Variation on Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oils of Four Common Curcuma Herbs

Chemical compositions, antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of essential oils extracted from four common Curcuma species (Curcuma longa, Curcuma phaeocaulis, Curcuma wenyujin, and Curcuma kwangsiensis) rhizomes in P. R. China are comparatively studied. In total, 47, 49, 35, and 30 compounds are identified in C. longa, C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin, and C. kwangsiensis essential oils by GC/MS, and their richest compounds are ar‐turmerone (21.67%), elemenone (19.41%), curdione (40.23%) and (36.47%), respectively. Moreover, C. kwangsiensis essential oils display the strongest DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical‐scavenging activity (IC₅₀, 3.47 μg/ml), much higher than ascorbic acid (6.50 μg/ml). C. phaeocaulis oils show the best antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (MIC, 235.54 μg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (391.31 μg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus (378.36 μg/ml), while C. wenyujin and C. kwangsiensis oils show optimum activities against Candida albicans (208.61 μg/ml) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (193.27 μg/ml), respectively. C. phaeocaulis (IC₅₀, 4.63 μg/ml) and C. longa essential oils (73.05 μg/ml) have the best cytotoxicity against LNCaP and HepG2, respectively. C. kwangsiensis oils also exhibit the strongest anti‐inflammatory activities by remarkably down‐regulating expression of COX‐2 and TNF‐α. Therefore, due to their different chemical compositions and bioactivities, traditional Chinese Curcuma herbs should be differentially served as natural additives for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic.     

The efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa extract and curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa extract and curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis (OA).Methods: The databases such as Pubmed and Cochrane Library were searched to collect the article about Curcuma longa extract and curcumin in the treatment of OA. Then, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected and their data were extracted. Finally, the RevMan5.3 was utilized for risk of bias assessment and meta-analysis, the STATA15.0 were utilized for publication bias assessment, and GRADE tool were used for the evidence quality assessment of primary outcomes.Results: A total of 15 RCTs involving 1621 participants were included. (1) Compared with placebo, Curcuma longa extract and curcumin (C.) can decrease the visual analog scale (VAS) and The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score-pain, the WOMAC score-function and the WOMAC score-stiffness. In terms of adverse events, Curcuma longa extract and curcumin are comparable with those of placebo. (2) Compared with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Curcuma longa extract and curcumin have similar effects on joint pain, function and stiffness. The incidence of adverse events in Curcuma longa extract and curcumin was lower. (3) Compared with the NSAIDs group, C.+NSAIDs can also decrease the VAS and WOMAC score-pain, the WOMAC score-function and the WOMAC score-stiffness. In terms of adverse events, the addition of Curcuma longa extract and curcumin to NSAIDs did not increase adverse events.Conclusion: Curcuma longa extract and curcumin may be a safer and effective supplement for OA patients. It is recommended to use Curcuma longa extract and curcumin supplement for OA patients for more than 12 weeks.     

Repellency of essential oils against Nephotettix cincticeps: Laboratory and glasshouse assays

Four oils from Piper nigrum, Litsea cubeba, Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Curcuma longa were obtained by ethanol extraction. The repellency of these oils and two major compounds (linalool and piperine) was evaluated against female adult and third‐instar nymphs of the rice pest, Nephotettix cincticeps, under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Paired‐choice and no‐choice assays were used for each treatment, with essential oils evaluated after 24 and 48 hr of exposure and chemical compounds evaluated after 12 and 24 hr of exposure. The potential effects of essential oils on activities of glutathione S tranferase (GST), carboxyl esterase (CarE) and acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) were also evaluated after 48 hr of exposure to leafhoppers. The constituents of the essential oils were determined using GC‐MS. The results showed that the major components in the oils were piperine (34.75%) for P. nigrum, 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (18.74%) for L. cubeba, ethanone, 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethoxyphenyl) (18.51%) for Z. bungeanum and turmerone (15.89%) for C. longa. In all cases, the essential oils repelled female adults and third‐instar nymphs of N. cincticeps. The repellency of the tested oils and chemicals compounds in the paired‐choice assay was higher than in the no‐choice assay. In all experimental conditions, P. nigrum and C. longa oils were the most and the least potent, respectively. Linalool was the best repellent among the single‐tested compounds under laboratory conditions. In the glasshouse study, the highest repellency was observed in the mixture of linalool and piperine. GST and CarE activities of leafhoppers were significantly enhanced by exposure to the four essentials oils; AchE activity increased significantly only in the P. nigrum and L. cubeba assays. Our results clearly indicate that the tested oils and chemical compounds are promising agents for developing plant‐based pesticides to control N. cincticeps.     

