干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢及灌浆速率的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,小麦旗叶内H2O2和O-·2水平随干旱胁迫的加剧和衰老进程的加快而逐渐升高,活性氧清除系统中的SOD和CAT活性逐渐下降,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高,导致叶片内可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量下降,是干旱胁迫造成对籽粒产量贡献较大的旗叶伤害的主要原因之一,从而导致穗粒重下降.     

光合作用的光抑制与光合器官的活性氧代谢

对光抑制的作用机制与光合器官中活性氧代谢的概况及相关的研究进展作了综述。     

铝胁迫对转C4磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因水稻光合作用和活性氧代谢的影响

以转C4 Ppc基因水稻为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术和酶学手段,调查铝胁迫对转C4 Ppc基因水稻光合作用和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,在铝胁迫条件下,转C4 Ppc基因水稻的叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ、qP和qN下降幅度显著小于野生型。可见在铝胁迫的条件下,转C4 Ppc基因水稻仍表现出较高的光合效率。铝处理导致水稻活性氧含量的增加,但由于转C4 Ppc基因水稻活性氧清除酶SOD、POD和CAT含量显著高于野生型,表现出较低的膜脂过氧化。上述结果表明,C4 Ppc基因的导入显著提高了水稻的耐铝特性。     

干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响

研究了干旱胁迫对抗旱性强弱不同的两种小麦幼苗的抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响。干旱胁迫导致了两种小麦抗氰呼吸活性及基因转录水平的下降,但抗旱品种在轻度干旱胁迫下表现出一定的适应能力,其抗氰呼吸活性及基因转录水平均高于不抗旱品种。干旱胁迫下,对干旱敏感的小麦幼苗叶片中活性氧含量高于抗旱小麦;3种抗氧化酶的活性低于抗旱小麦的3种抗氧化酶的活性。据此认为,严重的干旱胁迫引起活性氧含量的增加扰动了活性氧与抗氰呼吸之间的应答平衡,但抗氰呼吸可能通过清除活性氧等机制而起了抗旱的作用。     

脱硫废弃物对盐碱地水稻活性氧代谢的影响

以'96-D10'水稻品种为材料,测定了不同脱硫废弃物施用量下盐碱地水稻不同生育期的抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化指标的变化,以探讨脱硫废弃物对水稻生长影响的生理机制及脱硫废弃物对盐碱地改良的效果.结果表明,随着脱硫废弃物施用量的增加,水稻各生育期叶片和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞质膜相对透性、超氧阴离子自由基(t/hm2脱硫废弃物施用量处理在水稻整个生育期内抗氧化保护酶的活性最高,而活性氧的含量和膜脂过氧化作用最低.研究发现,施用22.5 t/hm2脱硫废弃物能够显著提高盐碱地水稻植株不同生育期保护酶活性,减少体内活性氧过量累积,从而增强其耐盐性.     

钙对烟草叶片热激忍耐和活性氧代谢的影响

热胁迫导致烟草叶片细胞膜系统显著受损,表现为SOD活性降低和MDA含量明显升高,叶片叶绿素含量下降,活性氧增加。10 mmol/L CaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗后,能有效降低热胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性,维持较高的SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,减缓 O-·2 形成和膜脂过氧化反应。研究结果表明,CaCl2处理提高了烟草叶片膜稳定性和膜保护酶活性,有利于保护细胞膜结构,降低高温对烟草幼苗的伤害。钙离子螯合剂EGTA能在一定程度上降低烟草叶片的抗热性。     

多胺对裸大麦离体叶片活性氧代谢的影响

裸大麦离体叶片分别在光照和暗诱导下,以腐胺、亚精胺和精胺等３种多胺,分别用２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,和０．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ３种浓度处理,均使丙二醛累积减少,延缓过氧化氢酶和ＳＯＤ活性的下降。以ＣａＣｌ２（５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）＋Ｓｐｄ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理,可降低Ｓｐｄ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的效应,因此多胺延缓离体叶片衰老与活性氧代谢有关,并且进入细胞时,与Ｃａ发生竞争。     

钙对烟草叶片热激忍耐和活性氧代谢的影响

热胁迫导致烟草叶片细胞膜系统显著受损,表现为SOD活性降低和MDA含量明显升高,叶片叶绿素含量下降,活性氧增加。10mmol/LcaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗后,能有效降低热胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性,维持较高的SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,减缓O2^-形成和膜脂过氧化反应。研究结果表明,CaCl2处理提高了烟草叶片膜稳定性和膜保护酶活性,有利于保护细胞膜结构,降低高温对烟草幼苗的伤害。钙离子螯合剂EGTA能在一定程度上降低烟草叶片的抗热性。     

污灌对小麦幼苗生长及活性氧代谢的影响

通过水培的方式研究了污水灌溉对小麦幼苗生长及活性氧代谢系统的影响 .结果表明 ,经污水浇灌的小麦幼苗与对照组相比 ,植株矮小 ,根短 ,根数目少 ,茎、叶、根的干重、鲜重和可溶性蛋白含量均明显减少 ,并出现叶尖枯黄 ,叶片色素含量下降 ,叶绿素a/b与电导率明显上升现象 ,几种色素对污灌的敏感性为叶绿素b >叶绿素a >类葫萝卜素 .同时MDA水平上升 ,而SOD、POD和CAT活性显著下降 .其中SOD对环境胁迫最敏感 .三者活性分别下降 19.1%～ 33.1%、37.8%～ 4 7.8%和 30 .2 %～ 35 .9% .     

