestation significantly affected the physical and phytochemical characteristics of the bean plant species. The highest reduction of number of leaves, flower inflorescences, and pod inflorescences per plant, and moisture and chlorophyll content in the leaves was found in L. purpureus. The results for V. sesquipedalis revealed the highest reduction in plant height, seed weight, and pH, while those of D. lablab showed the highest reduction in leaf area.