Isolation,Characterization, and Possible Anti‐Alzheimer's Disease Activities of Bisabolane‐Type Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives and Phenolics from the Rhizomes of Curcuma longa

One new bisabolane‐type sesquiterpenoid, together with four known bisabolane‐type sesquiterpenoid derivatives and seven phenolics, was isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic (IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and NMR) data analysis. The possible anti‐Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated using Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model, and 1β‐hydroxybisabola‐2,10‐dien‐4‐one had the highest possible anti‐AD activity.     

Specific,sensitive and rapid Curcuma longa turmeric powder authentication in commercial food using loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous plant of the ginger family Zingiberaceae that is usually dried and ground into powder for use as a seasoning. Because turmeric has become increasingly popular in the functional food market, adulteration of C. longa by other turmeric species is becoming an increasingly significant problem. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed for the detection of C. longa DNA for turmeric authentication. ITS2-26S rDNA was used for the LAMP primer designation. The results demonstrated that the specific primers exhibited high specificity, authenticated C. longa DNA within 30 min at 65 °C isothermally and had no cross-reaction with other adulterants. LAMP was sensitive to 0.1 ng of turmeric C. longa DNA, and only 0.01% of C. longa turmeric powder in the sample was required for DNA amplification. The sensitivity of LAMP was 10-fold higher than that of PCR (0.1%) from a previous report. Moreover, all the collected commercial turmeric products were positively detected by LAMP and RtF-LAMP (real-time fluorescence LAMP). The developed LAMP assay not only had higher specificity and rapidity than that of other methods but could also be applied to authenticate turmeric to prevent adulteration in food products.     

Efficacy of bioactive compounds from Curcuma longa L. against mosquito larvae

To identify larvicidal compounds from the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa root, the active compounds were isolated using activity‐guided fractionation with column chromatography and identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. The dipping method was used to determine the larvicidal activities of each compound against 4th‐instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. Two compounds were isolated and identified, ar‐turmerone and 8‐hydroxyl‐ar‐turmerone. The two compounds exhibited larvicidal activities against the 4th‐instar larvae of C. pipiens pallens after 24 hr of treatment with LC₅₀ values of 138.86 and 257.68 ppm, respectively. The larvicidal activities of ar‐turmerone and 8‐hydroxyl‐ar‐turmerone against C. pipiens pallens are reported herein for the first time. The elucidation of the structure of these phytochemicals and their insecticidal activities are important for assessing the potential of this plant as a botanical insecticide.     

Histological and immunohistochemical effects of Curcuma longa on activation of rat hepatic stellate cells after cadmium induced hepatotoxicity

The liver is a target for toxic chemicals such as cadmium (Cd). When the liver is damaged, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated and transformed into myofibroblast-like cells, which are responsible for liver fibrosis. Curcuma longa has been reported to exert a hepato-protective effect under various pathological conditions. We investigated the effects of C. longa administration on HSC activation in response to Cd induced hepatotoxicity. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into: group 1 (control), group 2 (Cd treated), group 3 (C. longa treated) and group 4 (Cd and C. longa treated). After 6 weeks, liver specimens were prepared for light and electron microscopy examination of histological changes and immunohistochemical localization of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) as a specific marker for activated HSC. Activated HSC with a positive αSMA immune reaction were not detected in groups 1 and 3. Large numbers of activated HSC with αSMA immune reactions were observed in group 2 in addition to Cd induced hepatotoxic changes including excess collagen deposition in thickened portal triads, interlobular septa with hepatic lobulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, a significant increase in Kupffer cells and degenerated hepatocytes. In group 4, we observed a significant decrease in HSC that expressed αSMA with amelioration of the hepatotoxic changes. C. longa administration decreased HSC activation and ameliorated hepatotoxic changes caused by Cd in adult rats.     