SP-1果蜡处理对火龙果活性氧代谢的影响

以白肉火龙果Hylocereus undatus为材料,研究SP-1果蜡处理对果实失重率和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,SP-1果蜡处理极显著地抑制果实失重率增加,延缓总可溶性固形物(TSS)含量下降,有利于果实品质保持。在活性氧代谢方面,SP-1果蜡处理极显著地抑制火龙果果实中脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、H_2O_2积累和贮藏第4~6天谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量下降,极显著降低超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)生成速率和提高贮藏期间还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)含量,维持较低的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,延缓果实的成熟衰老进程,将货架期推迟2~4d。     

甘蔗花叶病毒CP基因的高效表达和抗血清制备

将甘蔗花叶病毒的CP基因克隆到表达载体pET22b( ),并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中得到高效表达,表达蛋白约占总蛋白的15％。用此蛋白制备了效价高专化性强的抗体。此方法可以解决制备马铃薯Y病毒属病毒的血清时遇到的病毒提纯产量低和寄主蛋白影响等问题。     

The complete sequence of a sugarcane mosaic virus isolate causing maize dwarf mosaic disease in China

The complete sequence of a potyvirus from maize in Zhejiang Province was determined. The RNA was 9596 nucleotides long, excluding the 3′-poly (A) tail, and there was a single long open reading frame (ORF) of 9192 nts encoding a 346.1 ku polyprotein. The polyprotein had substantial amino acid sequence homology with those encoded by the RNAs of a Chinese isolate of sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV-C) and a Bulgarian isolate of maize dwarf mosaic virus, but it was most closely related to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) isolates, for which only partial sequences have been published. According to the published criteria for distinguishing potyviruses, the sequence reported here is clearly a strain of SCMV, but it also showed a surprisingly high amino acid homology with SrMV-C in the HC-Pro, P3 and Cl proteins.     

干旱胁迫对杨树幼苗生长、光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响

2011年4-10月在山东省林业科学研究院试验苗圃,选取欧美I-107杨扦插苗为试材,采用盆栽控水试验,研究了不同水分处理(正常水分、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱)对杨树幼苗生长和气体交换、叶绿素荧光特性、活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明: 与正常水分处理相比,轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下的地径生长量分别下降12.8%、44.5%和65.6%,苗高生长量分别下降12.2%、43.1%和57.2%;随着胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,杨树幼苗叶片的PSⅡ光能转化效率、实际量子产量、光化学猝灭系数、净光合速率和气孔导度在轻度胁迫下缓慢下降,而在中度和重度胁迫下迅速下降;非光化学猝灭系数在轻度胁迫下显著升高,而在中度和重度胁迫下先升高后降低;叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均先升高后降低,但对干旱胁迫和活性氧的响应存在一定差异;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著增加,质膜受损,大量离子外渗,且重度胁迫下质膜的损害最严重.轻度干旱胁迫下,I-107杨树幼苗具有较高的光合效率和较强的抗氧化保护酶系统;而中度和重度干旱下,其光合效率显著下降,抗氧化保护酶系统明显遭到破坏.     

The complete sequence of a sugarcane mosaic virus isolate causing maize dwarf mosaic disease in China

The complete sequence of a potyvirus from maize in Zhejiang Province was determined. The RNA was 9596 nucleotides long, excluding the 3'-poly (A) tail, and there was a single long open reading frame (ORF) of 9192 nts encoding a 346.1 ku polyprotein. The polyprotein had substantial amino acid sequence homology with those encoded by the RNAs of a Chinese isolate of sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV-C) and a Bulgarian isolate of maize dwarf mosaic virus, but it was most closely related to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) isolates, for which only partial sequences have been published. According to the published criteria for distinguishing potyviruses, the sequence reported here is clearly a strain of SCMV, but it also showed a surprisingly high amino acid homology with SrMV-C in the HC-Pro, P3 and Cl proteins.     

甘蔗优良品种材料抗高粱花叶病毒鉴定与评价

采用生长期人工切茎接种和RT-PCR检测相结合方法,于2011—2012年2次对国家甘蔗体系近年选育的49份优良新品种(系)和19份云蔗系列优良中间材料进行由高粱花叶病毒(SrMV-HH,GenBank登录号DQ530434)引起的甘蔗花叶病的抗性鉴定与评价。结果表明,49份优良新品种(系)中,1级高抗到3级中抗的有29份,占59.18%。其中粤甘40号、粤甘42号、粤糖55号、云蔗03-194、云蔗99-596、云瑞06-189、桂糖30号、德蔗03-83、闽糖01-77等9份材料表现1级高抗,占18.37%;福农0335、柳城05-129、粤糖96-86、云蔗01-1413、云蔗03-258、云蔗06-80、桂糖02-351等7份材料表现2级抗病,占14.29%。19份云蔗系列优良中间材料中,1级高抗到3级中抗的有13份,占68.42%。其中云蔗04-622、云蔗05-197、云蔗06-267、云蔗05-194、云蔗06-160、云蔗07-2384、云瑞05-704等7份材料表现1级高抗,占36.84%;云蔗06-362表现2级抗病,占5.26%。研究结果为深入开展甘蔗抗花叶病育种,选育和推广优良抗病品种,有效防控甘蔗花叶病提供了科学依据和优良抗源材料。     