An efficient protocol for genetic transformation and shoot regeneration of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) via particle bombardment

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an important spice crop plant that is sterile and cannot be improved by conventional breeding. An efficient method for stable transformation for turmeric, C. longa L., was developed using particle bombardment. Callus cultures initiated from shoots were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid pAHC25 containing the bar and gusA genes each driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter. Transformants were selected on medium containing glufosinate. Transgenic lines were established on selection medium from 50% of the bombarded calluses. Transgenic shoots regenerated from these were multiplied and stably transformed plantlets were produced. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histochemical GUS assay confirmed the stable transformation. Transformed plantlets were resistant to glufosinate.     

Effectiveness of aromatic plant species for repelling and preventing oviposition of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

This study assesses the effectiveness of essential oils for repelling whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and deterring oviposition. We evaluated essential oils from four plants: Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Litsea cubeba (Lauraceae), Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) and Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Rutaceae), under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. In the laboratory, ethanol‐extracted essential oils were applied uniformly on both sides of a tomato leaf in the treatment groups, and the same volume of liquid but without essential oil was used for the control. Results showed that essential oils from L. cubeba, P. nigrum, C. longa and Z. bungeanum provided some repellency of whiteflies and reduced oviposition. Oils from L. cubeba repelled adult females (69.14% and 62.49% repellency at 24 and 48 hr, respectively), and oils from C. longa deterred oviposition (68.46% and 65.94% at 24 and 48 hr exposures, respectively). In the glasshouse, potted tomato plants with eight leaves were sprayed with treatments and control material. Five‐day‐old adult female whiteflies were released in a cage between both pots. Essential oils from L. cubeba repelled females 54.77 at 24 hr and P. nigrum 44.37% at 48 hr whereas oils from P. nigrum reduced oviposition by 43.35 at 24 hr and Z. bungeanum 21.08% at 48 hr, under glasshouse conditions. Essential oils show potential to be used to reduce feeding and oviposition, and thus being important components of integrated pest management programs. However, future research is needed to investigate individual compounds of these oils against whitefly, and to enhance their effectiveness.     

Modulatory effects of some natural products on hepatotoxicity induced by combination of sodium valproate and paracetamol in rats

Possible hepatoprotective effect of Curcuma longa and/or Nigella sativa against hepatotoxicity induced by coadministration of sodium valproate (SV) and paracetamol was studied. Rats were divided into 10 groups, control groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 received vehicles, C. longa (200 mg/kg, p.o.), N. sativa (250 mg/kg, p.o.), or both herbs for 21 days, respectively. Toxicity groups 5, 6, and 7 received SV (300 mg/kg, i.p.), paracetamol (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) for the last 4 days or both for 21 days, respectively. Protection groups 8, 9, and 10 received C. longa, N. sativa, or both, respectively, 1 h before the administration of both the drugs for 21 days. SV and/or paracetamol significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, relative liver/body weight ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and caspase‐3 (Casp‐3) while significantly decreased albumin, total protein, glutathione (GSH) reduced, GSH peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Preadministration of C. longa and/or N. sativa caused protective effect against the hepatotoxicity induced by both drugs.     

Reduction in Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage bacteria on smoked catfish using X-ray treatments

Aims: To determine the efficacy of X‐ray processes in inactivating L. monocytogenes levels in smoked catfish during storage at 5°C and to determine the effects of X‐ray doses on controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria on smoked catfish during storage at 5°C for up to 5 weeks. Methods and Results: Smoked catfish fillets inoculated with L. monocytogenes were treated with 0·0–2·0 kGy X‐ray and stored at 5°C for 5 weeks. The negative controls (uninoculated/untreated) and uninoculated samples treated with the lowest (0·1 kGy) and highest (2·0 kGy) doses were stored at 5°C and tested for psychrotrophs count during the 5 weeks of storage. The initial L. monocytogenes population on smoked catfish was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced to undetectable level by a treatment of 1·0 kGy or higher. The initial psychrotrophs count on smoked catfish was significantly reduced from 4·7 CFU g^?1 to below the detectable level by a treatment with 2·0 kGy. Conclusions: Smoked catfish treated with 2·0 kGy X‐ray had no detectable L. monocytogenes throughout 35 days of storage at 5°C. A treatment with 2·0 kGy X‐ray also kept the levels of psychrotrophs in the smoked catfish within the acceptable level until 35 days. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this investigation indicate that X‐ray at 2·0 kGy can eliminate L. monocytogenes and extend the shelf life of smoked catfish stored at refrigeration temperature.     

Potential of certain natural extracts for the control of the red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver)

Abstract

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the potential of 13 plant extracts for the control of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Results indicated that the ethanol extracts of sea ambrosia (Ambrosia maritima), French cotton (Calotropis procera) and curcuma (Curcuma longa) have superior toxicity as compared to the extracts of other tested plants, estimated LC 50 were 0.723, 0.978 and 1.092%, respectively. In field experiments, the percentage of recovered date palm trees reached 90.91% within 15 days when A. maritima extract was applied. The injection of C. procera and C. longa extracts into the tunnels of infested trees resulted in 86.36% and 85.00% of tree recovery, respectively.     

Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and optical properties of novel 2-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylpyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles

A series of novel 2‐aryl‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐4‐phenylpyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized by the tandem reaction of 2‐benzoyl benzimidazole and (Z)‐ethyl 4‐bromo‐3‐arylbut‐2‐enoate in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compounds were characterized using IR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, HRMS and the structure of 6f was further determined by X‐ray crystallography. Both absorption and fluorescence spectra characteristics of the compounds were investigated in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. The results showed that the absorption maxima of the compounds varied from 220 to 284 nm, depending on the structure of 2‐aryl group. The fluorescence results revealed that these compounds exhibited blue‐green fluorescence (463–475 nm) in dilute solutions and showed acceptable fluorescence quantum yields (Ф_PL = 0.13–0.73) in dichloromethane. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy study of microbial calcification

Calcium phosphates and calcium carbonates are among the most prevalent minerals involved in microbial fossilization. Characterization of both the organic and mineral components in biomineralized samples is, however, usually difficult at the appropriate spatial resolution (i.e. at the submicrometer scale). Scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) was used to measure C K‐edge, P L‐edge, and Ca L‐edge near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of some calcium‐containing minerals common in biomineralization processes and to study the experimental biomineralization by the model microorganism, Caulobacter crescentus. We show that the Ca L_2,3‐edges for hydroxyapatite, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite are unique and can be used as probes to detect these different mineral phases. Using these results, we showed that C. crescentus cells, when cultured in the presence of high calcium concentration, precipitated carbonate hydroxyapatite. In parallel, we detected proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids in the mineralizing bacteria at the single‐cell scale. Finally, we discussed the utility of STXM for the study of natural fossilized microbial systems.     

Assessment of biological activities of chitosan Schiff base tagged with medicinal plants

A chitosan Schiff base with an aromatic aldehyde was synthesized and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. Furthermore, the degree of substitution was calculated based on the ratios of the area of the proton of the imine (A_imine) and the area of the peak of the proton of the pyranose ring (A_H-2). The antimicrobial activities were determined against bacterial and fungal strains, as well as multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The chitosan Schiff base was also tagged with medicinal plants, for example, Curcuma longa, Peganum harmala, Lepidium sativam, and cruciferous vegetables, and the biological activities determined against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. The chitosan Schiff base showed maximum zone of inhibition of 22 mm against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum zone of inhibition of 15 mm against Bacillus cereus. The chitosan Schiff base was fused with C longa, isothiocyanates and a combined mixture of P harmala and L sativam that has shown activities against Escherichia coli with a zone of inhibition of 28, 24, and 30 mm, respectively. The Schiff base of chitosan fused with medicinal plants also showed significant inhibitory activities against MDR bacteria.     