Alpha-momorcharin enhances Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection through modulation of reactive oxygen species

Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC), a member of the plant ribosomal inactivating proteins (RIPs) family, has been proven to exhibit important biological properties in animals, including antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumour activities. However, the mechanism by which α-MMC increases plant resistance to viral infections remains unclear. To study the effect of α-MMC on plant viral defence and how α-MMC increases plant resistance to viruses, recombinant DNA and transgenic technologies were employed to investigate the role of α-MMC in Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Treatment with α-MMC produced through DNA recombinant technology or overexpression of α-MMC mediated by transgenic technology alleviated TMV-induced oxidative damage and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during TMV-green fluorescent protein infection of N. benthamiana. There was a significant decrease in TMV replication in the upper leaves following local α-MMC treatment and in α-MMC-overexpressing plants relative to control plants. These results suggest that application or overexpression of α-MMC in N. benthamiana increases resistance to TMV infection. Finally, our results showed that overexpression of α-MMC up-regulated the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes. α-MMC confers resistance to TMV infection by means of modulating ROS homeostasis through controlling the expression of antioxidant enzyme-encoding genes. Overall, our study revealed a new crosstalk mechanism between α-MMC and ROS during resistance to viral infection and provides a framework to understand the molecular mechanisms of α-MMC in plant defence against viral pathogens.     

铜污染对天蓝苜蓿幼苗生长及活性氧代谢的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了重金属铜(Cu)污染对天蓝苜蓿(Medicago lupulinaL.)幼苗的生长及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明,低Cu污染(<500 mg.kg-1)对天蓝苜蓿幼苗生长无明显抑制现象,甚至还具有一定的促进作用,电导率略微升高,而植株鲜重、干重、叶片可溶性蛋白质含量及叶片色素含量均在500 mg.kg-1处理浓度时达到峰值。同时,丙二醛(MDA)水平降低,活性氧清除系统内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均略微升高,保护酶系统仍保持平衡。但随Cu浓度继续增加(500—3 000 mg.kg-1)则显示对幼苗生长的一定的负效应,与对照组相比,植株鲜重、干重和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著下降,叶片电导率明显增大,MDA水平上升,且SOD和CAT活性显著下降(分别下降了19.14%和20.81%),而POD活性却明显上升(比对照上升了2.01倍),表明活性氧清除系统遭到破坏,保护酶系统失衡。     

滇蔗茅杂交F_1双抗SCSMV和SrMV鉴定与评价

以我国蔗区甘蔗花叶病的2种主要病原甘蔗条纹花叶病毒分离物(SCSMV-JP1,Gen Bank登录号JF488064)和高粱花叶病毒分离物(Sr MV-HH,Gen Bank登录号DQ530434)为接种毒源,采用人工切茎接种和RT-PCR检测相结合的方法,于2015-2016年2次对由热带种路打士与滇蔗茅云滇95-19杂交获得的41份滇蔗茅杂交F_1及亲本进行了双抗SCSMV和Sr MV鉴定与评价。结果表明,41份滇蔗茅杂交F_1及亲本中,对SCSMV表现1级高抗到3级中抗的有23份,占53.49%,4级感病到5级高感的有20份,占46.51%;对Sr MV表现1级高抗到3级中抗的有31份,占72.09%,4级感病到5级高感的有12份,占27.91%。综合分析结果显示,10份滇蔗茅杂交F_1对SCSMV和Sr MV均表现1~2级抗病,占23.26%,其中云09-604、云09-607、云09-619、云09-633、云09-656、云滇95-19等6份滇蔗茅杂交F_1对2种病毒均表现为1级高抗,占13.95%。研究结果明确了41份滇蔗茅杂交F_1及亲本对甘蔗花叶病2种主要致病病原的抗性,筛选出10份双抗SCSMV和Sr MV的滇蔗茅杂交F_1,为深入开展抗甘蔗花叶病育种提供了优良抗源种质和参考依据。     

Identification of somaclonal variants of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) resistant to sugarcane mosaic virus via RAPD markers

Somaclonal variants resistant to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) were obtained from susceptible sugarcane cv PR62258 through somatic embryogenesis by increasing the number of subcultures of the embryogenic callus tissue in MS medium with 3 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Transfers were made at 30-day intervals for 1, 2 or 3 subcultures. Two somaclones, namely AT626 and BT627, were selected by their resistance to SCMV. These subclones have maintained the resistance trait over seven years of testing in the field. In this report we identified the somaclonal SCMV resistant variants from the maternal line and the nonresistant somaclones, using the RAPD technique.