Good use of fruit wastes: eco‐friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles,characterization, BSA protein binding studies

A simple and eco‐friendly methodology for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a mango seed extract was evaluated. The AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The interaction between the green synthesized AgNPs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in an aqueous solution at physiological pH was examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results confirmed that the AgNPs quenched the fluorophore of BSA by forming a ground state complex in aqueous solution. This fluorescence quenching data were also used to determine the binding sites and binding constants at different temperatures. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) suggest that the binding process occurs spontaneously through the involvement of electrostatic interactions. The synchronous fluorescence spectra showed a blue shift, indicating increasing hydrophobicity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calmodulin Inhibitors from Aspergillus stromatoides

An organic extract was prepared from the culture medium and mycelia of the marine fungus Aspergillus stromatoides Raper & Fennell . The extract was fractionated via column chromatography, and the resulting fractions were tested for their abilities to quench the fluorescence of the calmodulin (CaM) biosensor hCaM M124C‐mBBr. From the active fraction, emodin ( 1 ) and ω‐hydroxyemodin ( 2 ) were isolated as CaM inhibitors. Anthraquinones 1 and 2 quenched the fluorescence of the hCaM M124C‐mBBr biosensor in a concentration‐dependent manner with K_d values of 0.33 and 0.76 μM , respectively. The results were compared with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a classical inhibitor of CaM, with a K_d value of 1.25 μM . Docking analysis revealed that 1 and 2 bind to the same pocket of CPZ. The CaM inhibitor properties of 1 and 2 were correlated with some of their reported biological properties. Citrinin ( 3 ), methyl 8‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐9‐oxo‐9H‐xanthene‐1‐carboxylate ( 4 ), and coniochaetone A ( 5 ) were also isolated in the present study. The X‐ray structure of 5 is reported for the first time.     

Four Natural Compounds Separated from Folium Isatidis: Crystal Structures and Antibacterial Activity

Four natural compounds were obtained by concentrating, separating and purifying from the Folium isatidis. These natural compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum, NMR and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results show that these natural compounds are 4(3H)‐quinazolinone ( I ), 2,4(1H,3H)‐quinazolinedione ( II ), methyl 3,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxoquinazoline‐2‐carboxylate ( III ) and ethyl 3,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxoquinazoline‐2‐carboxylate ( IV ). The antibacterial activity experiment showed that I and II had better activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella than III , IV and other multiple components, because III and IV have long branches and steric hindrance effect. Compounds I and II have planar structure, which can more easily combine with these bacteria and kill them. The above results have good guiding significance for studying the antibacterial activity for single components or mixtures from natural origin.     

Photophysical and electrochemical properties of a dysprosium‐zinc tetra(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin complex

A dysprosium‐zinc porphyrin, [DyZn(TPPS)H₃O]_n (1) (TPPS = tetra(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin), was prepared through solvothermal reactions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. Complex 1 features a three‐dimensional (3‐D) porous open framework that is thermally stable up to 400 °C. Complex 1 displays a void space of 215 ų, occupying 9.2% of the unit cell volume. The fluorescence spectra reveal that it shows an emission band in the red region. The fluorescence lifetime is 39 µsec and the quantum yield is 1.7%. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement revealed one quasi‐reversible wave with E_1/2 = 0.30 V. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Serum Samples following Curcuma longa Extract Supplementation in High-Fructose and Saturated Fat Fed Rats

We explored, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics and fatty acids profiling, the effects of a common nutritional complement, Curcuma longa, at a nutritionally relevant dose with human use, administered in conjunction with an unbalanced diet. Indeed, traditional food supplements have been long used to counter metabolic impairments induced by unbalanced diets. Here, rats were fed either a standard diet, a high level of fructose and saturated fatty acid (HFS) diet, a diet common to western countries and that certainly contributes to the epidemic of insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, or a HFS diet with a Curcuma longa extract (1% of curcuminoids in the extract) for ten weeks. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) on the serum NMR profiles and fatty acid composition (determined by GC/MS) showed a clear discrimination between HFS groups and controls. This discrimination involved metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, pyruvate, creatine, phosphocholine/glycerophosphocholine, ketone bodies and glycoproteins as well as an increase of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and a decrease of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although the administration of Curcuma longa did not prevent the observed increase of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin levels, discriminating metabolites were observed between groups fed HFS alone or with addition of a Curcuma longa extract, namely some MUFA and n-3 PUFA, glycoproteins, glutamine, and methanol, suggesting that curcuminoids may act respectively on the fatty acid metabolism, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and alcohol oxidation. Curcuma longa extract supplementation appears to be beneficial in these metabolic pathways in rats. This metabolomic approach highlights important serum metabolites that could help in understanding further the metabolic mechanisms leading to IR.